The Times from Washington, District of Columbia • Page 19

THE TIMES, WASHINGTON, SUNDAY, 1B98 19 BATTLES OF SMTMO Tliiulliiig Personal Experiences in the War. GAMPAIGN OE ELIOTEBS How the RcKulavn "Went Iuio Their First Action The First Cavalry at liUM GuiutluistM Unrewarded He-roe The Currylnsr of El Cnney. iThc Military MlMiimiaKcmcnt. la closing his account of the campaign of.Santiago In Harper's Magazine for October, Caspar "Whitney says: "Men go to war to fight. To fight means at times to march all night, to go hungry, to get wet.

Those with no stomach for such adventure should stay at home; it Is not a pleasuring outing. But the deprivations that come as the natural result of things may be greatly and unnecessarily increased through unlearned, stupid management, and of this there was much in the Santiago campaign. "It might not inappropriately be trilled a campaign of blunders. First of all was the Infirmity of purpose at Washington; then the choice of Tampa, utterly unsau-ed to be either a point of mobill cation or departure Its one railroad track was blocked for miles and forvdays with the supplies for which the troops were waiting at Tampa. The deficiencies alone would fill a book ieflcien-cies so glaring as to make one stare the lack of system in loading transports, whioh made confusion in the unloading; separation of articles that should be together; mixing of hospital supplies with general merchandise; and the storing defep In the holds of the transports things wanted fli-st, while things wanted were heaped on top." He finds many things to excite his won der.

He says: "The days following the cassation of hostilities were days of suffering and work and wonderment suffering by the wounded, hauled to the rer In great, lumbering, six-mule wagons; work by the troops, who continued Industriously to strengthen trenches and build bomb-proofs to protect the reserves from Spanish shrapnel; wonderment by all that now, with transportation facilities increased by wagons, no other rations than bacon, hardtack, and coffee were brought up for the wounded not to mention the well; wonderment that hospital supplies were so limited and arrangements so wretched; that wounded and fever-stricken men were permitted to sleep on the rain-soaked ground, with abundant brush and bamboo all and unemployed soldiers enough to build beds for all; that. Inasmuch as a bombardment of Santiago was proposed, the siege-guns remained on the transports; wonderment that the refugees at Caney were permitted to come about the camps. WIU1 liJU tZJUiCllcm. -i-G v- t- fever. "I do not remember all that caused wonderment." The KeKulars In Action.

From Mr. "Whitney's account of the fighting. In -which he participated, these extracts are taken: "When we had advanced probably one and a half miles a sudden quiet spread throughout the troops. Not that there appeared any apprehension; for, as the roall narrowed, and I fell into the ranks of the First, I was not a little entertained by the good-natured jesting which ran up and down the line, without a thought thal-perhaps In a little while they would be facing death. Yet the tone of voice was always quiet lest mayhap we disturb the meditation of the enemy.

But we were moving cautiously all the time, and through some of the best suited country for I ever beheld; though attention was jokingly called to such spots as we passed; every approach was thoroughly scrutinized by the pickets well in advance of the command. In another half hour we had come to a halt in a little opening on a slight elevation, and here the click of the rifles, obedient to the order of Load magazines, cent a responsive quiver up my back, and down my arms to set my fingers twitching. 'We moved forward now with one troop somewhat In advance of the others, and a strong line of pickets reconnoitering every step of the way 100 yards In the Aside from the soft cooing of doves, beyond In the trees we could not see, no sound broke upon the still morning air, save the squash of feet in the mud, and the occasional rattle of a canteen as it swung against the metal bayonet-scabbard at the soldier's hip. There was no talking In ranks now; every man was alert and silent. "When the two Hotchklss guns had been put In position, as near the bend of the road as we dared go without reveal-tog our was 7 o'clock, and we sm.

down to wait a Iltttle while, that the Rwgh Riders, who had started over their shorter road half an hour later than we, might be within touch of the enemy, when we opened fire. As we discussed the situation, I noted our guns were just to one side of the tumbling walls of an old church and a small graveyard. And above our conversation sounded ngain the peaceful and persistent cooing of doves." "It Is probable the Spaniards had discovered us, for when the Hotchklss gun uttered the first challenge of Las Guasl-mas. at 7:20, It was answered by a -volley that came so quickly and with such accurate direction, I had scarcely time to replace my watch ere one of the men who had served the gun fell, within an arm's length of his piece. Three troops of the First Cavalry had already been deployed out in the brush in front of the guns, with instructions to work toward the Spanish position, and save their fire until they saw something to shoot, and up the little creek to the left, deploying as it went, had advanced the remaining tioop of the First under Galbraith.

We had been aware only of the Spaniards in our immediate front, but with that opening rolley of the enemy began such a rapid successions of flashes you could hardly tell where one ended and another began; and yet. above all, could be distinguished the demoniacal sing of a machine gun that later was to be turned with such deadly effect on the advancing Rough Itiders. "We had evidently stirred up a hornet's nest of a persistent kind not In accord with the then popular conception of Spanish quality in battle, and the bullets rained about us in so furious a storm as to cause us surprise so few were hit, rather 'than fear we should be. Not that the feeling was created by poor marksmanship of the Spaniards, but that curious and inconsistent impressions often come to one under conditions of great danger. For instance, with the cry of 'Hospital man sounding in my ears, and while I went to offer ray canteeen to Capt, Knox, just badly hit, I found myself observing nnA of the battery mules scratching its -against a small tree, and noting how Indifferent it appeared to the fright ful racket After the "That I walked over the battlefield of the morning, over the rifle pits and the country across which the regulars and the Bough Riders had advanced against the Spaniards.

