The Union Republican from Winston-Salem, North Carolina • Page 6

THE HENRY KOBRE MURDER." S-Wm. Pamplin, son of JL A vVafc "Baking The United States has issued (and circulates! a valuable report giving the results of elalpora by and under the direction which show the ereat savins: as compared with cost All bread, cake, biscuit, crullers, etc, are very much fresher, cleaner, cheaper and when made at home with Royll Baking Powder. ROYAL BAKING POWDER NEW YORK. Pamplln, of Last Salem, found a dynamite cap near the steam shovel Sandar and proceeded to pop it with a hatchet. Dr.

Summers dressed his wounds. 4-Griag, a negro barber and an 18 year-old daughter of John Wade, passed up the road Tuesday in charge oi an officer. The couple had eloped. As Grigg is a married man there is trouble ahead. iir-Pastor E.

Crosland announces special services at Calvary Moravian church, beginning Sunday, March 18th. He will be assisted by Rev. J. McCulston. The meetings will be IjeJd daily at 3:30 and 7:30 p.

m. he citizens oi Stonevllle L. are Waking up to the importance of hav-ifr the electric railway now proposed fm Yancey ville and Reidsville by Laksville and Spray to some point 6n the X. W. Railroad, to come to that place.

Kf-At a ineetiBg of the Forsyth MMlcal Society, Tuesday afternoon, ur.unaneg noomson, oi ureensDoro, rad an interesting paper on intuba tion in diptheria. The subject was ijigcussed generally and a number of clinical cases were reported. i Miss Emma Leinbach, a gifted vocalist, of Salem, will open a studio fa- Charlotte, in September. Miss Leinbach is possessor of au excep tionally fine soprano voice and is a musician of rare ability. At uresent she is vocal teacher in the Agnes- Scott Institute, near Atlanta, Ga.

I Mr. W. A. Baity, at one time a merchant in Winston-Salem, is visiting at Mocksville, his native home. Up is now doing business In Texas.

Ij? is surprised at the growth of the tvin-uty and in lact, so much so. tqat he is tempted to return. A cor- ikl welcome awaits him, should he suj aeciue. -At Lexington the Dixie Furniture Cki sues the Southern Railway for fU.OOO for the burning of their plaut, April 24th Ho4. It was claim- that sparks from a passing en- fibe caused the conflagration.

At a faring in Davidson Superior Court fjikt week the jury decided that the Railroad was not responsible. I Collector Ilarkins reDorts Reve rie collections ilt this District for at 81. Just was collected on tobac-po, which means that Winston-Salem jruished the bulk of the receipts. fain we reiterate tnac the Twin-Oty should have the main office. The it does derauudH it.

Gov. Glenn refuses to respite Wm $iahatfy, who was sentenced last Iffeek at Wilkes court to six months vh the roads of Forsyth county for rffjnning a blind tiger. The Governor aso wrote a sharp letter to the coun-if 1 for making the application so after judge and jury had heard evidence and made a decision in tpe case. I The Salem Men's League, the past 'week, elected the following officers for rtbe next six months: President, N. Peterson; vice-president, Frank (jeorge second vice-president, Fred Sfheets third vice-president, F.

E. A'ogler: secretary, H. A. Vogler; treasurer, C. L.

Lineback. Board of control Fred Brower, George Kirk-'ifian, W. E. Miller, J. E.

Peterson, V. Pfohl. Mr. Enoch Shutt Informs ns that tie will shortly operate two concrete plants for manufacturing buildinar aind paving blocks, fence posts, cdr- ibices, etc. une win De on l'eter sQreek, west of the city, and the other kjh but; oiicm reeit, at a very uesira-tjle location.

This concrete material vfill soon te all the go and Mr. Stutt begins in time to get in the swim. We wish him success. Deputy Marshal Carroll returned 4 few days ago from an official visit tr Stokes county. He arrested Will Puulap, Will Duggins and Bob Law-efon, accused of aiding and abetting ip the unlawful' manufacture of whiskey.

At the hearing before a United States commissioner Duggins was acquitted. Dunlap and Lawson were bound over to the federal court at reensboro. their bonds being fixed 4t 200, which they gave. Tobacco Talk. President Sterling Smith, of the iVinston Tobacco Association, in a Report on the local tobacco market, Sjays: This market will manufacture Ibis year the enormous amount of pounds of tobacco, over double the quantity of leaf tobacco $old on this market.

