Oakland Tribune from Oakland, California • Page 3

i trated In 1DV rwlnr article fto. Th Kiindav JMStkitfSSJfck jf SaSS 'EwSlfc. Special observations made by Alexander Wilson Viff (University of Glasgow) In 176J, and later the rec- jT Jis KOTi orJs of Messrs. De la Rue and Stewart In 1857, ijjpit jjMv l5uilti established the fact that the central part of every s3s. 5OTk spot (the core) is always of a dark violet-blue color.

w' 1 EjrfV JSr cf This Is also called the umbra, while it compar- WwftWP MiMW ativey brighter environment is called the penumbra. ySk W. A' 'any as a unit, or fractloned in a -ffc HSl x(Sf SSfaT rroup, as well as any facula, belong to the sun's xv SUNSPOTS OFTEN DTIIFT. Solar disturbances frequently drift considerably in latitude during their progress across the- sun's disk. But this fact scarcely will Interfere with the deductions relating to their electro-magnetic effects This is second in a.

series of article on Solar Disturbances, written for The TRIBUNE, by Prof, Albert F. Porta. ITEN in spite of Its dazzling effulgence, 'tAAl we cast a furtive glance at the sun, the I impression It makes on us Is that of a globe of most Intense fire. But when we observe It through a telescope, are nniounded to see frequently on its surface dark little spaces which "go under the name of sunspots, or more ample and brilliant fields called faculae. Xowadaya solar disturbances of any kind can easily be observed directly by 'means of a telescope of any size.

If it ia a very small, one, a neutral tint glass should be applied to the eye-piece; but if It Is an Instrument of a large size, the Intense heat will crack the glass; hence the polarized hello- scope is used. And the solar Image can be thrown on a small sheet of white paper with a properly attached frame, and thus all dqnger of injury to the eye is avoided. But, generally speaking. an ordinary telescoDe inverts ths solar Image, so that the four cardinal po'nta of the sun's disk, (facing the earth), the solar north, south, east and west, will respectively app'Tfr In the south, north, west and east side of the Projecting sheet. Consequently the projected solaf- disturbances (sunspots or faculae) will be seen to move from the right to the left side of It, while they, being attached to the sun, they being formed on the sun's photosphere, they must partake, of the real rotatory motion of the sun, which, seen from the earth, is according to a counter, clock motion.

DISCOVERY OP SUNSPOTS. The discovery of the sunsppt has been attributed to ths astronomers Thomas Arrlot (1560-1J21), Galileo OaUlei (1664-1642), josph Jerome Lalande (17J1-H0T), John Christian Fabrlclus (1745-1808), Sir William Herschel (17S8-1822) and Father Chris-topher Bchelner, a Jesuit, about 300 years ago, 'delineated, for the rirst time, the movement of some suhapois' In both of the solar hemispheres. But by means of his newly invented telescope, was able to' fix" the or period, 'during which a solar spot remains visible, which Is about thirteen days. Father Bchelner made -a considerable number oft observations which he has consigned in a large folio work, published in 16S0, the bombastic Latin tltlefRosa- Ursina, slve sol, ex admirando facularum et macularum phoenomeno varlus," In Which he affirms that he had seen no less than fiftyspota on the, sun's disk at one time. I remark that Rohelner performed this work during tlja yearsi 1627-28, which epoch, according to my calculation, corresponds to a maximum of MOTION" OF 8TTXSPOTS.

Herschel, in the years and Richard C. Garrlngton, between 1863-61, succeeded in proving that solar spots besides partaking of the rotatoryi 'motion of the solar globe, have also proper motion rf their own, occasioned either by displacement or' by a change of form. Borne of them form extreme slowness, move farther apart, come rfearer together again, become extended and vanish; while others appear on the scene in rapid succession and sometimes nearly all of a "sudden. however, dally observations of the sun taken with great accuracy, one cannot fall to recognize that th new apparitions scarcely are altogether Instantaneous. The phenomena is almost always announced one or more days in advance.