I could almost trace the course of battle ny the empty cartridge-shells on the ground. First, scattering ones of nickel, where the Americans had begun their advance, fir- ing at will as a target offered; then rows of the same color, sheila lying in isolated groups of five, tqld where our troops, advancing, had fired by volley; and yet farther on. Increasing distance between the rows showed where they had advanced faster than they fired. After a while, a mingling of the nickel with countless groups of the brass shells of the Spanish Mauser rifle; farther along, such a sprinkling of "brass shells as to lose the nickel ones. "Then great heaps of a larger brass shell, that marked where two machine guns had severally hurled a frenzied rain of lead into tho regulars on their front and the Bough Riders on their right.

Then rows of nickel groups showing prominently in a heavy sprinkling of brass. By and by scattering shells of both colors in about equal numbers; then more nickel than brass; then all nickel; then no shells at all; and then an old sugar mill, which the extreme left of the Bough Blders immediately under the command of Col. Boosevelt, himself leading the charge, riile in hand had carried, driving the Spaniards from their last stand at Las Guaslmas. "Back two miles was the evidence of what the day had Cost. On one side the tumbling wall of the old church on the road lay eight bodies, with peaceful faces turned skywards; on the other side, in a hospital improvised out of bushes and shelter tents, lay Col.

Bell, Capt. Knox, Lieut. Byram, and fifteen others, more or less grlveously wounded. "Tho last timo I had seen Byram we bd joked about the hissing of the "bullets about us. At EI Cnney.

"The firing was incessnnt and general, that nearest sounding like never-ending strings of firecrackers completely encircling you. while E00 or COO yards away It seemed as if the crackers had all been tumbled Into barrels. It was easy to distinguish the sharp metallic crack of the Mauser from the crash of the Krag-Jor-gerrsen volleys, which assailed the ears like continuous quick ripping of linen. By noon there had come a lull, broken only now and again by the spiteful report of some cracker that had not gone off In the bunch. We again noted the artillery fire at El Poso.

We could also see that balloon, and surmising that we had started it, were much distressed by the very heavy rifle fire in the direction of San Juan. "Meanwhile our own artillery had auspiciously knocked the flag-staff off the fort, and put holes enough in it to make it untenable. That was the beginning of the end at Caney. Gradually, slowly, but certainly, the American lines drew closer and closer upon town and fort and blockhouses and trenches. But the Spaniards were fighting desperately and making a bold stand, as, indeed, well might they from behind earthworks and the double planking of blockhouses.

One theusand Americans behind the fortifications of that little town could have stood off the entire Spanish army. Thero was no swearing, no loud talking, no gesticulation; when the men had occasion to speak, it was with a strange calm. Every one of them realized he was performing the work of artillery, but. patient, good-natured, determined, he kept drawing nearer the enemy. I took off my hat that t0 the TeffU, ftnd fe ar soldier, I can toll to him and to the Bough Biders when I had heard the story of San Juan." Of the quick and the dead under fire, Mr.

"Whitney writes: "Twas strange what slight impression death all round made on one; death came so often and so sudden vou accented It without com ment or surnrise: it greeted you every- 1 where and under all conditions; one of the sharpshooters sitting next on the point, just in act of returning my uncorked canteen, shot through the neck, fell against me and I stooped to check the wasting water before noting he was dead; a ball struck a rock just alongside another man of our party, and he and we all were Interested In the doubling of the ball against the rock rather than in nls escape; one of two men supporting a third, wounded, dropped with a ball through the head, and the other two made their way as best they could; and so on to the end." Of the carrying of El Caney, he says: "Nearer and nearer drew the American lines. The fort had been deserted; the trenches before it heaped with Spanish dead. The left of the Twelfth, I noticed, was closing in, apparently for a charge, which, in fact, went forward with a cheer at once. As I reached the charging party, after a race I fancy I shall never forget, with the Mausers popping apparently directly back of my ears all the way across the openlg, the gallant little band was just crossing the trenches. "The fort had been carried (3:30 o'clock), but the fighting was not over.

From the town and from the block-houses on both sides the Spaniards maintained a dogged fire. But the end was near. We simply riddled that town, and at those Spaniards who were left retreating toward Santiago assembled on a small hill half a mite off and fired several volleys at us, defiant to the last." LOVE OF SPORT. "What It 71ns Done Toward Destroying Animnl Life. (From the Boston Herald.) What between man's appetite and his "love of sport," it cannot be very long ere this planet will "be without any animal life, saving your own presence.

Let us see what we shall have to do without In a few years hence. Lobsters are destined to become obsolete; no more lobster New-burs; what a pity! No more terrapin; what shall, can or will take the place of that costly delicacy? No more mackerel, because the baby fish are considered so delicious that even the enormous catches will vanish before our greedy consumption of them. Ko more but why enumerate all the creatures that once were plentiful before lordly man Increased and multiplied, and recklessly killed them? Some time ago Forest and Stream, a publication devoted to healthful, generous Intercourse with nature, cried out: "Behold now the modern sportsman goeth into the fields. He weareth apparel which is his glory, and in it are pockets large enough to bear away an ass load of game. His weapon is his pride, and he puffeth himself up and saith: 'What is there to contend in the fields against me, or what can stand before me In the And there Is nothing, for lot a squirrel he bloweth to flinders, and a bear, even the grizzly bear of the mountains, doth he make Into particles, the deer of the forest he maketh into atoms, and the molecules are the birds of the air before his face.

