The Osage City Free Press from Osage City, Kansas • 6

CHANGE IN FLAVORS HOUSEWIFE WHO MAKES MAN KINDS OF SHORTCAKE. Points Out One of the Best Ways tc Use the Summer Fruits and Berries Canned Preparations in Winter. of (fie ZZJFojrest Service THE last anal- ysis all material wealth, all the comforts and necessities of life, are the product of two elements nature and labor. It may be truly said that nature, or the 9VZ3L Afooure nermedae 6etveen Iprr iutura and Fores- lane Qgrciara land 266Am oraz'? lane Zzzn fiarre? land United States through the growth of cities, the building of railroads and the general development of commerce and non-agricultural industry. The possibilities for increasing the productiveness of' the 300,000,000 acres of our public grazing land are very great.

About two per cent, of the total land area will forever remain desert. There are but few areas within the United States which, on account of the intense heat, very low temperatures, alkali or lack of rainfall, are unfit for the use of man and may be truly considered desert land. Such land is found in earth, is the L'" "te- 'i-MV ports. Apparent exceptions to this rule appear in the cases of Bulgaria" and Servia. These countries, while at present importing more wood than they export, possess considerable areas of forest, now inaccessible, and, with the development of means of exploitation and the increased demand for lumber they will in time become ex porting countries.

From this we may Infer that a country in order to bo self-sustaining as regards its timber supply must have an area of about 100 acres of forest land for every 100 inhabitants. The area necessary to supply all the wood needed for home consumption will vary of course with the per capita consumption; and the 100 acres per 100 inhabitants must be considered the minimum area, because it is based upon a moderate per capita consumption such as is found in densely populated countries of Europe, like Germany or France. The same minimum area for every 100 inhabitants necessary to make a country self-sustaining can also be deduced in another way. At present Germany imports 353,000,000 cubic feet of wood from To produce this amount of timber Germany would have to possess a forest area of 17,000,000 acres in addition to the now available. In other words, she would need 52,000,000 acres of forest in order to meet her own timber requirements, or 93.2 acres for every 100 inhabitants.

Germany is an extremely good example with which the productivity of the forests of all other countries can be compared, because her EE I A the South- One of the best ways to U3e the summer fruits and berries is in short cakes. We use all kinds of fruits. Wft make individual shortcakes by the following rule: Sift one pint of flout with one-half teaspoonful of salt, twe tablesponful3 of sugar and two heaping teaspoonfuls of baking powder. In to this rub with the hands a piece of butter the size of an egg and a piece of lard the same size. Stir in milk enough to mix into a batter to roll out.

Knead as little as possible on the board and roll out with as little handling as possible. Cut in rounds about four inches in diameter. We use the cover of a pound coffee tin as a cutter. Bake 20 minutes in a quicli oven. This recipe makes five short cakes.

Strawberries, raspberries, blackber ries, blueberries, peaches, pineapples and bananas all make delicious short cakes. WTe like blueberry shortcake almost better than blueberry pie. The blueberries should be stewed a little The pineapples should be cut up some time before using, sprinkled well witt sugar and allowed to stand so thai the juice will come out well. For the banana shortcake the bananas must be thoroughly mashed and well sweet ened, but they should not be allowed to stand. Cream may be added tc the banana shortcake, if you like it In serving, have the shortcakes hot Split them, butter well, put two large spoonfuls of the mashed and sweet ened fruit inside "and one on top.

Ic winter we have apple and orange shortcakes. We also use canned Sruit We find this a very economical way using fruit, one box of berries or one pineapple being enough for four short cakes. 4 west aDout VJ the Gulf of mmmm a lifornia, it 5tes mother of labor and the rather of all products necessary to sustain human life. The richness and prosperity of a country, therefore, depend on the presence of natural resources within its borders, such as water, minerals, forests and cultivable soils on the one hand, and intelligent human energy on the other to shape them into the forms necessary for the needs of man. Of the two elements the natural resources are indispensable, for in a country like the desert of Sahara all human effort would be of but little avail.

The growth of a nation depends, therefore, upon the extent of the natural resources and upon the knowledge of how to use them with as little destruction as possible. The resources of a country fall naturally into three groups water, minerals and land which represent, respectively, resources which are inexhaustible, resources which are exhaustible and cannot be renewed, and resources which are exhaustible but can be renewed. It may be questioned, indeed, whether there is such a thing as an inexhaustible natural resource. Even water, through the denudation of the drainage basins, may become irregular in its -flow, through the careless disposal of refuse may become polluted so that it cannot be used. Mines are illustrations of resources which are exhaustible and not renewable.

