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The Journal from Meriden, Connecticut • 1

Publication:
The Journali
Location:
Meriden, Connecticut
Issue Date:
Page:
1
Extracted Article Text (OCR)

Family Newspaper Goes Into the Homes Partly Cloudy Showers To nifht end Thursday Cooler 45TH YEAR NO 119 MERIDEN CONN WEDNESDAY MAY 20 1931 PRICE THREE CENTS SILVER ORDER FOR STEAMERS ft awarded LS Quit Till Tuesday Younger Kingston Protects Brother BOY AND GIRL COMMITTED BY JUDGE AUBREY House And Senate French Jury Acquits Beauty In Killing Of Her Husband to Youth Is Sentenced After Five Years of Escapades $2ErnTtemhpm I No Actio" On Nomination Adopt Bui or Llection of Congressman-at Large Tax Penalty Tabled JL Assumes Full Responsibility For Plan Obtain Additional Capital to Support Market in Guardian Stock tmm State Capitol Hartford May 20 Without taking any action on the governor's nomination of O'Sullivan a Judge of the Superior court the House today after a long session recessed until next Tuesday The nomination the only Item on the House calendar today was re-ferred to the Judiciary committee on motion of Mr Johnson of Man- The silverware contract for the two ships totals approximately $25- 000 and was awarded the Interna- tional Silver company through competitive bidding It consist of a complete complement for each vessel Delivery Is to be made next February The new steamers will be companion liners to those on the New York -Boston run which pass through the Cape Ood canal In the winter they will travel between New York and Boston and In the summer between Boston and 6t John New Foundland and New York and Yarmouth Nova Scotia Each steamer will be 400 feet long with carrying capacity of about 1000 persons in addition to quantities of freight The ships will be manned by New England men Captain Eugene president of the Eastern Steamship a xi Jl Lines -Inc who has Just returned Mrs Nixon- Nirdhnger from 4n inspection trip at the ship- yards says the new vessels when completed will be the finest on the Atlantic coast in Tears as Shooting Is Reviewed Mrs Fred Nixon-Nlrdllnger on trial for the killing of her husband Is pictured above when she was Miss Charlotte Nash and a St Louis" hd won a beauty contest She was married to the Philadelphia theatre magnate later DELIVERY IN FEB Two New Liners Being Built For Atlantic Coast Service Boston May 20 (Special Equipment for the two 10000-ton steamers being built at Newport News for the Eastern Steamship Lines Inc is being purchased in New England Within the past few weeks more than $500000 worth of furnishings have been ordered from New England concerns and other orders will be placed in the near future The silverware contract ha been awarded to the International Silver i company of Meriden Conn BANKING SYSTEM FOR AND BY FARMERS URGED Sen Brookhart Assert Wall Street Controls Federal Banks Washington May 20 Describing the federal land and intermediate credit banks a "in the control of Wall street rcprceentatives" Senator Brookhart Republican Iowa suggested today that farmers be allowed to eetablish a banking system of their own 8uch a move he said In an address would lay the foundation for success of efforts to bring agriculture out of the depression "an established institution since 1920" The board which now controls the federal land and intermediate credit banks Brookhart asserted should be abolished and the Institutions tumea over to the Farm Board Then the latter should be authorized to develop a complete co-operative banking system he added When this Is organized and de veloped It would supplement the necessity for government money ana enable the farmers to finance their own co-operative propositions Brookhart said "At present they have no permission even to organize such a system under either the laws of the ttates of the United States The big financial interests have watched theee laws and kept all such authority from He blamed the Federal Reserve Board for having done "more to bring about the agricultural depression than all other causes combined" and said if the Farm Board not want to be abolished" It should back legislation for an and nation-wide co-operative banking system" The simplest way to establish this system he said would be to amend the Intermediate credit act and change that bank Into a national cooperative reserve bank with all the powers of the Federal Reserve bank Including the power to iisue cooperative reserve note as currency upon the same security as the Federal bank itself" our banking system is now controlled" Brookheart contended "even the surplus credit and deposit of the farmers themselves are sent away to New York to be loaned to broker in stock gambling at a low rate of Interest as low as 1 per cent while farmers must pay from 6 to 12 per cent for loans to produce the food of life Itself" WEDS FRENCH COUNT New York May 20 (AP)--'nie marriage of Martha Madison playwright aneY Count Vincent Oorblno a Frenchman became known today Neither