The crop of lOOo is short. The total yield will lardlv exceed 10.000,000 pounds. Approximately eighty-five to ninety per cent, of the crop has been marketed. The average price paid February, 100G was $0.10 per hundred, ugainet February 1905. in New Baptist Church.

Brown Memorial is to be the name )f the new church to be erected by he Broad Street Baptist congregation at the corner of Fourth and Spring streets. The new house of vorshlp. is named in honor of the mlversally beloved pastor of the First Baptist church, Dr. H. A.

prown, and when completed will bw a pretty and attractive place of worship. The present Broad Street church will be sold as soon as ways tnd means are provided to build the hew chnrch. re little rules hnnM v. To mftke life hopy and bright, Smile Un the of Court without CTAR1T1H nORPCS PROCEEDINGS. klltAA.

MA.rtn. nvnAoAHinfffl Ifl- tit ted by the counsel dr Sam kobre YTTru- Tl til 1 k.A.1 It. ana miam jrieau, wiu uw forejudge Peebles, who Is holding Court here this week. work of evidence is slowly but sorely being woven and tne mystery, oi woo murdered Henry Kobre will in due time be: made plain. 5Ve print such information as is developed and not the very many idle rumors.

It is the duty of the Courts and not the newspapers to try the case. It was a hor rible crime and The Kepublicau ae-sires to see the cold-blooded perpe trators punished to the lull extent tho In or Tfc will Ka tha aim nf thA da fense to. Drove that while Sailie Stew art implicates the trio under arrest in the crime, that she and others are the guilty parties and to screen .1 T-l 11 tnem one is ueiuit xvuure, wnu iuu others as a cat's Daw to pull them out of the lire. Oscar Smith Arrested. The Danbury Reporter notes that Sheriff R.

J. Petree. acnomrianied bv Deputies Dan Simmons, A. W. Davis, and Joe Card well, arrested Oscar Smith.

1 at Smit.htown. a few nicrht eince on the charge of shooting Jim Nelson and one Owens. Smith was found in bed at home, and made no effort to resist the officers. He was brought to jail to await the next term of Stokes court. Appeal Not Perfected.

At Wilkes cnilrt. last waelr. the case of G. W. Samuel and J.

W. Hasty, convicted last term of assaulting Editor R. A. Deal, and sentenced to imprisonment 3 and 5 months respec- a i i i tiveiy ana irom wnicn judgment tney aDDealed. failed to nerfect their peal.

The inference is that they will serve tneir sentence when final disposition has been made of their indictments in the Federal Court which is at present in session at Greensboro. Frightful Accident. rrom tne Dan bur Kennrter wp learn that Mr. John Corn, a young man aged 22 years and son of Mr. Jas.

Corn, of Campbell, met a horrible death at T. W. Hylton'e roller mill near Campbell the other evening. While trying to adj ist a loose belt he was caught In thefoldsof the stmno band.jof leather and wound round the snalt many times before engine could be etODDed. The unfortunate voiinsr man'ij body was frightfully mangled, one leg ueing torn on, wnne nis skull i.

a rw -m was crusnea. lie was aead wnen a physician arrived. Yadkin uxors. The following is the list of Jurors drawn for the April term of Yadkin Superior Court: Holcomb, Parker, Martin, Angel, WUllard. Renegar, Enos Stlneon, Logan, Pardue, Alien, Hutchens, Hall, Blum Calaway, George, Fleming, 8 Shore, A Matthews.

Nicholson. Vestal, I Williams, Nicholson, Reece, Vestal, Long, IrvinL Poindexter. Pardue, A A vvuiard. i O. Dickson.

A RprA Brandon, Bo vender, Matthews, Jos A Smitherman, Burton, Allen. Easter Picnic at Shore's Perry. The annual nlcnle at Shorn'o will be given Easter Monday. Extensive Preparations are helnir m.d for the largest crowd and most enjoyable occasion in the history of these pleasant Easter outlcgs. The following managers have been chosen: Thos.

Benbow, Jones, Worth Davis, W7alter Mickle and Sid F. Shore, assisted by Mieses Ethel Rea-vis, Lucy Brower, Bertha Apperson, Bessie Speas and Pearle May Tran-sou, while Mrs. Maud Shore and Mrs. Ola Apperson will act as chaperones. There will be many novel attractions.