He smiteth all living things as with a flame; with one weapon doeth he all these things, and the name thereof is the Best All-Bound Gun. A.nd beholo, although he destroyeth all beasts of the field, and all fish of the stienns and ail birds of tho air, and still sigheth for mightier weapons of death wherewith to slay all these, there is no man to rise up and seize him and bind him for a term of years, wherein Heth tho salvation of these beasts and birds." Since the above 'appeared legislation has provided a little preservation and protection to the less wild animals that simply fall Into nets and traps set for them, for laws have been made to prevent absolute slaughter; but crowding the sporting season Into a few weeks has only served to Increase the numbers of the "modern sportsman," and to let loose the amateur, who tries to kill snort For vears he has I been rendering tho American buffalo ob- solete, and now his work is almost ac complished. He has tried to exterminate the deer, and the fox, and the wild turkey, and to rob all the streams of fish by lnsclne ono might say insane methods just to make a record for killing- -everything for the sake of killing. This passion has had another outlet in the recent and, it must be -whispered, I think it was for a much better end than in taking the lives of creatures unable to defend themselves in kind. WHEN ONE IS HP 'UP How It Feels to Havca Gun Pointed at MAN BEHIND THEr GUN Something About the SeimatioiiH of the Pcrtion AVho In Made, to Hold Up HIh Hniuls, and Incidentally the Experiences of the Man AVho Does the Trlcli He Given Some Advice to People.

Chicago has become so notorious for footpads and robbers of all kinds that we may place confidence in anything her people say on the subject, Thus, the Chronicle remarks: In the county jail in solitary confinement awaiting trial is one of tho most daring and most dangerous robbers that ever held a gun over a "victim in Chicago He Is James A. Caldwoll, who Js charged with tho attempted murder of Bartender Ward Fish and four holdups which were committed within two months. Caldwoll is a dangerous man. He has demonstrated that on two occasions when his victims resisted his attempts to relieve them of their money. His opinions of highwaymen, their victims and the wavs in which he accpmplfshed his work in this city ure' startling and original.

Caldwell carried a gun to enforce his de mands, and when the occasion presented itself did not hesitate to use it! Here is his story as told by himself: "It's dead easy to hold up a man or a woman, too, for that matter. All you've got to do is to have a gun and plenty of nerve and the person who has the monev and tho cash will change hands at your command. When I held up my first man I felt as much frishtened as he. but I found out how easy it was and after that always had nerve with me. A woman is a picnic if she don't scream, and if she does you might as well give up the game and try some one else.

A woman generally faints, and that is a good for her and the man who is holding her up. "The first man I held up was tho cashier in Thompson'-s restaurant, at 355 South State Street. He was easy. I just walked in the place about midnight and poked my gun under his nose and told him I wnnted his money and wanted it in a hurry. He turned pale, fell back In his chair and gasped 'Take it' Well, I helped myself and before he knew it 1 was gone.

He was a sensible man, because that night I was desperate and God knows what I would have done if the first man I tackled had Tefused to give up. "I was simply an amateur then, but before I tried my second job I had determined not to shoot anyone unless it was absolutely necessary. And right here I want to say that no robber will shoot a man unless he has to. My advice to a man or woman who is held up is to either cough up the cash at once without any remonstrance or to quietly and absolutely refuse to give up a penny. "Tho latter procedure would puzzlo the ordinary robber.

It is a hundred to one he would not shoot as a robber has no intention of committing murder and will only shoot if he thinks he is in danger of being caught Now, If a man quietly but positively refused to deliver the goods when I had my gun on him I would i oe in a unemmu anu wie ncxi iniiig wouia ao i lounu mreais uiu not avail would bo to sneak away as quickly as possible. "When I held up Ward's restaurant at Illinois and State Streets, there was a woman in charge of tho cash. I pointed 1 a gun at her and told her what I wanted and she never moved. 'There is the register; help yourself, she said, and that settled it. If she hail screamed I would have run away and she would have saved the money.

"At the Kinzie pharmacy, Chicago Avenue and Pine Street, I did my first shooting. 1 held up the man all right and he very kindly turned over all the cash he had to me. "The amount was small, but I was satisfied and everything would have gone along smoothly it he had not chased me with a revolver when I left the place. Now that did him no good and only compelled me to shoot back at him to scare htm away. I did not Intend to get caught and if that man had been hit it would have been his own fault It's bad business chasing a robber.

"'The second time I held up tho same cashier in Ward's restaurant she only smiled. "Whether it was because recognized mo or because there was only a small amount In the drawer, I can't iy, but I was really sorry for her and old her good night and that I would never bother her again. "My next experience was in Joseph T. Keane's saloon, at 14 South State Street I went in to get a glass of beer and saw the bartender counting a huge roll of bills. 'Here's your chance, I said to myself, and as I had my gun with me I told the bartender I wanted his money.

