Los Angeles Herald from Los Angeles, California • Page 8

6 BADDATZ HAS A SUBMARINE BOAT THAT IS A SUCCESS. Will Descend or Rise on an Even Keel and Has Traveled Entirely Under Water for jFive Consecutive Hours. 6UILT OF AND CIGAR SHAPED. Ever since the experiments of the Dutch physician, Cornelius Drebbel, early in the eighteenth century, repeated attempts have made by individuals and by various governments to produce successful craft. Of all the nations tht' United States has been least active in this interesting department of maritime science, although the comparatively recent policy of strengthening the navy has led to increased activity amoas Inventors, the aim being to produce a war craft capable of bringing about the destruction of the modern armored battleship.

Within the last six months, the attention of the public and naval officials has centered on two new submarine boats, the Holland and Lake, named after the inventors, which have been launched at the Atlantic seaAoard, linal tests of which are still pending. It will be a matter of general surprise, however, when it becomes known that while work on these two boats has been slowly going on, it has remained for a young western inventor to demonstrate on the fresh water of a land-locked Wisconsin lake, remote from maritime and naval activity and interest, that a practical solution of the problem of submarine navigation is already within reach. Richard Raddatz is the name of the inventor of this remarkable craft which has stood all tests of practical navigation and control under the water within such limits as are imposed, principally by the strength the shell and power of the machir.ery. He is a mechanical engineer in the employ of the most extensive foundry and engine manufacturing company in the West, located at Milwaukee. His experiments in submarine navigation have extended over a period of twelve years, conducted, principally, at Oshkosh, or Lake Winnebago, a sheet of water about forty miles long.

The measure of the success of the Raddatz submarine boat lies in the fact that up to the present time three hundred and thirty trips beneath the surface have been made, and between sixty and eighty persons have been taken down to observe the complete control of the craft. After the first fifty descents all were practically successful and without accident. The Raddatz boat as it lies housed at present in winter quarters on the shore of Lake Winnebago, waiting for the opening of navigation in Lake Michigan, when it will be taken to Milwaukee, is fusiform or cigar shaped, Blxty-five feet in length. Its cylinder is four feet In diameter, beginning to HUMORS OF WAR. During the first year of the war the commander ol every Federal regiment felt it to be his solemn duty to deliver patriotic addresses on every possible occasion.

We had them at dress parade, when fifty miles from the front, and we had them while waiting in line Of battle. Our Colonel chucked Hunker Hill, Lexington, General Washington and other patriotic things at us until we got very tired of his talk, anil there was universal rejoicing when the end finally came. My regiment was ordered out one day for a reconnoisance. There wasn't a Confederate within twelve Rliles of the brigade camp, and most of us knew that it was simply a march to test our endurance, but before we left camp the Colonel got off that same old speech. Wo were going to meet the enemy, he said, and lie looked every man to light to the last gasp and then die with a Lip-hurrah! for tho glorious 0...

star-spangled banner. Away we marched, singing "John Brown" and aching to yield up our lives, and alter about two hours reached a cross-roads. Scouts had reported the enemy near at hand, and gave his force at 10,000. There wasn't the slightest doubt In our Colonel's mind that he could lick 10.000 men with his 1,000, and we were speedily drawn up in battle aray. As we got into line we heard a mule braying on the cross-roads, and the Colonel rode out In front of th'i line, waved his sword three times around his head, and began: "Soldiers and patriots! The enemy is upon lie outnumbers us ten to one ami Is fighting on Lis own foil, but in our veins runs the blood of the men who died to create this Republic, and we will win a great victory or die." At that moment a scout who had been Bent up the cross-road to take another look at the enemy came down the road and nioiig our front, leading an old, one-eyed, bob-tailed mule which had been turned out to die.

Stopping in front of the Colonel the man saluted and reported: taper at points sixteen feet from each end. The extreme height is seven and one-half feet to the top of the pilot house, which rises from the otherwise regularly shaped shell at a point about one-thLrd the distance to the bow. The material used in construction is fivesixteenths inch armor plate, steel rlvetted upon a heavy angle-iron frame work strongly braced internally. Its entire weight, with its complicated machinery, is thirty tons, of which eight tons form the weight of the shell alone. At the bow is a heavy steel spur or ram, projecting five feet from the boat proper and braced within with heavy steel bars and truss work.