The Bethania Cornet Band will furnish the music. There will be a big base ball game in the evening. This is a beautiful location for a picnic and every one who can should tak9 a day's rest and enjoy this splendid outing. M. P.

College Goes to Oak Ridge. Friday night, after a long session at Greensboro, N. the committee for the location of the Methodist Protestant College decided on Oak Ridge. Professors M. H.

and J. A. Holt, principals of Oak Ridge Institute, will be at tbe head of the college. The institute plant will be the basis of the plant of the proposed new institution. The Messrs.

Holt are among the leading members of the Methodist Protestant church in the State, and it is felt that with the college under their direction It is sure to be a success. It is stated that more Methodist Protestant ministers of this State were students at Oak Ridge Institute than at any other institution. Speaking of the selection the Greensboro Record says with much truth and a spark of humor: "The M. P. College matter is settled.

It is to locate at Oak Ridge. It has married a widow with a ready made family. That is to say, there is a splendid school already there. It haps the wisest move they could nave made." Zn lhSSDriDff tim Tail Mnnr.t. house wwhy not your bodyt Bolater'i uyIIUIHgg.

cleanses and enriches the blood and purl. fis ths entire syatsim 83 oenta. E. O'Hsalon. to the next term ball.

8allie Stewart's 8tory-J. E. Whit-beck Taken in Ctutody as a Wit ness-Habeas Corpus Proceedings. Much Interest Is still being manifested in the murder case of Henry tobre, whose taking off in this city on the night of Jan. 21st is familiar to all who read The Republican.

It will be remembered that Sailie Stewart, the star witness, did not testify at the preliminary hearing as It was thought she would, claiming nervousness and inability to remember when olaced on the stand. She was committed to jail in default of a $100 bond and presumably in the hope of gaining her llbe rty, makee the following statement to a Daily ournai reporter in the presence of Chief of Police Crutchfield. Whether the girl will make the same statement under oath when the trial comes off, is a matter of conjecture. Here is SALLIE STEWABT'8 STOKT "On the night of January 21st, myself and a girl, whose name I refuse to give, went to the (Partner's Virginia) "brewery" in company with Whitbeck. I visited Kobre's saloon twice that Sundav nitrht.

nlAvod cards with Henry Kobre the night he a was tuiea ana ne allowed me to win $18. -Four men were implicated in the killing. Whitbeck planned the crime it was his cunning that laid the plot some time previous to the fatal- night. Sam kobre. William Plean, and a travelling man, a Jew, who cave his name as 'Finu-er." hnfc stated it was a fictitious name, went to the saloon together.

Plean and Sam Kobre went up stairs to Henry's room where Sam knocked, ''Finger" remaining down stairs, tampering with the back door of the Uar room, Henry was sitting on the side of his bed in his night clothes. lie got up, opened the door, when his brother Sam and Wiliian Plean confronted him. Sam held in his hand an ice pick, with which he struck Henry on the head two or three times and he fell to the floor unconscious. The two men quickly rifled the dying man's pockets and also unbuckled and took from about his waist-next to his skin a belt containing about $1,200 or 1,500. While doing this the men put a piece of paper arouni.the electric light bulb in order to have as little light in the room as possible.

When the money was secured the shade was torn from the light. Then Sam Kobre drew his revolver from his pocket and shot up into the ceiling. The alleged murderers then ran down stairs where the booty was divided between the three men. Then it was that Sam Kobre unbarred the side door and let out his accomplices, Plean and "Finger." Placing the bar behind the door he (Sam Kobre) rushed out of the front door, going toward the Court House, up Third St. Plean and "Finger" went to the "brewery" where they found Whitbeck and ga've him his share of the cash." The above was given without any persuasion or pressure and in a calm and deliberate manner.

How she obtained this very important information was not brought out. WHITBECK. ARRESTED. J. E.

Whitbeck, who according to the story of the Stewart girl, is an essential factor in the Kobre murder, was arrested at Petersburg, returned to this city Saturday night, and has hince been qaartered in the Municipal Building. During his residence here Whitbeck was manager of the Portner Brewery Co's branch office. A day or two after the murder it is alleged that he made a remark that he could lay bis hands' on the man who killed Henry Kobre iu an hour. At the time he made the statement he was ftitoxicated. He was afterwardsinteryiewed and claimed to know nothing of the murder.