Instead of giving it up he grabbed me and I was compelled to shoot him to get away. If lie had only refused to give me the money and not touched me I would have passed the matter off as a joke, bought a drink and walked out. "My experience as a robber has taught me that the majority of people can "be easily awed by the sight of a tevolver, while there are some you can't frighten with a thlrteen-inch cahn.in. That bartender Fish is one of the lntter. "The business is exciting enough to please anyone, but you always have tho feeling that you will get caught sooner or later, and It is this fact that leads yo'i to act as cautiously with your victims as possible and never shoot if you can avoid it" "How did feel when that robber pointed his gun at said Ward Fish as he raised himself from a cot -in iSt Luke's hospital.

"I felt like kicking him out of tho saloon. I was not frightened, not i little bit and all I thought of was how; to save tho cash. I grabbed him anSUin Consequence was shot I would do the sama thing over again." Vi." Dudley Bhoads, the cashier in Thompson's restaurant, is another of Caldwell's I victims. "When a man points ai gun at you and asks for your money give it to him," he declares. "Dbn't arguo the matter, but shell out When I hat robber-with the gun I thought it a small cannon, yet I have since found out that it was -a little revolver.

My impressions were that I was in a tight place and the-best thing I could do was to give gracefully. What will I do tho next, time? The same thing. It takes all the fight out of a man and makes you -feel liko crawling through a hole In the floor if you could only find one." Pretty Ethel Whlteford enjoys the distinction pf being the only woman In Chicago who has been held up twice. She wns formerly cashier for Ward's restaurant but is now living at 309 East Chicago Avenue. "Tou feel like screaming, but don't dare do so," is the way she explains her feelings when confronted by a revolver in tho hands of a desperate man.

"The first time I was held up I was badly frightened, but the second time I did not mind it so much. It was the same robber, you know, and as he did not hurt me the first time I knew I was safe. My impressions while being held up were that I first wished the man would hurry up and get through and second, that 1f he touched me I would die on the spot. You feel If every second you are gqing to get shot and the minutes are ages to you. I don't think It good policy to say too much to a robber, but just let him have his own way and he will not hurt you." "It feels as though you wero bejngjnade a monkey of when you are held, up," avers Charles C.

Cook, of tlieji JClnzie pharmacy. "You want to kill thejtellow who is relieving you of your moneyVbut dare not move. You seem rooted to the spot and oboy his commands, because you realizo your life depends upon It. Then as soon as tho robber disappears, from view you are mad clean through and the most sensible thing to do Is to grab a gun and meet him on equal footing. These robbers are cowards, and will Tun every timo If you -pull a gun first." SPABEOWS AND The Bird Friend of the Xntive (From the Country Gentleman.) The Southern States have long been noted for their shrubberies and (lower gardens, and just as long for the goodly number of song birds that delighted to make their homes In these famous shrubberies.

Chief among th'ese songsters, as all the world knows, was tho mocking bird, so far famed for his variety and power of song. From time immemorial he has been the joy and pride of our gardens. But when1 the alien bird from over the seas came down upon us he put to flight tho mocking bird, and for this reason is tho sparrow most railed' against Most people believe that the mocking bird is gone. In the same sense that the paroquet and wild pigeons aro gone; but most people never look below the surface In nnythlng, and ney.cr beyond their garden walls In this particular thing. While all the world is cfylng out against the English sparrow for destroying the mocking bird, I wish to affirin that the sparrow has In this case done a.

good work in saving the mocking bird; from utter extermination, for which nil true lovers of birds should be grateful. Tills indirect kindness to the mocking bird and his real admirers should absolve the sparrow from all other sins of which he may be guilty. 'In proof of my affirmation it is but necessary to call the attention of the wide-awake students of birds to the facts In the case. Naturally tho mocking bird seemed to prefer lodgment near the haunts of man. Through generations of association this instinct had become a marked trait, and it was an uncommon thing to find a pair nesting far from a human habitation, and so trusting and gentle had they become that they rarely built their nests out of easy reach of man.

Though most people profess such delight and pride in the mocking bird, and are so indignant that the sparrow has deprived them of their songsters, they forget to blame themselves for participating In the almost universal custom of caging, which prior to the new order of things was exterminating the species. It has been a custom for years in tne South never to allow a mocking bird to escape the prison bars, if it could be captured while in the callow state. So con fiding a bird was easy pres' under the old regime, for they often built their nests on rose bush or trellis, where even "my lady" could lift with soft white hands the blrdlings from their airy home and place them In confinement for life or death in SO per cent of all cases death from grief or starvation or neglect was and Is their lot. So universal Is the custom of caging that the little negroes of the south make a business of capturing every young mocking bird they can And, knowing they have an ever-ready market for them. Legislatures In vain had tried to stop the wanton cruelty.

When the species seemed doomed. In stepped the sparrow, and after a hard fight for the mocking birds was not easily routed), the songster was forced -into more remote regions, away from his beloved shrubberies and orchards. He can now be found in the hedge-rows and thorn trees remote from the habitat of man. Already a rapid increase can be noted in the species since their nests are now comparatively inaccessible to their friends I know a species of hedge where they have become so numerous as to give one the Impression of a flock. I have counted as many as seen of these mellifluent beauties In a very limited space.