At the are the rudder and two-bladed propeller, in no way differing from similar appliances in the equipment of the Unary surface craft. The boat is furnished with two independent sets of machinery, one for surface and the other for submarine use. The surface machinery consists of a modified hot air engine of fiftyhorse power, with cylinder nine and one-half inches in diameter and eighteen inches in stroke, having a maximum piston speed of about one feet a minute, driving the propeller at a speed of about three hundred and fifty revolutions. Even at this comparatively high piston speed the engine runs without excessive jar or jerk. The primary source of power developed by this engine depends upon a fuel of ordinary kerosene or coal oil.

For submarine use a set of electric machinery and storage batteries is provided, the motor developing about tenhorse power at full speed and depending for power upon the chemical energy stored in the accumulators, which, in turn, depend upon the hot air engine for their life. This latter depends upon kerosene oil for the power developed by it, the charging of the accumulators being accomplished when the boat is at the surface. The storage capacity of the accumulators is sufficient for a cruise of about ten hours beneath the surface. Thus it will be. seen that the primary source of all power depends upon the amount of oil carried.

The advantage of coal oil for fuel lies In the fact that It can be easily obtained in almost any part of the world. The electrical submarine motors have propelled the craft when entirely submerged at a speed of two and onehalf miles an hour for a period of five hours, during which no communication with the surface was found necessary. The hot-air engine for surface use has propelled the boat at a speed of fourteen miles an hour during a period of fourteen hours, although the average rate of surface speed is about eight miles an hour, which the craft can maintain indefinitely. It is to be understood CHARLES B. LEWIS "1 have been up the road for a mile and a half, and the only enemy I could discover was this here mule.

1 have cut off his tail to carry back to camp, and (waving it amund his head) I call for three cheers fur the star-spangled banner and George Washington!" We gave them with a will, and added three more and a "tiger," and that ended the patriotic address business with us forever. A JOKE ON THE BAND. There were times, as at Trevlllon Station, when Custer ordered his band into the thick of it and kept them tooting, and the idea was a good one. At Gettysburg, however, the band didn't come in. Custer was after Lee's trains and Lee's cavalry realized his plans and were on hand to prevent.

As the scenes shifted we found the Confederate cavalry massing to have a try at us, instead of keeping the defensive. A battery came dashing up and opened on them at long range, and following this lour regiments were lined up for a charge. It was to be down across a Held, over a stone wall partly thrown down, and then across a meadow for forty rods. We were not above 2,000 men altogether, and it looked as If we were going down against three times our number. There was a period of waiting, with overstrained men speaking In whispers and nervous horses plunging or backing.

We were hoping to get the bugle and have It over with when the members of the band began climbing up on the roof of a long shed t'i our right. This shed was thatched with, straw, and the elevation would give the spectators a splendid view of the charge. The "tooters" had just got fairly sealed on the thatch when the Confederates opened on us with a single gun. Ths first shot went over our heads, but the second struck the shed just at the caves and went through it with a crash. As It passed out on the far side it drew a wisp of straw after It ton feet long.

Those band-men didn't wait for the third shot. Every one uttered a yell In this connection that the surface speed ls capable of Increase to any practical limit by the expenditure of additional power; likewise the speed below the surface Is limited only by similar conditions, although the very fact of the medium In which the boat operates Imposes a probable limit of ten miles an hour on submarine navlgation for successful Inshore work. In other words, when there ls danger of running aground or encountering other obstacles the speed of the craft depends upon the means afforded and the ability of the operator to see through the water ahead of him and avoid any dangerous obstacles which may lie In his path. The three most important principles involved in the construction and operation of the boat are kept secret and are known only to Inventor Kaddatz and the few men who have been Interested In his experiments. These have to do with the manufacture and purification of the air supply, the devices Invented for sinking and raising the craft and the mechanism by which under all conditions It is kept upon an absolutelylevel keel.