would discuss details of the wedding beyond admitting It w4 true Miss Madison was Martha Dwyer daughter of Judge Edward O'Dwyer of Queen She played stage parts for a time and several year ago began writing She I coauthor of Express" a current melodrama QUEEN OF MAY New Britain May 30 Miss oenevleve Zebrowski of Bristol will be crowned Queen of May at the annual May day festival of the student at the New Britain- State Normal school tpl afternoon ODD FELLOWS LOSE MEMBERS ASSETS GAIN 94 Lodges Have Total of 26653 Bowes Grand Master New Haven May 20 Odd Fellowship In Connecticut was described as a vigorous fraternal body In spite of economic conditions by the retiring grand master Edwin 8 Pickett of New Haven today In his report to the Grand lodge In annual session Nelson Bowes of Saybrook was elected grand master for the coming year During the session Grand Secretary William 8 Hutchinson who Is completing his 25th year In the office received a hearty ovation He begin serving under Philip Pond of New Haven then grand master and roundd out his silver anniversary under a New Haven man the retiring grand master Mr Pickett tn his address asked the Odd Fellows to save tin foil as a means of raising some money which Is given to the Odd Fellows home Grand Secretary 8 Hutchinson In his report for 1930 showed the number of lodges 94 to be unchanged from 1929 Contributing members were 26432 and non-contributing 221 a total of 26653 showing a net loss of 882 for the year The total assets were $1575244 a net gain of $138506 The total Invested fund were $1222838 and Invested in regalia etc $352405 During the year relief was given to 2630 brothers The Rebekah lodges remained unchanged at 68 The membership of 4228 brothers and 10170 sisters a total of 12398 showed a net lose of 106 The total funds received by the (Continued on Page Nine) ONLY 15 NOW Man Control Daughter Who Is Sent Away A 16-year-old boy was committed to the Connecticut School for Boys and a girl of 18 was committed to the House of the Oood Shepherd at Hartford by Judge A Aubrey at sessions of the Juvenile and Police courts this morning The boy Steve Rakauskas whoee home Is at 18 Wash cum street Providence I was committed after being Involved in a series of escapades here which were climaxed by petty thefts from a fruit stand outside a store owned by Frank Barillaro atf 854 Broad street A peculiar coincidence about the commitment Is that Rakauskas was recently discharged from Socksnos-set school at Cranston I where Roy Lawson McLaughlin was formerly superintendent and now goes to the local school where Mr McLaughlin Is now the superintendent Rakauskas who once lived In Meriden has been implicated In a series of escapades since he was 10 years of age His arrest yesterday clears up burglaries at the Black pond boathouse and Peter Levine's market on Veteran street according to the police Grace Wood 18 of 68 Vine street was sentenced to the girl's home at Hartford after a guilty pica had been entered on a charge of being in manifest danger of falling Into ways of vice The girl's father who s-as in court said her mother Is dead and she is outside his control GEN BODY RECOVERED WOMAN ALIVE Marine Officer and Farmer Killed By Landslide Tours France May 20 Police nd volunteers directed by army engineer today recovered the body of General Robert Dunlap 8 from the ruin of a barn adjoining the chateau of Clng-Mars where he was burled under a landslide yesterday They also brought out the body of Deni Brlant a farmer on the estate and rescued Mme Brlant alive but badly Injured Her leg wa amputated by a surgeon who had remained at the place all night In the hope that the three might still be living when the debris wa cleared away She was taken to a heospital in a critical condition The woman hsd taken refuge In an ancient cave over which the bam wa built There was air there and when the rwuers heard her cries early this morning they ran down a tube through which they fed her some milk It appeared that the general and Brlant had been crushed to death a they rushed Into the bam to save the woman when the landslide came A huge rock wedged between two wall probably saved her life but another wall fell in upon her cruhing her leg The murmur of the woman' voice spurred rescue parties to new efforts as they struggled to clear away the debris They flnelly were able to engage in conversation with her and she distinctly said: "I am not At the time she did not realize the seriousness of her plight By drilling a hole through the wreckage engineers passed an electric lamp into the cave and then heard Mme Brlant say that she knew nothing a to the whereabout of General Dufilap or her husband both of whom dashed towrrd the cave at the first landslide in an attempt to rescue her With the forlorn hope that the two others might still be alive the workers billed ahead without regard for repeated slides of earth and stone Engineers estimated that the volume of the debris under which the two