I know of another colony that is growing stronger two miles from human habitation, on the edge of a dense swamp by tho side of a lonely stretch of levee. How glad they make these waste places though the long summer days! In spite of man's ingratitude and tho sparrow's usurpation, the mocking bird still comes back to Ids beloved tree and chimney tops in swret -May weather and regales us with song. But these are only flying visits. He also in some Instances slips into a favorite rqosting place in some vine or shrub or evergreen near a dwelling, after tho 'noisy sparrows are in bed, and serenades through the long hours of night with his soft music. We should like very much to see the sparrow go, but we rejoice that the woodland and hedges are being filled with mocking birds.

SOME BOYS. How They Pay for cBdncutlon nt the Chicngro (From the Chicago Chronicle.) It Is a prevalent, though erroneous, idea that the days when one con "work his way through college" are over. Ways and means are just as plentiful today as they were twenty-five years and the earnest student will find them. There Is always a colony of such in Chicago, and a sort of Masonry exists among them, whereby a new-comer Is looked after till he finds enough work to be independent A young man has more opportunities than a woman, but there are places for the earnest woman, too. Tho most coveted occupations are as correspondents of the city daily papers, but as comparatively few can be thus employed the majority have to turn their hands to the next thing that comes to them.

From twelve to fifteen teach night school. Several teach In the public schools in daytime and do their university work in afternoons and evenings to secure their degrees of D. D. and A. M.

About a score -carry daily papers, which pays them from $2.50 t2 $3.50 per week, but as this Is not sufficient to meat all their expenses they must do something 'else be side, and they do it About a dozen have lamp routes, which occupation pays $20 and $25 a month. This is not as easy work as some may Imagine it to be. Still the hours are easier than they were a few years ago. A few are so fortunate as to ilnd work In the evenings in the city library. Some attend lawns in the Summer anS furnaces in the Winter, earning as much as and 510 a week, by naving" several of each to care for.

Some act as waiters at clubs and restaurants. Some solicit advertisements, and some are book agents. The divinity students pay their ray arter the first year dj- preaching in small towns near Chicago Several employ their leisure hours in "tutorinc" less bril liant students than themselves, making a fine Income. Two young men made as high as $lt200 in one year tutoring. One student is a member of a city orchestra, which pays him $12 a week.

A few are employed in the -university postofllce, which pays about twenty cents an hour. A messenger system, employs a number about two hours each dallyt and some do clerical work for our professors, though Tiere the ladles are given the preference. As has been said, avenues for womsn are not so plentiful, yet there are a few. Several are teachers night schools of the city, and several are housekeepers for professors and small clubs of students. A number are doing clerical -work, and a few do libraryiwork.

Some work In the city telephone xjtchanges from 5 o'clock p. m. to 10 p. m. This last Is extremely hard on the student, but with some it Is that or do without the education, and so the former Is chosen.

These "working" students are the best as a rule. They standiihlghest in their classes, highest In all the athletic sports, consequently highest An the respect of their and the faculty. The first student tp matriculate at the new university at was ono of these earnest young who had his way to make. One3of the associate professors, Dr. wasa.

student at the old university who gained education by all kinds of work. He had a "lamp route" for eight of the first American actors, vjho is billed to in Chicago this Winter, jwas one of these students. Tl CANALS OF MARS An Astronomer Who Has Some New Theories. THEY AEE NOT CANALS Mr. IIurnhn.ni, a.

Fniuoim Star Gazer. Doen Not Ajrrec "With the Italian Observer and Other About the Nutnre o- the Lines on the llunct of "War, The question of the lines on Mars is taken up byhe Chicago Chronicle, which says: "While Sherburne Wesley Burn-ham, who $tonJy one ot Chicago's astronomers, but perhaps the most distinguished of them all, professes to have no very deflnltoTa'ud unalterable opinion as to whether the planet Murs has artificial canals or not that can be seen from this earth, he yet does not hesitate to say that Schlaparelll, who, first thought he saw them, was unfortunate In the name ho gave them. A canal on our earth Is a thing made by human hands, and when canals are declared to be on Mara the idea is perforce" carried that they, too. were constructed by beings that must have some resemblance to man. This was not Schiapparelirir idea, or if It ever once occurred tahls mind he never Insisted on it.

He dlde Mars lines that suggested canals, and hence he named them canals, but nowthey came to be there, what tholr use jis, and all that, he did not say nor pretend to know. Mr. Burn-ham, while deferring somewhat to the opinion of other astronomers who have given more attention to the subject than he has yet been able to give it. Inclines to the opinion that if the name 'canal' had not been applied to Schiaparelli's discovery observers that followed him would have been a long- time in coming to the conclusion that- artificial canals are on Mars that can be seen from this earth. "Mr.

Burnham admits that great interest attaches to the subject, even In the minds of skeptical astronomers, and far greater interest has it for unscientific people. There is so strong a probability that some of the other planets are Inhabited by intelligent and working beings, and so taking Is the notion that mankind has a race cousin dwelling on Mars, that whenever the possibility of this is suggested men and women of all degrees of enlightenment eagerly hope that it all may bo true. In the United States, latterly, rather more of popular interest is taken in the subject than In Europe, by reason of the recent studies and delightful writings of Mr. Lowell. He seems to require no further or better evidence than he has already discovered that the Martian canals are artificial.