The photosphere shows a great agitation while a fulgent faculae field is formed. Sometimes' in 'this field will appear one or more tiny black' points ca'lledi pores, which easily shift their places, disappear- only to reappear, and then one lof them seems to take the upper hand und becomes a larger black oolnt. This Is a sunspot which generally through a common telescope, three types Which, properly enlarged, have already lllus- ZVI mBt lntensa wa observe it through a telescope. we are sunspot or facula Is 14 1-3 degrees-, corresponding approximately to 2200 yards per second. FTEL.1 OF THKIIt.

MOTION. Sunspots are not scattered over the entire surface- of the sun, but the field of their movements Is almost always limited to the solar zone Included be-' tween the thirtieth parallels of latitude on both sides of the solar equator. photosphere, if, by means of a common Inverting telescope, we observe them at the apparent beginning of their courses in the eastern 11m of the solar disk, we' will see them go across It from east to west in vpry nearly the space of thirteen days, and finally disappear at the western limb. Then they jwill remain invisible for about fourteen days, when they will appear again at the eastern limb to begin a new revolution and, possibly, a third or even more. It happens, however, that sometimes they nlng of their courses' in the eastern limb of the solar dlgk or during their trip on the opposite face of the sun.

Sunspots, when Jn; the vicinity of opposite limbs (the eastern ad the western), lost their round form by degrees and become more and more oval until they reduce down to almost a straight line. But this merely appears to be- so, because, in reality, they being adherent to the. solar surface, participate in its daily rotatory movement Thus, the sunspots furnish us with the strongest proofs of such a rotatory motion as well as the sphericity of the sun. CYCLiE A SUN" SPOT. The mean apparent period of a sunspot's about the soIar xl.

the interval which elapses, or instance, between the mpment of which the spot reaches the eastern limb and the Instant in which it will reappear at the same limb (for. an observer upon pie earth) is about twenty-seven days. But the real period of rotation Is shorter than the apparent period, and the. cause of this difference la due to the translatory motion of the earth around the Intact, If we suppose that the earth may" be Immovable, the time which a given spot would take, independently of any' proper motion it mayj have, to reappear again in the east limb of the solar disk, evidently would be exactly that which the sun A VACATION (Continued From Page 8) eral tributaries which well among redwood and fern-erles in back of the foothills. Each canyon has a sood trail leading up through woods and rocks, among which are several 'Iron pyrite mines and boldly chiseled quarries; This Country is very similar to the appearance of the Bret Harte section of the Sierras and Is one of the most beautiful, natural park lands of Oakland.

Distance, four miles; about 800 feet of climbing. .1 Trip No. 5 Dlmond Canyon: Jjeave either the Dimond or Fruitvale-avenue ears at Hopkins street and follow a path through a wonderful old orchard to the side of a stream lined with great alders and ancient oaks. Tou may continue upward for two coming to a. narrow gorge above which are the first redwoods.

If you are a good walker you may spend a delightful day' tracing this stream to its source, which lies between Joaquin Miller's estate and Redwood Peak. From the Hrst redwoods above the flrst gorge a road winds back around Dimond canyon 'to the Fourth-avenue car llno.i Distance pf easier route; 4h miles, with 1 BOO feet to climb. Trip No. 0 Piedmont Hills: Leave the terminus of the Piedmont cars and walk northward then east up the canyon through which ths. old Moraga valley read runs.

This will ON -THE INSTALLMENT PLA.N takes to turn about. Its xis. Tet, while the sun performs one complete, rotation, the earth advances in its orbit In the same direction as the sun turns pnd, therefore, the spot is really seen to describe an entire circuit augmented a certain number of degrees to the extent of the said course traveled over by the earth. Thus, by a simple calculation, we will see that the real duration of a sunspot's revolution is about two days less than its apparent period. For instance, a spot which takes twenty-seven days and four hours to reappear in the eastern limb gives for, the- real period of the sun's rotation twenty-five days and eight hours.

