Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins on moon again as Continued from Page 1 France and B. J. Levin of the Soviet Union, who succeeded Aleksandr A. Mik-hailov. will be named for living and dead American astronauts. Because some of the astronauts are still alive, there may be controversy about naming features for . them now. and so their - names are on a separate list - The craters to be named for the Appollo 11 astronauts all lie near the crater Sabine, just west of the wasteland site of Tranquil-" lity Base where Armstrong and Aldrin brought their landing craft Eagle down on July 20, 1969. The crater to be named - for Armstrong is now designated Sabine E. Aldrin's is called Sabine B and Col- .-lins's Sabine D. (The craters are too small for " Armstrong to spot on his ? backyard telescope.) It is unlikely that Armstrong and Aldrin caught more than a glimpse of the main crater Sabine on their historic journey. It was invisible below the horizon when " they were on the surface. The two astronauts did speak of seeing Sabine momentarily just after the as-r cent stage of Eagle rose . swiftly on a seven-minute :ride back into lunar orbit . July 21, 1969. . ' : Among the cosmonauts and other astronauts to rhave features all on the " far side of the moon named for them are: Cosmonauts: Andrian Nikolaev and his wife, ; ' Valentina Tereshkova, the only woman to have flown j in space J Gherman Titov, , who spent a day in orbit in 1961; Alexei Leonov, the first man to take a "space-walk," Vladimir Shatalov, Konstantin Feoktistov and the late Vladimir Komar-ov, who was killed in 1967 when his parachute became tangled during an emergency return from orbit around the earth, and Pavel I. Belyayev, who died of ulcer complications this year. Astronauts: The crew of Apollo 8, first space-ship to go into orbit around the Moon in December 1968, William Anders, Frank Borman and James LovelL Also to be honored are Virgil I. Grissom, Roger B. Chaffee and Edward H. White II, the three astronauts who died in the Apollo fire, Jan. 27, 1967 . The name of Gagarin, who made a single-orbit trip around the Earth, April 12, 1961, will stand alone on a prominent far-side crater, while those of other Soviet cosmonauts will be applied to small craters in and around the huge, waterless Sea of Moscow. Gagarin was killed during . a training flight in 1968. To create an American parallel with the Sea of Moscow, a large feature at 35 degrees south latitude, 155 west longitude is being christened Apollo after the US moon program, US astronauts' names are being placed in and near Apollo. .. The name Soviet Mountains, given to a mountain range in 1961, has disappeared from the new list because more recent photographs show it doesn't exist. This happened with several other features, two of whose names were transferred to craters. Two new names' honoring Soviet anihievements in exploring the moon, have been proposed for the front side. One is called Sinus Luni-cus, commemorating the spot where the Russian Lunik' 2 became the first man-made object to hit the moon in 1959. The other, called Planitia Descensus, is the site where the Soviet craft Luna 9 became the first object to softland -on the moon. Luna 9 took the first photos on the moon's surface. ,, The names were decided on" after, delicate negotiations following US-Soviet disagreements at the IAU meeting in Prague in 1967. The proposed list of names' includes virtually all those used by the Russians in a lunar farside atlas based on pictures taken by the Zond 3 space probe in 1965, but in many cases changed the feature to which the names will be applied. After m a p-m a k e r s objected on esthetic grounds to an alphabetical scheme running north to south, west to east, the commission scattered names at random while trying to name the biggest craters after the most prominent people.. The list leaves out scientists whose names sound too much like craters already named (so as not to confuse radio communications between astronauts near the moon and control centers back on Earth), and many names used informally by US astronauts, such as the craters Washington and America. Instead, the list sticks closely to the practice, followed earlier in naming features on the front side of the moon, of calling them . after leaders in science or exploration who have already died. Soviet astronomers presented a name chart of 228 names to the IAU meeting in Prague in 1967. Like many other American astronauts, Dr. Gerard P. Kuiper of the University . of Arizona urged delay in approval until a final chart incorporating results from all five of the US Lunar Orbiters , launched in 1966-67 could be prepared. The last of the orbiters was still photographing the moon as the astronomers debated. Kuiper said that the very clear orbiter pictures, taken at many sun angles, showed only five of a group of 18 big features the Russians