Whitbeck is also the man whom the Stewart girl contends gave her the first information of the murder and the details. However, since his return, he denies any knowledge of the murder and tbat be is not even acquainted with Sailie Stewart. He was given a preliminary hearing on Tuesday evening and night and yesterday morning. Sailie as the star witness. In the absence of Solicitor Graves the State was represented by Mr.

J. L. Patterson. Mr. J.

C. Buxton cross-examined for the defense. While the evidence was at times confused, it must be remembered that while Sailie Stewart is known to be scarlet, she is young in years and sin, she came to the city a couple of years ago to her moral ruin, is Ignorant yet naturally shrewd and stood the bull -ragging examination process in a remarkably calm and collected manner. With it all she was firm in declaration that she knew Whitbeck well, had been with him before and since the mnrder, that he bad told her that he planned the murder, who did it and how the money was divided. That the woman with her on the night of the murder was named Carrie Lloyd.

Other witnesses testified that they had seen Whitbeck and the Stewart woman together. In our hearing we heard Whitbeck say that he did not know the woman. The defense introduced no evidence. Thav that. loaded to the muzzle and that when tne trial of 8am Kcfbre, Plean and Vt nitbeck cornea nff at tho 4 of Court, they propose to make the fur fly from Sallle especially and the other witnesses for tha Rtotn.

result of the preliminary heart wr. -vsU uuuuu tvoisoecK pver Oflle on Main Street, one door South of th Wtcaovla Loaa and Trust Co. THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 190C, LocarNows Local editor's Review Of tTTE Week ix Wixstqx-Salem; fobsyth a5d adjoixixg Counties. -Potato planting time. The chimes for renteuary Church will be installed by Whoopiug cough and the measles are on the rounds in the 1 wln-Uty, Those who make a specialty Jdl hunting trouble bag plenty of game.

A boot and shoe Jactorv is a ru mored new industry lor Winston-Salem, During the past week 522 books were issued frujp the Carnegie Library. -Tbe Sheriff and also municipal tax collectors are after delinquents with a Donltlvely last call. Fogle Dros. get the contract to beautify and adorn the front of the old reliable Thompson's Drug Store. -Four prisoners arrived here from Wilkes county the past week to shovel dirt on the public roads of Forsy th.

If a young man's attack of love is the genuine article, he never thinks of postponing the wedding until can affurd to marry. yl Whei- there is sickness and trouble and mother is sent for tijt is one occasion when no one notices ahe wears old fashioned clothes. The new Simpson Drug Store, Liberty street, is open for business. It is one of the most attractive looking establishments iti the Twin City. The annual inspection of "the Forsyth Kiil -men will be held' March 528.

Col. T. 11. Bain, Inspector General and Lieut! Schley, will be There is a law against boys buying cigarettes, but the vounstrs fret the cu'lin tacks some how and puff them rt-gardless of the legalipre-atrctions. v' Rev.

T. II. 1'egram, of this city, and for nearly GO years tin active minister of the MethdHist churches in vt-ry feeble health and.eoutiaed?to home limits. -Dr. J.C.

Hammock, of Wallftr-town, thin juuty, writes us thattftU has a lemon, home grown, wfieh weighs' of a pound and measure 3 inches 'round. 'If The M. Church at Kerueravtffe, this county, ha raised the build an iron fence around their graveyard. The improvement will cost about $250. W'-.

-Mr. ,1. D. Wall, of the Wall went to Baltimore, past week to be treated at Johns Hopkins Hospital for asthma. Dr.

llJ: H. Ivapp accompinied him. The County Commissioners practically decided to macadamize live miles of the old Salem road, leading out of Kernersville, instead the Salisbury road, as lirst proposed. Dr. W.

A. Lash, of Ireenshoro, who has iimny friends in this city, will regret to learn that he is suffering from nlignt stroke of paralysis and is now In a hospital in Richmond, Va. 'Ma The trial of Amos I lege, for as-saultiug Sam Spaugh, of South was continued from last Satuidav until tuiturdfi.y of this- week, before: Alagistrate Charles. The condition of Spaugh has been quite serious. An a ivance movement mad ie on the part of the management the V.