From his tower of telescopic observation at Flagstaff, he may yet discover further evidence which will be suflftlent to convince everybody. "But there are other American writers than Mr. Lowell on the subject and the very latest Is author of 'Astronomy' in the 'Useful Stories published by D. Appleton Co. This author accounts in a simple manner for the canals on i Mars.

In his opinion they were made in I course of long ages by water from the melting snow and Ice round the poles distributing itself over the continents. That is his guess. But in Germany Is another new guesser Leo Brenner who is out with a most interesting theory, which, if true, accounts in a quite human way for the canals. "Leo Brenner feels certain that Mars is inhabited by beings In some respects resembling ourselves. He recognizes this resemblance in what he calls the stupendous irrigation system on Mars.

The amount of work expended on Irrigation shows, in his view, that the inhabitants are very dissimilar to ourselves, since human beings would be incapable of performing such labor or if not potentially incapable, conditions are such on this earth that it would never need to be performed, only In very limited sections. He believes that the people on Mars live in perpetual fear of a water famine, and that the network of canals wards off the danger. Of course, then, he believes that the canals are artificial, and In his publication lately made on the subject he attempts to explain away some difficulties tthat have been considered by many as Insurmountable. He finds a reason why the supposed inhabitants of Mars should have dug canals of such extraordinary breadth, and why no mountain chains hindered the straight-lined direction of almost all the canals. Mars, he says, must be many hundreds of millions year older than the earth, and it is also considerably smaller, so that its surface must have become leveled up in the course of ages, the debris from the mountains gradually filling up the valleys until the surface has become a flat plain, a state of things to which our earth will ultimately attain- (This process of wearing down mountains and filling up valleys may be seen active anywhere between Western Nebraska and the Pacific Ocean.) Then he assumes that the continents upon Mars resemble the flat country of Holland, and I asserts that the Inhabitants have to pro tect tneirsnores by dams similar to those built by the Dutch.

lThey have, therefore, built dams along their const while at the same time they have tried to lead the sea water Into the interior of 4ho continents by means of waterways and canals. Fortunately for the inhabitants, Jifter the dams are Tiuilt the canals do not have to be dug, but let in the water, and it will flow between the dams up and down the continent And he explains the changed appearance from time to tlmeiof the net work of canals'by saying that when one of the larger canals has given up much water to thsj lesser ones It feeds it must become shaiowr and "consequenr- fainter In appearance, and as soon as it gets more water from the sea it becomes darker and visible again. "Leo Brenner is a man of science and a man of standing among the astronomers, and hence his theory respecting the "Martian canals is attracting a good deal 'of attention. It Is but a theory, of course, for nothing is absolutely known concerning the supposed inhabitants and canals upon "Mars, and it is next to certain that nothing ever will be Tcnown. Some are looking forward to a time when larger or more powerful telescopes will be made and pointed at the heavens.

At such a time, many are thinking, we shall be able to see important things on the planets that are now Invisible. But -fhis is not at all certain to come to pass. Sir. Burnham is of the opinion that the practical limit to the power of telescopes has been attained. Not that the larger telescopes, with higher magnifying power may not "be constructed, but liat our atmosphere presents difficulties tlmt -are increased proportionately to the Increase of magnification.

"Mr. Burnham Is not, it should be said, specially interested In Mars, and it might be better 'to -consult Mr. Lowell or some other man that Is devoted to the subject, flhlcaco's most -nbted astronomer is a famous of double stars, and lie has catalogued more of these, by 100. than any other man. He Is hunting still, for he makes a trip every other week to the Yerkos telescope at Geneva, and his looking-ds' frequently rewarded by somo new find.

-It is, therefore, but reasonable that he be inquired of concerning celestial objects, Including Mars. The other day he was Inquired of, the first question put him being: 'Do you think the canals jUpopj Mors are 4n't-lno'W that there are canals upon The next question was, Whatjdeggee of dissimilarity to ourselves is it possible tho Inhabitants of Mars Answer: 'We don't, know that there are inhabitants upon Mars. Thinking, that he should not be allowed to escape so, his questioner followed him up with this: 'Well, If there are Inhabitants upon Mars, is It probable that they have built canals that con be seen from this He got this for his pains: 'My dear sir, you recall to my mind ono of Lord Dundreary's droll questions. 'Does your brother like 'I have no brother. 'But if you had a brother would ho like 'Nothing, I repeat, is absolutely known about Mars Inhabitants, If it have any, nor about its canals, if It have NOTABLE STJRBENTJEKS.

InntanceM Where Annie Have Laid Down Their Gnnn. (From the Philadelphia Inquirer.) Seldom has there been as large an army surrendered upon this continent as the Spanish force In eastern Cuba. Fortified posts defended by a detachment of an army often aro compelled yield, but when whole armies give up at the beginning the end is in sight The Civil War, which opened with a surrender, that of Fort Sumter, closed with the surrender of half a dozen Confederate armies, in the same month four years later. Tho first surrender of the Confederates In the. war which stirred the North was that of Buckner at Fort Donelson to Grant on Februury 16, 1862.

Here 12,000 men were given up. This victory gave rise to the famous "unconditional surrender" message of Grant to Buckner, which Southern historians, even to this day, call "unchivalric." Then came in April the surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip and the consequent surrender of New Orleans. A rather notable surrender In the Fall of that year was that of Har per's Ferry by Col. Miles In command of the Union forces.