It has already been stated that, as yet. no recourse has been made to patents for protection, hence the jealous care with which ali information regarding these Important principles is guarded. The most important of these principles is that affecting the air supply. The craft Is supplied with reservoirs and appliances which produce a mechanically and chemically prepared atmosphere sufficient to permit its submersion with two men on board for a period of twenty-eight or thirty hours. The air Is kept pure and wholesome and is manufactured In sufficient quanof The Raddatz Submarine Boat.

tity and quality to supply a crew of four persons during eight and one-half hours at a time without communication with the surface. It is presumed that the oxygen is renewed by chemical action and the carbonic acid gas absorbed by caustic potash, caustic soda, and lime. Persons who have experienced a submarine trip In the boat say the only difference they detected between the atmosphere and that ordinarily breathed is that the former seemed fresher and cooler. At the end of several hours during which they were hermetically sealed in the craft they felt no unpleasant effects. Nearly equally important and vital to the practical success of the boat are the devices employed for raising and sinking it, controlling its equilibrium and maintaining it constantly on a level keel.

All explanation of this machinery is as carefully preserved in secrecy as that by which the air is produced and kept pure, although inventor Raddatz insists that no use has been made for this purpose of the old principles of taking In and pumping out water when it is desired to sink or raise the craft. The machinery is capable of controlling it at any depth desired, limited only by the strength of the shell necessary to withstand the pressure of the water. The equilibrium is so perfectly regulated and adjusted that Mr- Raddatz is able to maintain his craft on an almost perfectly level keel for nearly any length of time. The final tests showed that at a specified depth during periods extending over an hour, the variation from an absolutely level keel was less than one-fourth of an inch. In addition to these appliances are others employed to adjust the equilibrium and correct any insta bility due to changing conditions within the boat.

Automatic appliances are made use of wherever they may be applied to advantage. One of the most interesting and took a toll down the slope and a drop to the ground and the sight set 3,000 men to laughing. The troopers In line waved their hats and yelled, and faces which had been as pale as death these Is an automatic trip attached to the bottom of the boat to prevent all danger of sinking beyond a predetermined depth and to insure the cafe return of the boat to the surface In case of accident. With this trip in practical working order It is impossible to sink the craft below the safety point either by accident or Intention. The device consists of a heavy weight attached to the keel, with electrical connection running to the gauge in the pilot house by which the depth at all times is registered In feet.

At a point on the gauge, at present set at 250 feet, is an electrical contact which establishes the electrical circuit. This, in turn, unlatches the trip, and the boat, relieved of the extra weight, returns rapidly to the surface. Within twenty-five feet of the danger point ls a sliding contact which sounds alarm before the trip is set off and warns the operator of the pending danger. If the boat is then under perfect control, the descent Is easily arrested. Ingress ana egress are obtained through a door in the top of the pilot house, the circumscribed quarters within admitting four persons besides the engineer at the stern.

All the movements of Ihe craft are controlled from the turret. It contains ten bull'seye apertures through which the operator is able to see in any horizontal direction and also upward and downward. At this point are the Indicators, gauges, valves, levers, signals, and appliances used In the operation of the boat and the regulation of the air supply. They cover the walls of the turret in one confused mass, all within easy reach and in constant view of the operator. Here also are the tiller which controls the rudder at the stern and an array of electrical connections running to every part of the boat.

Interior illumination is supplied by in- candescent lights and a search light has also been employed with some success for lighting the boat's course, although it is not included in the craft's equipment at the present time. Finally, in addition to the appliances which pertain only to submarine navigation, are the compasses, thermometers and barometers commonly used at sea. A first trip beneath the surface of the water is an experience not soon to bo forgotten. Scarcely has the operator taken his seat when the interior of the pilot house is suddenly ablaze with incandescent light and simultaneously the familiar hum of the dynamo is heard from far back in the stern. The passenger is confused and amazed at the number and complication of the valves, levers, indicators and signals which crowd tho curvid walls of the pilot house.