named from the crude Luna 3 photographs, which were taken at very high sun angles which tend to "wash out" lunar surface features. Most of the names the Russians proposed for smaller features were in the area photographed by Zond 3. The Russians in-, eluded many non-Russian names in their list. But when the Americans counseled delay for the sake of accuracy, Mikhail-ov, director of the Pulkovo observatory, agreed. It was after this that the four- M ( J A SEA OF RAINS A&f&:r tf "3 fd planitia &4 EQUATOR APOLLO 12 LANDING SITE man , commission started work. Russian names for the moon had been accepted as early as 1961 when a crater, seen in Luna 3 pictures, was named after the Russian pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. . . Russian nanies also were among those approved at the 1964 IAU meeting in Hamburg, Germany. Most of these names were for features near the edges, or "limb," of the mooli, in areas that are only visible intermittently from Earth. Among the 1964 names were those of the American rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard of Worcester, Mass.; Rear Adm. Richard E. Byrd of Boston, the leader of the first flight over the South Pole; Rear Adm. Robert E. Peary, first to reach the North Pole; and Karl Jansky, the Bell Telephone Laboratories engineer who first observed radio signals from outside the solar system NORTH.POLE NEARSIDE. 1 : f SEA OF iii4felV:!4 fe i 7onJfZ y USE, MEITNER U ZZftl'jpWA W$fk V iWjf APOLLO II LANDING SITE i j "7' J rf h&'Jt ' 4x41 J , ARMSTRONG ALDRIN COLLINS DRAWING SHOWS FEATURES and thus founded ' the science of radio astronomy. Two names chosen in 1964, for the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi who led the team that achieved the first sustained nuclear chain reaction in Chicago in 1942, and for the German scientist Max Planck who founded the science of quantum mechanics, will be moved this year from insignificant features along the "limb" to more substantial ones on the far side. The long list of names proposed by Soviet astronomers, now included in the larger list, has a decidedly international flavor. Besides H. G. Wells, the Soviets proposed names from Britain, Sweden, Germany, Austria and the United States. One American name the Russians proposed was that of A. A.Mi-chelson, who did a light experiment proving that the so-called "ether" between the planets did not 4 - ' r " &A Trnrri iiyAtt hf. I IRAN a 1 K) V .l t cnumi I m SHATALOV to'j ..1 l-L. TSIOLKOVSKY (Chosen 1961) ON MOON. NEAR SIDE exist, and who became the first American scientist to win the Nobel prize. The other was that of Percival Lowell, brother of former Harvard University president A. Lawrence Lowell and famous for his assertion that the surface of the planet Mars was laced with "canals." The Russians also proposed the name of Father Gregor Mendel, whose experiments with pea plants a century ago in Brno, Czechoslovakia, founded - the science of genetics. For 30 years, until the 1960's, Mendelian rules of inheritance were officially disapproved in Russia in favor of the theories of Trofim D. Lysenko. , The International Astronomical Union standardized lunar names in 1932, but the history of naming features on the moon begins in the mid -17th Century, soon after the Florentine astronomer Galileo Galilei SEA OF -r . of U'-JMAr , NIKOLAEV KOMAROVJ HERTZSPRUNG ISTOV Ml KORQLEV UtffXs FEOKTISTOV -V r i -c v J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER ANDERS BORMAN LOVELL CHAFFEE GRISSOM WHITE SOUTH POLE FAR SIDE (left) ALWAYS FACES EARTH first studied the moon through a telescope and discovered its craters and huge dry "seas." The first two proposed schemes of names, by the Spanish court astronomer Langrenus and the German astronomer Johann Hevel-ius (1611-1687), were rejected by two Jesuit astronomers at the University of Bologna, Francesco Maria Grimaldi (1618-1663) and Johannes Bap-tista Riccioli (1598-1671). Instead of Hevelius's names based on geography and mythology, Grimaldi and Riccioli chose fanciful Nobel, Morse, Pavlov Bell, Marconi on list The list of proposed lunar place names up for approval before the International Astronomical Union . in England this month is a who's who of and .vxiv tv "N APOLLO names like Sea of Tranquillity (where Apollo 11 landed) and Ocean of Storms (where Apollo 12 landed last November) for big features and called individual . craters after scientists, explorers and a few of saints. Over 200 of their Many other names were added in 1791 by the German astronomer J. H. Schroeter, and in 1837 by the Germans William Beer and J. H. von Maedler. Edmund Neison and Julius Schmidt of Athens brought the total to about 560 proper names by the 1870s. ham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, Samuel F. B. Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, and Guglielmo Marconi, the inventor of all are included.