Miles made only a half-hearted defense, but he was mortally wounded. He gave np over 10,000 men. Pemberton surrendered his 30,000 men at Vlcksburg on July 1SC3, and Port Hudson followed four days later. Atlanta surrendered on December 21, 1804, and Sherman sent a dispatch to President Lincoln offering the city as a Christmas present, an idea which was followed by Admiral Sampson in announcing to President McKinley the defeat of Cervera. The war was brought to an end -by the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 15G3.

Twenty-six thousand men laid down their arms. This was soon followed by the surrender of Johnston with 23,924 men, Taylor with Jeff Thompson with 7,154, and Klrby Smith with 20.000. The total number of Confederates surrendering at this time was 93,378. The Mexican war was marked by the surrender of no large armies. Ampudla gave up Monterey in September, 184S.

Tampico surrendered to Capt. Connor, of the navy, In November, 1847. The castle of San Juan de Ulloa, which defended Santa Cruz, surrendered to Scott and Connor March 27, 1817. At this time 5.000 prisoners and 500 cannon were taken by our army- The City of Mexico, naving been evacuated by Santa Anna, was occupied by the American troops September 14, 1847. The Mexican war was preceded by the Texan war for Independence, in the course of which the Alamo, at Bexar, garrisoned by Texans, was surrendered to Santa Anna.

No sooner had the Americans laid down their arms than they were murdered by the treacherous Mexicans of Spanish descent. Our war of 1S12 was marked by two notable surrenders, one of which was not at all to our credit This latter one was Hull's surrender of Detroit, and with It all of Michigan territory. Hull's soldiers were hot with indignation, as they were anxious to fight and did not et the chance. Hull was exchanged later for thirty British soldiers and was tried by court-martial for treason and cowardice He was acquitted of the charge of tre53n, but was convicted of cowardice and sentenced to be shot but waa pardoned by the President. The surrender of Barclay's lleet on- Laks Erie to Perry partly atoned for Hull's deed and gave the Americans a cnanre to get back what they had lost thro ign Hull.

Perry's message to the President "We have met the enemy and he is ours," is a classic among military dlspaihe-. There were two famous of armies in the revolution, one In t'te of the war and one at tne end. At Saratoga, on October 17, 1, Burg-yne surrendered to Gates 6.000 men. o.fVO muskets and a large quantity of ammunition and cannon. He had begun his invasion of the colonies from Canada in June, Intending to go down the Hudson and separate New England from N-w York.

On October 19, 17SL Cornwall's c-rren-dered 7.W0 men to Washington, which ended the war. The ships and 1.5V) sea men were turned over to the French. There was a surrender in this war which is fit to be ranked with the Alamo and Fort Pillow. Fort Grlswold. defending New London, was surrendered to Arnold, the traitor, by CoL Ledyard.

The commandant and his sixty men were put to the sword after they had given up their arms. This was In September. 17SL The raid on the New England coast had been undertaken by the British with the hope of diverting Washington's attention from Cornwallls. Even the great Washington was forced to surrender once, though not in this war. It was in the French and Indian war and Washington was commandant at Fort Necessity.

Washington's forces had shed the first blood of the war. having defeated Jumuonvllle at Great Meadows, forty-five miles from Fort Duquesne. Two months later Washington himself was defeated by De Villlers at Fort Necessity, which he had Dullt at Great Meadows. At the end of ten hours hard fighting Washington yielded upon condition that his troops should get the honors of wan. GETTING TO WOUK.

A Iteport of the Meeting of the Pence ConuiilHio-ners. (Froni the Cleveland riain Dealer.) Scene the chamber In which the Peace Commission Is at work. All the members present. The official interpreter, a voluble Frenchman, is seated between the two divisions of Commissioners. The Interpreter Zhentlemen, ze ses-sione is now open.

"v7hat ees your plats-ure?" Commissioner Day Let the Spanish gentlemen show their hand. Spanish Commissioner (in Spanish, of course) What does the Yankee say? Tho Tntemreter (necessarily in Spanish) He says he kisses the hands of the most noble Castilians. Commissioner Davis-What did the aged duffer just aslc you? ti, Tntprnreter-He says he pays his most respectful homage to the distinguished Americanos. Second Spanish Commissioner Bepeat the remark of the detestable pig. The Interpreter He says he waives all formalities In tho presence of such courteous senors.

Commissioner Reid I don't like the looks of the hook-nosed Calabfian. What was he saying about us? The Interpreter He says it has never been his rare good fortune to meet so many eminent foreigners at one time be fore. Third Spanish Commissioner What did the offscouring with the curly hair and the moustache dare to mutter? The Interpreter He said he would take home within him many remembrances of Castillan chivalry. Commissioner Reld Hold on there, French: you've got that wrong. didn't say Castilian.

1 said Calabrian. Fourth Spanish Commissioner What is that? He says we are Calahrians? Docs he means ire are not Castilians? Commissioner Reld No; not Castilian, but Cala.brlan. Fifth Spanish Commissioner Carramba! Commissioner Reld Not Carramba Calabria! Great Tb Interpreter (wildly shouting) Zhentlemen. zhentlemen. eet-ees time for annozzaire All exit hastily.