The operator adjusts first one and then another of these and then it suddenly dawns upon the passenger that it is not the air of the outside world that he is breathing. The atmosphere steadily grows cooler and it seems lighter and more exhilarating than that to which he Is accustomed. Meanwhile the steady lapping of the waves against the steel sides of the boat indicate that it is still gliding along the surface of the water. Suddenly with a movement of a lever the engine which has been in motion ceases. Then another lever is thrown over, an indicator is adjusted and almost imperceptibly the long narrow craft sinks beneath the surface.

The lapping of the waves is no longer heard, the silence is oppressive, save for the slight hum of the dynamo. Slowly the hand of the indicator travels around the dial, registering ten. twenty, thirty, perhaps forty and even fifty feet. A tiny electrical signal rings and then the sinking craft is again at rest. At no time has it deviated perceptibility from an even keel.

With the aid of the rudder the craft is steered either to right or left, responding as readily as if it were on the surface. It rises or falls to any level which the operator may desire. At times it skims near the surface with its pilot almost visible above the crests of the waves. Again it sinks to even greater depths than at first, responding immediately to the will of the operator. Finally the hand on the central indicator travels back to the starting point.

The lapping of the waves on the metal plates is once more audible and the throbbing of the dynamo ceases The heavy door In the top of the pilot house swings slowly open and a glance out Into the sunshine reveals the craft once more near its floating dock. Such ls the story of a trip beneath the waves in the Raddatz submarine boat. Copyright, IS9B. Routed by a Hog. turned red as man after man struck with a "plump!" and got up and made for the rear.

We were all still laughing, and I saw broad grins on the officers' faces, when we got the bugle call. EARNINGS SHARING EXPERIMENT. Successful Result Achieved by Mr. Alfred Dolge and His Six Hundred Employes in Solving the Labor Problem. One of the best evidences that the labor problem is on the road to solution Is the fact that never before has it been the subject of such Intense, anxious and universal discussion.

Over this problem, in some form or other, economists, statesmen and philanthropists worry, and the press wrangles. Some people imagine and dolefully proclaim that all this ferment merely proves that the labor problem ls getting farther and farther away from solution. On the contrary, ferment is the sign of progress. In China and India they have not even reached the stage of having a labor problem at all. But what Is this labor problem, anyway, may be asked? Commonly we hear It described us the problem of how to suppress strikes, and lock up strike leaders; how to put down riots, how to make laborers contented forevermore with what they now get, and so on.

Such a definition is idiotic, and to adhere to It is only to hasten the day of a possible social revolution. Strikes and riots are the manifestations of a genuine problem, which must be reached at the base. Sitting on the safety valve never yet kept the steam inside a boiler. The labor problem' is the problem of how to improve the material and social condition of the wage earners, who are a large majority of us all. How to enable the workingman to raise his stundard of life, broaden his social relations, educate his children, enjoy more leisure, provide for emergencies and old age without long years of stinting and sacrifice; how to guard him from enforced idleness; In short, how to increase his share of material is the labor It is acutest in England and the United States, and these countries have done the most for its solution.

Efforts to deal with it have been both public and private. On the one hand we have had a long line of factory regulations and short hour laws; on the other, numerous individual experiments by large-minded employers. Interested in labor's welfare and anxious to apply progressive Ideas in a practical way. It will be interesting to look, for a moment, at one of these private experiments. I refer to the of labor insurance and pensions adopted by Mr.

Alfred Dolge in his large felt-making establishment, employing some 600 hands, at Dolgeville, New York. This is not a profit-sharing scheme. Mr. Dolge recognizes the fact that profits are distinctly the employer's income, determined by economic law; and hence that any plan sharing them can rest only on the optional good will or philanthropy of individuals, and cannot be made a permanent, self-working part of the wage system. Between 1880 and IS9O Mr.