M. C. A Irv the engage- oi trie i M. irv the en gag nieiit of Mr. tred Metts, of Wpbb City, Mil, to takcharge of the I'hv-r sieal Department of the Dr.

W.W. Days.ofCharlottefJharfl l)pen enjaed to deliver his popular lecture on Courtship" at Durkhea.J M. t-hurch, this citv, on TueiiJy vening, March 20. Dr. Bays came! uuder the auspices of the Ladies'; Atcl Wociety of the above named church.

At the I'resbyterian parsonage; Monday night, Mr. Robert V.Wil uams. of Uluefield. West Va.and Miss Flizabeth L. Otey.of Wythville, were married by Dr.

Clay 'Lilly it wan not a runaway but of aroV mantic nature, the couple meeting here by appointment. Jii 4, At Rockingham Superior Court last week W. A. Stanford secured against A. F.

Meaick firo-J -eery this city, Tor imprisonment. At a former trial the Alesslok gained the suit, rfotiqe was given ofan appeal to the Su0tn Court. J. I. Richardson, formerly a brake, tnau on the X.

W. Railway, betweel iiere and Roanoke, feil dead at iloyse, Va Sunday. The deceased wa a native of Roauoke. and at the time of his dettth was a passenger brakem an on the Shenandoah i)ivi- ion. fi: The Cunty Commissioners will put a paid force of hands at wok on the public' roads in the near future.

With the convict lorce also at work -there should soon be some marked improvement in our pubc highways, provided that the work done is a permanent nature. The residence of Mr. Aldine Moore, -on Trade Street, near the reservoir, "was destrojed by fire, March retber with a quantity of househojd effects. A brother of Mr. sleeping on the 2nd floor, jumwl to khe groatfd to save hia life was not injured iMwdes Ariolltural Departmes experiments made of the Department, baking at home, i of buying at the bakers.

I Bea Estate Deal Salem, Coj Fj H. Fries and Mr. W. C. Wells purcjhase of Capt.

F. C. ileinuns: his large lot on Mam btreet, opposite the postoffice station. Mr. Wells gets the large frame two-story bugjry, carriagel building on Main street and the building now being used for a b.

irber shop, while the property purdhasd by Co Fries takes in tbe brie building fronting on Main stre pow occupied bf Crist Keebln, printers, The frame building on $ain street will be converted into a sore! house for Welle-Brietz whiffihistobe the style of the new firni which will put in a full and complete Stock of groceriesr etc. Messrs. Crie Keehln will continue to occupy thefr present quarters. The building will be improved and it is probable that i another story will be added. WhHbeif Mr.

Melnung will continue his long established buggy, carriage andj repair shops at some other point is not learned. I was one of Salem's oldest industries and had descended frot i father to son, covering a period of ofver half a century. Wii8toh-Salem's Freight Record. A fair index of Winston-Salem's in-duskriallgrowth can be obtained by reference to the following freight re-ceicts of the Sonthern Railirav thid city. It must also be remembered that jthe N.

W. Railwav does an immense amount of hnsinea rhinh is nbt included. Here are the South- pm 1 ficrn roa Rfeceibts for the month of nvnm. beri 1904. G9.083 87 1903, IT9.104 5 gain for Novem ber $10,021.38.

Dbcember. 1904. 7r fiso rn iw 88.044 9G gain for Deqem ber, 1903, 12,354 26. January, lUOo, Jan- uaijy; 1906, 72.201 46 gain for January, 1906, 9,391.55. ffeinlother words, for November and December, 1904, and January, oo f.F0lQt areregated sarbeedinflr vear t.hv ojo ooQ 6 1 la, iram of Ml TftT i ljuring the first 24 daVs of Febrn- ia i.

yuiiiri Li natt bandied over 2 nnn lodH bis point. pgroj Woman Commits Suicide. ilson. N. MatvTi i.i rof.