THE FOTH OE CDBT As Seen Through the Glasses, of the SIX MONTHS OF OUE EU1E The Spokesman of the Cuban Junta In Jfer Yorlc Give an Outline of the Impending Event on theXI-and America "Will Be Tolerate for Six Mouth Only. The reports from Cuba of dissatisfaction on the part of the insurgents, of their refusal to disarm and of rejection of work, of desertion to guerillas, and of animosity toward American occupation. led Horatio S. Rubens, the spokesman of tha Junta, to discuss the probable course of events in Cuba, and the situation in general. To the New York Evening Post he said: "What must precede everything else Is, of course, the evacuation of the island by the Spanish troops and officials.

When that shall be finally accomplished, no ono can say with any certainty. We know how long It took the Spanish Transat- Iantic Steamship Company to remove to, Spain the 20,000 Spanish soldiers who sur- rendered at Santiago. To get away the 150,000 still remaining in various parts of the Island will obviously take a much longer time. What however, is likeiy to delay the evacuation much more than the physical difficulties, or than the inevitable Spanish inactivity and procrastination, is the indisposition of the Spanish officials, military and civil, to quit the island. There is no question that they will hang on as long as possible.

They continually hope for complications to arise which may renew their tenure of the island a hope against hope. It Is true; but it is human, and especially Spanish, to Indulge in that species of de- luslon. In addition. It is greatly to the a interest of the Spanish officials to pro-, long their possession of office and power as ions as practicable. It means putting money In their purse so long as they retain control of the custom-houses.

It Is their last whack at the spoils of Cuba, on which they have fattened for centuries, and they are assuredly going to make the most of it. It Is to be expected, therefore, that the Spanish evacuation will be a long-drawn-out affair, unless accelerated with determination by the United States. "Well, after that long longed-for event has transpired, and Cuba at last breathes in an atmosphere uncontaminated by the dominance of the Spaniard, a complete military government of the United States will follow. Possibly the Cubans did not, from the beginning, foresee the necessity of such a government but now they perceiveat least the leading and representative Cubans that it Is an unavoidable course, and really in the Interest of the island. At first it may have seemed to suggest an Intended departure by tho United States from the promise solemnly made to establish an independent form of government in the Island, and then, to withdraw its forces.

Some alarm may have momentarily arisen as the resulCTff this seeming; but the second thought df the Cubans convinces them that the United States has no notion of renudfat-. Ing its that this Governmehttis to be Impllcltely trusted, and thatal- though everything- may not be done In precisely the way Cubans may have con1 celved as the natural and proper the end of it all will be the erection of a gox-ernment free and independent, representative, and with all the elements and promise of stability. "The military occupation and administration of the islands are. therefore, fuHy accepted as a foregone conclusion. HoW long ought it to last? Certainly no longer than Is necessary to establish order" and the native government How long that will be it is difficult to pronounce.

Expressing, seems to me the most intelligent and representative Cuban expectation on the subject I should say that something like six months ought to be ample time for the perform- anco of everything requiring to be done by the "United States. A much longer period of occupation would assuredly saem, to representative Cubans needless, although In speaking of the future one must allo-v for the bearing of circumstances which may arise and are now unforeseen. What really appears to be uncalled for at this time Is the sending of so large an army of occupation as Is now contem- plated 0,000 men. Cubans, although not disposed to quarrel about it, are unable to unaerstana why a farce of that size should be employed. There Is nothing in the situation, to their thinking, to warrant the landing of such an army.

The Spanish troops are glad enough to-, go back to Spain, and when they are gone who will remain to be opposed or sup 3 pressed by 60,000 men? Only the Cuban" people, with perhaps some guerrillas, partly Spanish, partly Cuban, It may "be. But the Cuban people themselves will attend to all outlaws and bandits. It is' true that before the war bandits received a semi-toleration, and even protection, from the native population, because they were looked upon as the enemies of. Spanish law and goverment. and because they did.

in fact direct their chief operations against the Spanish. The expu sion of Spain changes all that, Today tho bandit Is regarded by the Cuban people no longer as the enemy of Spain, but of themselves, and they can be counted upon to suppress him with rigor. The American army will, therefore, have imly tha Cubans to deal with, and as they are trusting both the policy and the honor of the United States, and are awaiting with patience the consummation of all its plans, they fall to comprehend the need of 60,000 soldiers in the island. Moreover, they are of the opinion that when th-T American Commissioners have studied the situation there more fnlly, they will I recognize the superfluousness, not to say thft nKcitT-rHt-xr rf In Vt Iclnnil such an enormous body of troops. However, even this is looked upon as a small matter.

If to America it seems best to employ such a force In peaceful occupation, well and good: the wisdom, equally with the faithful Intentions of America, is trusted. "But such are the peculiarly close and fraternal relations of the American and Cuban people that what would seam anomalous In any other case will not seem so In this. Strictly speaking, American troops in Cuba after the establish- ment of the republic would be a foreign army, but a friendly, allied, foreign army. Its functions would be recognized by intelligent and controlling Cubans as necessary to afford to the world thnt guaran tee of security and stability in Cuba which was secured and given when the-United States interfered. It would be to-.

Cuban eyes a guarantee which was not really needed, but which might seem to foreign powers as due from the United States. For the sake of the States and the discharge of its full obligation to the world, the retention of some troops in Cuba wouldl be readily acquiesced In, If the United States should wish to Tceep them there for even after the setting np of the repub-. lie. "The further future almost certnlnly, means the annexation of Cuba to thei; United States, but there must pendence i.