Dolge experimented with various forms of profit-sharing, but, in the latter year, abandoned them all and established his present famous system of pensions and life insurr.ice, which he calls "earnings-sharins." The extra allowances to his employes under this system are to be regarded merely as another form of wages. They are not taken out of wages, however, but are a definite addition to what the employes regularly receive for their services. The system has three distinct features; life insurance, endowment and pension. The life Insurance plan is this: Every employee entering the service at any time under 30 years of age. who has served five years continuously after the age of 21, is entitled to a life insurance policy of $1,000, and after ten years of service a second policy for $1,000.

on both of which the firm pays the premium. Employees entering the service between 22 and 25 years of age are entitled to a third policy, of $1,000, after fifteen years of continuous service. Those entering when between 31 and 35 years of age receive only one I policy, after five years; and those who are 36 or over when employed receive We were over the wall and half-way across the meadow before the chuckles were suppressed and men began to clench their teeth and think of the aerious work in no policy, but, after five years of service, the firm sets aside for them, at Interest, $36 per annum for twenty years. If the application of any employee for a policy Is refused by the insurance companies, the firm sets aside or deposits for him each year an amount equal to the premium on a $1,000 policy, and, when he dies, the sums so deposited, with Interest, are payable to his heirs. The endowment system applies equally to all employees oyer 21, and Its purpose is to give a special reward for exceptionally good service.

Whenproblem. ever the records show that an employee has produced more than has been paid him in wages, the extra amount is credited to him on a special account; but If, by neglect or carelessness, he has caused a loss, such loss is charged against him on this same account. It Is never deducted from his wages, however. The balance in any employee's favor Is payable to him, with interest, only after he reaches 60 years of age. If he dies before that time, it goes to his heirs.

In reality, this is very much like a pension scheme, only that It depends entirely upon faithful service. Since 1892 nothing has been credited on the endowment account, owing to hard times. This endowment plan ls perhaps less satisfactory than the other features, as It is dependent entirely on the state of business, and approaches so nearly to the out-and-out profit-sharing idea that It cannot easily be made an automatic part of the wages system. There are few industries in which it is practicable to figure out the exact product of each man. The pension system Is the most Interesting of all, and probably most significant.

Every employee of Alfred Dolge Son, over 21 years of age, and not over 50 when employed, ls, In case of partial or total disability, whether due to accident, sickness or old age, entitled to a pension equal to the following proportion of the wages earned during the last year of active service: Per Cent. After 10 years continuous 50 After 13 years continuous 60 After 16 years continuous 70 After 19 years continuous 80 After 22 years continuous 90 After 25 years continuous HIT BY A SPENT-BALL. I Some eighteen or twenty ot us, under command of a second-lieutenant, had been sent out with a wagon after forage. We hod loaded the wagon with corn and hay and were ready to drive off, when a bushwhacker who was hidden behind a hay-stack fired upon the officer. It was a long shot, and probably fired in bravado, but the lieutenant dropped like a log.

As we ran to him and lifted up his head he feebly moaned: Boys, don't give up the ship! Rally around me and die fighting!" We rallied, but as we couldn't see anything to fight we thought we had better see what could be done for our stricken leader. "It's too late!" he moaned. "I have only a few minutes to live, and I want you to remember my last words. Tell our Colonel that I died with my face to the foe, and that my last words were for you to perish in your tracks. Write to my mother Here he seemed about to give up the ghost, but one of the men gave him a drink of water and he rallied and "Tell my mother that her son James died the death of a hero, and she must not mourn for him.

It will break Nellie's heart to hear of my death, but write her that we shall meet In heaven. Is that the enemy cheering as he advances?" It wasn't. It was one of the farmhouse children squalling at the back door. When the dying officer had been so Informed and his lips moistened again he groaned and replied: "I want some of you to write to the papers at home that I refused to surrender, and that I was fighting like a Hon when struck down. Good-bye, boys; I should like to live on to lead you to other victories, but death has claimed me and I must go.

If any of you escape alive As we could find no bleeding wound we Insisted on a closer examination. He fought us off for awhile, but we finally propped him up against the well-curb, got his coat and vest off, and after a good deal of trouble ascertained that he had been struck in the stomach by a spent bullet. There was a red mark about the slse of a silver dollar, and he had simply had the breath knocked out of him. It took ten minutes to convince him of this fact, as he was bound to die tha death The pension lasts as long as the disability. Employees whose regular wages exceeded $1,000 per year are pensioned on a $1,000 basis; that ls.