men presumably were burled amounted to 4000 cubic meters Be Melanie Brlant the daughter of the entombed couple and a maid to Mrs Dunlgp told officers that she saw General Dunlap stagger and fall juit before he reached the en trance to the cave SCOUTS TO AID MEMORIAL DAY The Boy Scout have been Invited to participate in the Memorial Day observance Southington and Wall-irlgford Scouts will aid In their own district Meriden Scouts will meet at 8 a at the passenger station to assist police In clearing the street of autos In preparation for the parade and will handle traffic at various intersection They will assemble at Norwood street after the parade 1 disbanded and will carry flowers to various cemeteries place on graves of the A veterans as In former years Scouts will not parade but will render service wjjerever possible Dtnc It tunlilioi gchool Thun Six Ada 25c Bfiick'a Adv RALPH BARTON WIDELYKNOWN ARTIST SUICIDE Maid Reporting For Work Finds Body Gun in Hand HAD BEEN ILL Fourth Wife Divorced Him Month Ago in Paris New York May 20 (AP) Barton widely known Illustrator committed suicide today In his Eat Fifty-Seventh street home When a maid reported for work this morning at Barton's penthouse apartment she found her employer dead with a wound In the right temple and a revolver In his right hand Police pronounced the death suicidal Barton who was 39 years old suffered a heart attack several months ago but apparently had recovered He was well known for his caricatures satirizing Americans and American life which appeared In the New Yorker Vanity Fair Liberty and Harper's Bazaar He also Illustrated books Married Four Timet Barton had been married four times Just a month ago his last wife the former Germaine Marie Tailleferre divorced him In Parts charging desertion They had been married at Rldgeflleld Conn in 1926 The artist was born In Kansas City and studied In Paris As a cartoonist he reported the war In pictures for the British magazine Puck Me illustrated "Ocntlemen Prefer Blopdes" and an edition of Balzac's Droll Stories One of his moat striking creations was a curtain of cara-cltatures of celebrities which he drew for the Chauve-Souris Rua-sian vaudeville troupe in 1922 A maid known only as "Mary" who had been In Barton's employ for several years entered the apart --ment with her passkey egrly today when her knocks went unanswered On a table she found a note addressed to her It contained some money all the cash available at the time Barton wrote I Feared Insanity On the bed In pajamas was Bar ton's body One shot was fired Into his temple There was also a note typewritten It said that since boyhood Barton had suffered from melancholy and that In recent years the melancholy had Increased Of late he wrott he had been extremely nervous and the fear of Insanity possessed him It was becoming more and more difficult for him to keep up with his work He wrote that he was killing himaelf rather than risk insanity The illustrator once was mentioned as a prospective husband of Miss Ruth Kresge heiress of the 5 and 10 cent store magnate But yesterday Miss Kresge sailed for Eu-rope on the same liner with Rufus Clark Oaulklns diplomat whom New York newspaper described as her fiance Miss Kresge was quoted a saying they Intended to be married some time after her mother Joined them In Europe Charlie Chaplin on his last visit to New York was a guest at the Barton apartment FISH AND GAME LEADER DEAD Bridgeport May 20 (AP) -William Mollan 75 former member for 12 years and once president of the state fish and game commission died this morning at his home here after a long Illness Prior to his retirement from business 10 years ago Mr Mollan for half a century conducted a boot and shoe store In the oenter of Bridgeport He was a prominent Mason and held membership In the Bridgeport Wheel club the Bridgeport club and the Algonquin club He Is survived bv his widow Mrs Anna Bishop Mollan a brother Malcolm of Manchester Conn and three sisters Misses Agnes and Elizabeth MOllan and Mrs Harry Trefrey of Oreenwich TREASURY BALANCE Washington May 0 The Treasury receipt at of May 18 were: $934137096: expenditures $1669391116 bal or $185888454 Customs re celpt for the month to the rlose of business May 18 were $1728428082 AGAINST RECOGNISING SOVIET New York May 20 KP)-The National Republican duff has approved the policy of non-recognition of Soviet Russia and will sertd copies of lt resolution to President Hoover Secretary of State Sttmson snd to the Foreign Relations committee of the Senate Situ Oil Qtt la Duller A 4 Hartford May 20 Refusing in say ease to implicate hit brother despite State Attorney Hugh repeated attempt to gain admission that Frederick Kmgston had participated In the several deals under discussion Harold Kingston 36 assumed full responsibility for the Kingston plans to obtain additional capital to sup-poet the market In Ouardlan stock under eontinued cross-examination by Mr Aloom before Judge Frank Mclvoy in Superior criminal