The Smithsonian Institution (a complex of national museums and research centers in the United States) was founded on August 10, 1846, through legislation signed by President James Polk. The cornerstone of the main building was laid in 1847.
Smithson Bequest
The initial money for the Smithsonian was provided by a bequest in the will of James Smithson (1765–1829), a wealthy English scientist. The will stipulated that if his heir (a nephew) died without children, Smithson’s estate should go to the United States “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge.”
After the death of Smithson’s nephew in 1835, the U.S. Congress debated and eventually approved the acceptance of the bequest in 1836, with support from President Andrew Jackson. The United States received the legacy of more than $500,000 in 1838.
Planning the Smithsonian
Smithson’s will had been vague, leaving the United States to debate what sort of national institution to create with the money. A museum, library, observatory, scientific institute, and university were among the suggestions, and it was finally decided that the Smithsonian would be a compromise between the various options.
Founding of the Smithsonian
President James Polk signed the legislation organizing the Smithsonian Institution on August 10, 1846. Construction of the main building (what is now known as the “Castle”; designed by James Renwick, Jr.) began in 1847 and was completed in 1855.
The Smithsonian Institution was established as a trust administered by a Secretary as the chief executive and a Board of Regents. The first Secretary was scientist Joseph Henry, who served in that position from 1846 to 1878.
Smithsonian Today
From its founding in 1846, the Smithsonian Institution has grown to include 19 museums, 9 research centers, and a zoo.
Learn more about the Founding of the Smithsonian Institution through historical newspapers from our archives. Explore newspaper articles, headlines, images, and other primary sources below.