It disabled after 13 years' service they would receive $600 annually, and so on up to $1,000 after 26 years' servioe. Employees who have not served 10 years are nevertheless entitled to 60 per cent. of their wages during any period of disability caused by accident sustained or sickness contracted while in the performance of duties. From 1874 to 1897, inclusive, a total of $12,726.26 has been paid out in pensions; $40,304.77 in Insurance premiums, and $6,901.38 In deposits for rejected applicants; and credited on endowment fund. Mr.

Dolge's theory hae been that If employers would set aside each year an amount equal to only one per cent, their wage rolls. It would more than pay the entire expense of a pension system. His experience haa more than verified this belief. Since 1874, Inclusive this one per cent, plan has resulted In a total contribution to pension account (Including Interest at six per cent, compounded each year) of 134,024.48. Only $12,725.36 has been paid out; so that Alfred Dolge.

the interest on the surplus now almoi covers the annual pension paymenti During 1897, pension payments amounted to interest on surplus fund, This experiment of Mr. Dolge's has a vital bearing on the labor problem today. There ought to be a national system of insurance against disability and old age, automatic in its operation, and Mr. Dolge has demonstrated that the thing Is feasible without Imposing any appreciable burden upon employers. Already, manufacturers pay five to ten per cent, for wear and tear of plant, etc.

Applying to all alike, competitors would remain in the same situation toward each other as before; and on the worklngmans side, the benefits of such pensions would not be lost by mere change of employment. Mr. Dolge's method Is free from the paternalistic features of the German system; it simply makes pensions a part of the wages system. It In no way lessens personal independence or discourages thrift; on the contrary, the knowledge that old age ls provided for Increases a man's sense of freedom, and enables him to direct his thrift and saving to more immediate and beneficent purposes, like home building or education of his children. This system simply removes the dreadful bugbear of possible helplessness in emergency, and of old age pauperism.

What this would mean to our millions of wage-earners, who are unable to insure themselves except by severe stinting all through the years when their need of money is greatest, can well be Imagined. Copyright. 1898. Paper was first manufactured In the east, and was Introduced Into Europe by the Moors in the eighth century. of a hero, but when life refueed to throw up its Job he got up and shook himself and rode back to camp on the wagon.

The rank and file never forgave an officer for such a slip. Before night the Company poet had written a song entitled "Nellie's Broken Heart," and a hundred men were singing it. Inside of thirty days we had sung the lieutenant out of service, and years later, when he was running for a political office, the Incident held him up to ridicule and defeat. The enemy had an outpost at a log house half a mile In our front, and were so annoying with their sharp-shooters that it was determined to capture the place and hold it long enough to burn down the house. Forty of us were detailed under command of a captain, and one dark night we set out through the woods.

The object was to get as close as possible before we rushed, and presently we were down on hands and knees and following the captain in single file. Every two or three minutes the line halted to peer and listen, and we were a good hour in crawling half a mile. We finally got Into a path which we knew must lead to the house, and were crowding forward to get new orders from the captain, when we got a scare to lift us out of our boots. There was a big bog sleeping on the path, and as the captain got within three or four feet of him the animal woke up. As he lay head on to us, and as he was also a Confederate hog.

he came at us full-tilt. He struck ths officer and knocked him ten feet away, and before he got to the rear of our line he had upset a dozen men and started a panic. Nobody knew exactly what sort of an enemy he had to deal with, and as the Confederates began biasing away In their alarm the forty of us turned tall and did some tall running into the Federal lines. The captain was a long way behind us, and the first thing he did was to prefer charges against every man. If he could have had his way every man would have been before a court-martial, but as his papers reached the Colonel the latter nullified them with the endorsement: "Not approved.

If the captain been upset by a hog his men would have been all right. The head being upset, the tall naturally ran away. Try again, but put a man at the head who can smell a hoc ten feet offI" Copyright,.