court today The junior partner in the ftrm Is the first witness for the defense who admits any knowledge of what went on in the Kingston organisation It was he and Colonel Field who ef fected the organisation of the Con nectlcut Trading corporation and later he was the one who laid plan for the merger of this corporation nd the old Connecticut Utilities corporation entirely independent of any Instructions from his older brother he told the state's attorney whoee efforts to press the point gained nothinir but firm denials Frederic Kingston central figure in the trial now In Its ninth eek In Superior criminal court went on the witness stand shortly aftir noon' todav to defend himself from charges that he engineered 15000000 conspiracy to cheat and defraud the Investing public Kingston took the stand before a crowded court room and Immediately under questioning by his counsel Attorney Charles Martin began to unfold his own story of his spectacular career in Connecticut finance which ended In the collapse of his multiple enterprises in December of last year The spectators had apparently been drawn today by the understanding that the financier would begin his testimony Kingston Is the third of the five defendants In the complicated case to testify He followed Herbert Fisher a real estate man of this city who was agent for the Kingston building The previous witness was Harold Kingston brother of Frederic who had been under cross-examination Fisher testified as to the real estate holdings of the Kingston company In Hartford and said Frederic Kingston had talked with him about forming a corporation to hold the property State Attorney Alcorn drew from the witness that he had never made leases with any of the Kingston afllltates for offices in the lldlt building KAUFMAN DIED FROM PRIVATION SAYS FINDING No Marks of Violence On Body of Rich Manufacturer Quebec Que May 20 Following an inquest presided over by Dr Rudolphe Auger of St Joseph De Besuce held in the little border town of Armstrong Que this morning a verdict cf death from privation end exposure was returned in the death of Mitchell Kaufman wealthy Malden Mass manufacturer whose bodv was found in the woods at the head of Review Loup in Beauee county There were no marks of violence on the body which was in sn advanced State of decomposition and the only article found In the dead man's clothing was a poeket knif-Identification of b6dy was made by his brother-in-law Albert Wechsler and a representative of a United States Insurance company It had been announced by Coroner Auger yesterday afternoon that he would open his inquest only this forenoon but owing to the fact that better time than was expected was made In bringing the body from the Isolated spot y'here it was discovered to Armstrong the dortor decided to hold the autopsy at once After the inquest which was held at 12:30 a a group of men set out with body for St Oedeon Qua eight miles dle'lmt As there are no vehicular roads In this section the body hid to be carried the full distance on a stretcher and at one point the party accompanying the remains were oblige to construct a makeshift raft to convey the body across Lac Loup On arrival at St Oedeon the body wss placed on board a Quebec Central train cn route to Boston Kaufman disappeared early last November while on a hunting trip In the woods bordering on Beauee and the state of Maine Scores of expart guides and woodsmen scoured the surrounding forest for several months hut no trace of the missing man could be found until yesterday when a guide named Wilson a member of a searching party en-gagad by Kaufmans relatives cable across the body lying In the bush at the head of Lac Loup STABBED IN HEAD Bogton May 20 James Leonard 25 was stabbed In the head end left hand early today by a neighborhood gang He was taken to the City hospital where his Injuries were said not to be serious Leonard was found lying on a sidewalk by a policeman At the hoepltal he refused to name hie anmtg MAN HUNTED IN $5000000 FRAUD GIVES SELF UP the renders to Federal Authorities AT CHICAGO LeniCS v-Ompl AUlt lieu By British Consul For Extradition Chicago May 20 John Factor alia the sought for an alleged $5000000 swindle in England surrendered to government authorities today and was held for arraignment before a United States commissioner The one time cut-rate barber accused of changing hi trade to that of the swindler and stock manipu-latof bilking thousand of English investors walked Into the Federal building with hi attorney and sur-rendered Complaints against him were signed by Godfrey Haggard British consul here who will seek his extradition to London for trial The Broad Street Press Ltd is the principal complainant As he awaited arraignment factor dictated a statement asserting that accusation against him were "utterly without foundation" "I have no detailed statement to make at this time" he said "except to say that all that I have read about myself in the past few days 1 absolutely