Petiford. sutodej here today by taking litliuanum. 1 hfi woman n-aa nn rtofrhT TT vvv4Q iuavur nprnnn vncroiiiQV 1 Jluf? or aninic9nne88. ana ted then that that would be last appearance in court. Heanngr in Holton Case.

tT 3iarcn 10. uuuuncement was made to- t.httf. DAnn4-. J1 1. mlttee having the nomination of Uitnct Attorney Holton under COtlfiinprAfinn nrill Uu meeting Saturday, whn a bear- au uiiiri i.Mi, inn rn ni 4 irnrt Will nrhhahW Ka ry vu iUl.

vv tativei Blackhnrn F. Mbnk.) Hear munirinn.1 nnthmifin. aha- are rairlinrr WF Friday 43 men and women Hp had been arrested in houses of uiirame were arraigned in tbe police J.V'rlfe court. Six of tbe women, th keepers of the houses, were fined 0 each, 36 men and women who IdiD8 and abetting" were or ed sums ranging from $10 to $20 ai one was sent to jail for 30 days. si at, i i -Yesterday an electric oar made iTP the new" power house.

tJpaEbert was motorman and F. aosou, condoctor. President I2i. Fries and several other gen; "ten were passengers. -ij8611, Channcey M.

Depew la lU New York. He has gjined a reputation as an after din-ne speaker, bat has lost prestige by connection with the insurance graft Ma fraud. Interesting Beading Ahead. At n.n oarltr Hata nnr voraatilo correspondent, "Ploughboy," will be- 1 1.12 1 1 i jiju uw puuncanuu ui a iseriea ui let ters upon the life of Mr. Junius Clem- i i i mnnH inn invoninr ina TA fiirrann and who is aged 03 years and is still Dracticinur law at Louisville.

Kv. Mr. Clemmons was born near Clem- monsville. thin ennntv. nnrl hflHnnite rMentlv wrlttpn nnm.

ber of letters which he will print and wnicn gives many Interesting incidents in the life of this remarkable old man. Seasonable Bequest. The Norfleet CamD of Confeder ate Veterans by a committee composed of Dr. J. F.

Shaffaer, J. M. Rpgers, R. R. Crawford and Dr.

J. A. omm, to co-operate wun tne uaugn-ters of the Confederacvtnpnnfer with and request the County Commissioners to set aside one room at the new County Home for the use of veterans that may be sent there, the CamD and Daughters agreeing to furnish the room. The reauest is reason able, jast and deserving and within tne province of tne Commissioners to grant. Suicide in Davidson County.

Lexinirton. March 13 "wnf th death by suicide of Alfred Thompson, oi mis county naa just reacned here. He committed suicide by hanging himself in his He came of a irood familv in which insanity is hereditary, his mother having committed euicide 30 years ago by hanging herself behind a door in her home and there is a brother in the asylum for the insane who has been there for the past six years. Mr. ThomDson is survivor! hv hia second wife and the eight children of ma nrsi.

wire, ills lamily has had him under close watch for th naaf. week or more, knowing that his mind was failing. Lately he made his will saving that be would not live much longer. The other dav he anked n. neighbor to shoot him.

iast mursday he slinned awav rom the members nf hia famiir climbed into a loft of the barn and' by attach intr arorx tn a rafter Ut, ed himself. He was 40 vears of 0 For Workmat on Snndav. For some time a hand rf Sarntv. Day Adventists living in and around Archdale. Randol been plowing and working generally on Sundav and thev Tan) lllmmnn.

ed before a Majristrate for trial. The defendants demanded a trial bv iurv and the hearing was deferred until one could be lmDanellpd. Tn Of the mom! TlnararH 1 ha(3 a similar experience with Tom Hetre as the central flo-nro anA result that Tom and his Seventh Dav uuvunne relative to Sunday was not upheld by the State law. uuq religious liberty Is one thinir. Its practice is another TKa Aucicn gavg in substance that thn stmnfi, tsar Adventist people can observe Satur- uoj on neir aay or reet and out of respect to others must also toon 'rom active dutv truth is.

bv the modlties n.nn mnn-c the law sijrnAl tilo with many what it enforces on a few. GOV. Glenn hatt nrAa-A o. civil term of w'p vene June 11th. Judge Council will preside.

An eDldeiriio of iucuoiuuia IB prevalent at the Thoma-iu n. phanajfe. There are At nmaant OA cases, four serious. On iittk kZ has died. "VJ The PreshvtAH wbleX0Dfe'Tnce at Charlotte this on if 18 a voter federation of all thft PofAMM.il Tl rian churches" J- Mr.

J. PoH-r vrui jkj clW last evening. He was bornner vea My. na for 14 yearshad been a foreman with la" aft.V 1 1.