Gas, oil, coal and iron once forests can be taken as a standard of productiveness. s4 Redwood Cur Caufozma WJt'6roy Frenched Chicken. Dress a chicken which is too large for frying, or almost grown. Disjoint all parts, cut the breast in two, thet salt and pepper and roll well in flour Fry in hot lard (part butter is good) but add butter after chicken has be gun to fry well. Cook in this way until a golden brown.

The chicket will not be tender nor nearly done but have ready a steam cooker, oi old fashioned steamer, with a pan in it to hold the juice from the chicken Then put in the chicken and cook one hour, or until tender. The grease in which the chicken was fried mus be heated again, as it must be placed on the back cf the stove to be ready for gravy. One large tablespoonful of flour, brown as you wish, and a bowl of sweet milk and water maXes a delicious gravy. Also add the juice from the steamed chicken to the gravy while cooking. You will find this the most satisfactory way of cooking a large chicken not an old one by any means; be certain it is young.

German Gateau. Yolks of two eggs, one-fourth ounct of gelatin, three-quarters of a pint o. new milk, two dessertspoonfuls brandy, six spongecakes, two ounces ratafias," some preserved cherries, ap ricot preserve. Hake a custard witb the milk and eggs. Soak and dissolve the' gelatin in a quarter pint of milk add it to the custard.

Dip a mold ic cold water, ornament it with drier" cherries, put in a little of the custard Cut the spongecakes in half and spread them with apricot jam. Pui them in the mold, filling up the holes with ratafias crumbled. Put in everj now and then a little brandy. Whe2 the "mold is nearly full pour in the rest of the custard. Leave till quite cold and turn it out.

gone are gone forever. Of all the natural resources the only one which contains within itself the possibility of infinite renewal is land. The nation should therefore be most vitally concerned with the conservation and improvement of this resource. Human control over such natural resources as minerals is limited. The only possible means of conservation is the avoidance of waste, but their ultimate exhaustion is unavoidable.

With agricultural and forest land, however, it is otherwise. Land can not only be conserved, but constantly improved and its yield increased. While in England the iron ores and the coal are becoming constantly harder to get and their exhaustion is threatened, the agricultural land, after a thousand years of cultivation, is now more productive than ever The wheat fields of England, under intensive cultivation, yield 30 bushels to In this country, where the per capita consumption is six times as great as that in Germany or France and the annual growth per acre may be esti mated roughly as one-third of that in those countries, the forest area would have to be 1,600 acres for each 100 in habitants, or more than twice the present area, in order to maintain the pres ent cut. The present area of 775 acres for every 100 inhabitants at the pres ent per capita consumption and an nual growth per acre would be sufficient to meet our own needs if there were not present a supply of virgir timber, the accumulated capital oi centuries, to meet the deficiency. Witt the exhaustion of this remaining vir gin supply, which can last only about 30 years more, there must come a time when not only all our exports of timber must cease, but there will not be enough wood for home consumption.

-Even as it is, the total exports oi wood from this country amount toonlj five per cent, of the lumber cut, while the surplus of exports over imports is only 1.8 per cent. an insignifican amount. This shows clearly that we have practically ceased to be an ex porting country and the tendency will be more and more toward becoming a wood-importing country. How shall this shortage "be met? With an increasing demand for land for agricultural crops there is little hope of increasing the extent of forest land As we have seen, the area nec to 415,000.000 acres. 5 JC has advanced from 113,000,000 acres an increase of nearly 370 per cent.

-imnmirr i TTT-" 7 tfotrrnvesr Woods To Brown Flour. Browned flour is useful for making gravies and meat sauces which look much more appetizing when of a brown color. But brown prepared ic this way has lost some of its thick-ening power and more must be used A gravy thickened with browned flour need not be cooked after it boils up, for the starch is cooked and there will be no raw taste, as hen uncooked flour is added and cooked insufficiently. Scatter two cups oi flour on a clean pan and set in the oven to brown through. Stir often to keep an even color and to prevent burning.