false The statements about me and the members of my family which have been maliciously circulated are utterly withoitt foundation I have appeared voluntarily because I know that the charges that have been made against me are untrue The attitude of the British authorities Is that 1 should be placed in Jail and denied the right to defend myself against this persecution am here to meet squarely the charges against me but I fee! that my constitutional rights to bail should not be denied" FEWER GETTING MARRIED LOCAL RECORDS SHOW First 5 Months Reveal 40 Less Notices Than in 1930 With June "the merry month of marriages" fast approaching the records of the city clerk's office reflect the effect of the business depression on wedlock Whereas Intentions of marriage were filed with the clerk by 138 persons between January 1 1930 and May 20 1930 only about 98 prospective brides and grooms gave official notice i-ere for the corresponding time this year The dominant factor responsible for the falltng-off of number Is held by officials to be the present strained economic conditions A change In the country's status would undoubtedly be followed by much more activity In regard to marrlagi in the minds of the same offlctala Among the many towns and cities represented her this year in the list of residences siven were: Mlttineague Mass Newark and Oarwood New York city Bronx and Schenectady in addition to the usual many Connecticut municipalities Meriden Student Win Bank Course Awards Irving Oearlng who is em ployed at the City Saving Bank has been awarded first prize in standard banking fololwlng completion of a course conducted by the Hartford chapter American Institute of Banking at the Hartford public high zchool and will receive a standard certificate at the annual meeting of the chapter next Tuesday evening at Saengerbund hall tn Hartford Mr Oearlng who already holds a prestandard certificate ranked first in a large class of advanced students Miss Veronica Doran of the Puritan Bank A Trust company receives second prize in standard banking and Miss Carolina Clark of the Meriden National Bank first prize In banking fundamentals Wal lace Wagner of the Meriden National Bank will be awarded a prestandard certificate A number of employes of the local banka attend these classes each year And at preaent the plan of establishing a similar school In Meriden Is under consideration CONDITION UNCHANGED Hartford May 20 (AP) -There wa no change tn the condition of Judge Edward Yeoman of th Superior court the Hartford hptpl-tal reported thia morning The judge wa taken to the hospital last week from hi home In Andover and hi QQBdittAE! ll rotmlffl II i SB The Senate recessed at 1:18 today until next Tuesday The General Assembly today adopted a bill providing far the election of a congressman-at-large Opposed by Senator Cooney D) of Hartford the measure was raise in commission as the result of the apportionment act which al- otted to Connecticut a sixth rep- mentative Citron Opposes Bill Mr Citron of Middletown minority leader showed the only indication of any fight over the congressional district bill The minority ha said felt that It was the real intent of the federal that all congressmen be elected from district without any congressmen at large However he added the Democrats did not forward any plan of re-districting to provide a sixth eOMg pressman because they realized they lacked the strength to carry It The House adopted bills contto uing the commission for study of a s' ate pension system and providing for a commission to be appointed by i he governor to study the condition of the jails In the state At the same time another bill increasing the amount of pensions now provided for was rejected A bill abolishing the present interest charge on unpaid taxes but providing for penalties up to 11 per cent was tabled by the Senate following a spirited debate The bill which was tabled would eliminate interest on unpaid taxed and substitute a penalty of two per cent at the end of one month delinquency five per cent more at the end of three month and six more per cent at the end of 10 month making a total at the time of 11 per cent In addition It would authorial tax collectors to institute court Mftl tlon for the collection of unpaid (Continued on Page Nine) FINE YOUTH WHO USED FISHING LICENSE Attempt to Game Warden I a Failure When Edwin Modelskl 18 of 434 Pratt street decided to go fishing at Beaver's pond yesterday he knew that a license was necissary but having none borrowed the button Issued to his brother ard though! everything was all right It until County Game War den Dlebert and Deputy Warden Buck chanced to pass and sked to see the youth's license Modelskl wa prepared and stated that he had left the license home but displayed tha button Then the game warden had jfi Edwin determined to -we the thing through signed the name of tha brother whom he was Impersonating The slip was sent to the sh and game commissioner's office at Hartford