VJ3XHTITY OF SUNSPOTS. In general, the mean daily angular Velocity of a IN OAKLAND bring you to a beautiful valley hidden back of the foothills. Several side saunters may prove atr tractive, such as the skyline back of. Piedmont proper and Crocker Highlands to the Fourth-avenue cars. Or you may turn northward over Inspiration Point and press on to Rockridge car line.

This you may pass by, keeping along the ridge overlooking Lake Temescal and dropping down Flfty-i ninth jstreet to College avenue. Distance, five miles, and. series of little climbs aggregating 600 feet. Trip No. 7 Strawberry Canyon and Berkeley Hills: Take the College-avenue cars to Bancroft way and follow' the latter street Up to the Canyon road, which winds past sightly homes Into the oak woods 'of Strawberry canyon.

One branch road turns to the Tight up ths southern iork of Strawberry creek and winds up the steep slope to' the crest. This road Is badly eroded and it will be better to turn back after you pass a pretty grove of mad rones. Cross the watershed of the main stream, trending westward until you come to Charter Hill, where the University's' "Big is a conspicuous landmark. Continue northward, around the shoulder of Little Grizzly to the headwaters of the north fork of Strawberry A stream rises among fern tangles and runs all summer down through the beautiful forest of oak and laurels which lines Le Conte canyon, As; this la' locally known. It descends to Le Coule av- upon tlfe inasmuch was rains, hurricanes.

'typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and seismic sea w-aves depend, almost exclusively, on the electro-magnetic energies gushed out from solar disturbances when they, reach, cross or leave cer tain well defined hellographic as 'We will see afterward. '1'liOFESSOlt AbHEHT F. PORTA, -J 34 Iike House Avenue. San Jose, June 20, 1916. 1100 feet In elevation.

At a gate beside the road which runs above Joaquin Miller's estate a trail crosses a Swale and zig-zags up a steepcanyon through dense young It heads directly to the Summit of Redwood Peak, pausing an old resort and a young orchard In the hollow of the west shoulder of the' peak. The best view Is" obtained on the eastern slope looking down upon ths dense forests of Redwood canyon and across the Contra Coeta hills to Mount Diablo. Heturnin to the road Miller's to Dimond is the most dirrrt route home. Distance, seven miles; total elevatln climbed from cars, 1400 feet. (Elevation of -Redwood Peak, 130 feet) Trip No.

10 Skyline Trail: The high skyline boundary of Alameda an'' Contra Costa counties is followed by th sightly trail about the bay. Follow the Grizzly trail from the Greek theater in Berkeley along the mnlu i crest to Redwood Peak. This tramp Is eleven miles long, but it seems more, with 1860 feet of climbing. Far above all others is it the most worth while be- cause of the varied charms of its scenic vistas. Strong and practically fireproof artificial sand-stojie ha, been made in the Philippines from fcAacfc sand and sulianii tufa.

nue in Berkeley, where you may board the Euclid-avenue cars. ThTs Is one of the most beautiful retreats of the Berkeley-Oakland hills. Distance, five miles; climbing 750 feet. Trip No. 8 Huckleberry i'Udee: I hate, to tell Just where" the wonderful huckleberry thickets are that pickers glean each August.

"If you search you will find where they grow." Leave the Piedmont cars as described in trip No. 6, and after you have reached the hidden valleycross the Oakland and'Antiooh railway tracks and ascend Hayes canyon to the eastward. When you reach the summit, 1300 feet, climb the brushy ridge to' the right and you w(ll reach the huckleberry patches-A splendid panorama is viewed from the crest of the skyline at the" boundary of Alameda and Contra Costa counties. Distance, returning by same route, six with 1200 feet of climbing from the car line to the crest'. I Trip No, 9: Redwood Peak Is so Covered beauty spots that space will not permit its description.

I can only point out the best way of reaching It Leave ths Dimond cars at Redwood road. Follow this highway to a water trough half a mile distant. Turn to the left up an old road to acanyon lined with oaks and bajt Almost fascinating trail leads uriJAu) canyon to nomL Above these aVflanklng ridge thust crossed at a saddle it.