Kept in a dry placa this flour will be very convenient. essary for this purpose would have to in Nevada, in Utah and in Oregon in the form of arid be more than double the present area and this is Ice-bound deserts are found in Alaska ani on tirely out of the question. Much of the land now nnaei the glacier-covered mountains. This land must, so long forest, but capable of producing crops, win tiiiAd. to provide for an increased popula as the climatic conditions of the country continue as they are, remain unproductive.

me acre, while the virgin fields of America on an average yield less than 13 If a far-sighted national policy in the conservation of natural resources is to make provision for an ever-increasing population, then the greatest possibilities lie the direction of developing the land in all its forms-held, forest and range-for, notwithstanding all possible economy in the use of the non-renewable resources, they are bound to decrease as time goes on. One hundred years ago the United States east of the Mississippi river was an almost unbroken forest, composing something over 1,000,000 square miles, or about 700,000,000 acres. Now, after about a century, of settlement, there are not more than 300,000 square miles of merchantable forest land in the eastern United States. About 330,000 square miles have been cleared for farm land. The remainder has been culled of its valuable timber and devastated by fire or else turned into useless brush land.

With the growth of population and the greater demand for agricultural land, the ratio between farm and forest land will change still further. The forests will be more and more crowded into the mountains and upon soils too thin or too poor for agricultural purposes. It may be safely assumed that in 50 or 100 years the proportion of land devoted to the different purposes will change almost as much, as it has during the past century. These changes will occur especially in the eastern part of the United States, because there the forest is not confined, as it is in the west, to high altitudes, where agriculture is generally impracticable. In the west Ihe forests, with a few exceptions, as in the low country around Puget sound, are in the mountains, which rise in the midst of semi-arid plains, and their original area of 150,000 square miles, half of which lies in the Sierra Nevada and in the Cascades and half in the Rockies, has changed but very little since settlement.

In the west the increase of agricultural land must be secured chiefly through the irrigation of the semi-arid land. If we take a long look ahead into the future and try to picture to ourselves what will be the ultimate proportion of farm, forest, range and desert in this country, 50 years from now, in the light of the increasing demand for agricultural land and of an approximate knowledge the 'climatic conditions and the physical properties of the different lands in this country, we shall get something like the condition shown in the diagram. The area devoted to agriculture In a half century, Instead of being 21 per cent, of the total area, as. it is now, will be nearer 50 per cent. That this is not an overestimate is indicated by the fact that during the last 50 years the improved farm land in this country With more intensive methods of cultivation larger yields will undoubtedly be obtained from the same area, yet the area itself under agricultural crops will have to be increased, especially' if we are to remain an exporting' country.

In Belgium the arable land forms 63 per cent, of the total land area, in Denmark 68, in France 48, and in Germany 47. These countries are not exporters of cereals, although their methods of cultivation are highly developed. France is especially interesting as a criterion because its methods are most intensive and it is the only country that is self-sustaining; it produces 98 per cent, of all the cereals which it There is little doubt that our population in the next 50 years will reach 50,000,000, or about 50 persons per square mile. Whether the acreage of improved farm land will increase at a much faster rate than the population, as'has been the case in the past, or whether it will grow at the same or even a slower rate than the population, the future alone can tell; but increase it must. In mountainous Switzerland only 17 per cent, of the land is cultivated, and in Sweden and, Norway, situated in an unfavorable climate and with a scanty population (29 and 18 persons per square mile, respectively), the proportion of arable land is 8.7 per cent, and 1.3 per respectively.

Land chiefly valuable for grazing will form about one-fifth of. the extent of the United States proper. This land originally lay west of the one hundredth meridian, in the plains and mountain valleys, but with the advance of dry farming, its eastern boundary has been shifted farther west to about the one hundred and third meridian. Thhs land receives but a scanty rainfall and can produce neither forest nor field crop, but supports a vegetation of hardy grasses. It was formerly the natural range of millions of buffalo and is now; the grazing ground of herds of cattle and sheep.

This land will remain largely a natural range, since the area which can be irrigated and thus reclaimed for agricultural purposes, or which can be used for dry farming, is comparatively small. According to government estimates, the available water will be sufficient to irrigate 71,000,000 acres, or one acre in 7 of the whole region. The reclamation service, however, does not expect to reclaim more than five per cent, of all the arid, land. This area, together with that used for dry farming, will barely suffice to counterbalance the reduction of the productive area in the With the Meat That Is Left. Goose Pie Cut all the meat from the carcass of the goose; then ccok all the skin and bones with a little water slowly for about two hours.