where It was found that tha license was Issued to Alfred who 24 years old The ruse was discovered and Modelskl was placed under arrest Judge A Aubrey thia morning let Modelskl off with a fine of $5 and costs on an offense which provides a penalty up to $100 APPROVE PLAN FOR COADJUTOR IN DIOCESES Special Convention in June For Election Favored Hartford May 30 APV-The request of Bishop Campion Ache-son of the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Connecticut for the election of a bishop coadjutor for the diocese was approved bp the annual convention of the dioceSe here thll morning Election of member to the standing committee executive councilman and deputies to the til ennial convention of the church In Denver Col next fall also held at this morning's business session were close and tn some cases required a second ballot A question as to the probable date invention to elect A for a special convention bishop coadjutor tn case the office is approved by a majority of the dl oceses also developed when the convention voted that It favored election before the end erf The bishop suggested September In his request yesterday Invitation to hold next yra vention of the diocese to was accepted by the bishop Play d4 Dsnce at AH Adv BULLETIN Nice France May 20 (API Charlotte Nash Nixon -Nirdlin-ger was acquitted today of a charge of manslaughter in the shooting of her husband Fred Nixon-Nlrdllnger Philadelphia theatrical magnate In their villa here last March Nice France May 20 The prosecution in the trial of Charlotte Nash Nkon-Nirdlinger for the kill ing of her husband a Philadelphia theatrical magnate last March summed up thia afternoon and asked for a verdict of manslaughter Police reserves were called out today to handle a crowd of a thousand men and women who stormed the courtroom where the crowd began to gather shortly before the trial was resumed after the noon recess It wa 20 minutes before the police could clear the corridors so the proceedings could continue Testifying tn her own defense the former 8t Louis beauty queen described how she said her husband seized her by the throat after a quarrel and how (he reached under her pillow for the revolver with which she shot him "Why did you have the revolver under your the judge asked her Was Bad "It was a bad habit I admit but I was aft-aid of my husband who was jealous and violent" the defendant declared "He alio had a revolver" "Yes" interjected the judge "but he kept it locked in a Mrs Nixon-Nlrdllnger burst into tears at this and pleaded It was the first time she ever had used a revolver She sat with head bowed weeping silently as other defense alt nesses appeared on the stand The first during the afternoon session was A Brooks an Englishman who said he knew her at beach (Continued on Page Nine) to (discontinue keeping company with Ritchie Both the girl and Ritchie were graduzte of Technical High School Returning From Tennis Game The double shooting wa investigated by Sergt John Cleary of the detective bureau The murdered girl her sisters Doris and Irene and Harold Aston a Springfield College student hsd been playing at the tennis courts at Homer street school and as they started to return to the Crocker home they noticed Ritchie In his automobile In Wll-braham Road but paid little attention to him They said however that they noticed Ritchie swing his automobile south In Westford avenue The Crocker giria and Aston crossed Wil-braham Road and continued south In Massachusetts avenue They were In front of the home of Julius Labaree at 51 Massachusetts avenue when they observed Ritchie driving north In the avenue toward them the murdered girl was the furthest away from Ritchie a she was ((SontlmuMi nrv om T'KrtP Girl Slain By Rejected Suitor Who Kills Self Springfield Young Woman Shot Down Street While Walking With Her Two Sisters and Man Companion Springfield May 20 Myrtle Crocker 18 years old of 91 Massachusetts avenue was shot and killed early last night while she her two sisters ahd a man companion were walking along Massachusetts venue toward her home Her former sweetheart Earl Everett Ritchie 22 of 28 Wrentham Road fired four shot at her from a 44 calibre revolver and then took hi own life with one shot through the stomach The girl wa rushed to Wesson Memorial Hospital but was dead on arriving there Only two of the shots fired at her by Ritchie took effect One entered the body Just below the right armpit and the other entered over the right hip passed completely through her body snd cam out at the left groin Ritchie is believed to have been and-J crazed by the fact that the Crocker girl with whom he had kept steady company until last fall lost her Interest in Sim He had threatened her and her parents several times according to Information received from police The Crocker girls' parent Are said to hv caused her tinner Eastern Star Pit Sat 1 -r i.

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Pages Available:
430,553
Years Available:
1886-1977