When cool and the fat removed, place a thin layer of boiled onions in the bottom of a deep dish, dust with salt and pepper, cover with a layer of the goose meat cut into small pieces, add a sprinkling of salt and pepper and top with a light layer of diced boiled potatoes. Continue alternating lay ers until the dish' is full. Pour in almost as much as the dish will hold of water in which the bones were boiled; cover with a rather thick tion. All the evidence, therefore, is that the land under forest will during the next 50 years be reduced to 430,000,000 acres and this reduced area will nave tc provide for a population almost twice as large as the present. Nor will there be much hope for covering the shortage of our home production by importations from abroad.

The demand for timber is, constantly growing all over the world. It increases at the rate of five per cent, annually. If we compare the total excess of imports over exports of all wood-importing countries of Europe with the total excess of exports over Imports of all wood-exporting countries we shall find that there is a deficit for Eurroe of 141,000,000 cubic feet, which is met at present by imports from North America. Swe den, Norway and Austria-Hungary have already touched the highest point in their exports. Russia could probably increase to some extent its exports from the north, where there are still large areas of virgin forest, but the growing scarcity of timber in the other parts of the empire make it very unlikely that larger supplies of timber for will be available.

Canada is still able to increase its exports, but the drain upon the Canadian forests is growing every year and they will remain the only source of supply to satisfy the urgent needs of the rest of the world for coniferous timber after Austrian-Hungary and Russia cease to be exporting countries. The growing demand for wood material must be met, then, not by an increase of the forest land nor by depending on imports from abroad, but by an increase in the productiveness of. the forest and a decrease in the waste, to which chiefly is due the fact that the United States has the greatest per capita consumption in the world. The land chiefly valuable for growing forests will shrink to about 360,000,000 acres, less than one-fifth of the extent of the United States proper. Together with the wood lots, which will continue to form part of the farm land, the total forest area will amount to approximately 450,000,000 acres, or a fourth of the total land Will this area be sufficient to provide a population of 150,000,000 people with all the timber needed for construction, ties, poles, pulp and all the various uses for which wood seems to be the only suitable material and to protect the soil from erosion, regulate the stream flow and exert its wholesome influence upon the lives of the people? With the exception of those countries which have naturally a humid climate, like Great Britain or the Netherlands, the countries with a forest area of only 20 per cent, or less show usually to a marked degree bad climatic conditions, with prolonged droughts, frosts and alternating floods and low water, as a result of the reduced forest area.

Portugal, with a forest area of only 3 V2 per cent, of the total Spain, with 16 per cent. Greece, with 13 per cent Turkey, with 20 per and Italy, with 14 per are good examples. While the area absolutely necessary for the regulation of streams and the protection of soils can be determined only approximately and indirectly, the area necessary to make a country self-sustaining as regards the production of timber can be found with greater accuracy. If we compare the exports of the different countries with the forest area for every 100 inhabitants we find that countries with 92 acres or more per 100 inhabitants have a surplus of exports over imports, while those with 85 acres or less have a surplus of imports over ex- crust and bake until well browned. Recipe for Waffles.

Take 14 cups of flour, three teaspoons of baking powder, half a tea Ha STORMY LIFE OF LIBERATOR forced to retire to Cartagena, died in 1830. spoon of salt, one tablespoon of melted butter, one cup of milk, two eggs. Mix and sift all ingredients, -add the milk and yolks of eggs which have been well beaten, then the whites ol the eggs, which have been beaten stiff. The waffle Iron, which should fit the range, should be well heated on both sides and thoroughly greased before iron is filled. In filling put tabls spoonful of mixture near the centeiH of the iron.

To Patch Wall Paper. It is sometimes necessary ta patch the wall paper where it has be come defaced or torn, and the new paper of the same pattern is much too bright to use. Try hanging the new-paper in bright sunshine until the colors are faded or dulled and it can be applied to the damaged paper on the walls and will match It perfectly. Good Housekeeping. Simon Bolivar, Who Freed South American Countries from Spanish Yoke Had Eventful Career.

try. In 1809 he visited the United States on his return from another journey to Europe. It was at this time that he became an enthusiastic admirer of republics and made up his mind to free Venezuela from Spanish despotism. From that time on war was his portion. In 1813 he entered Caracas as conqueror, was hailed as the liberator of his country and made absolute dictator in civil and military affairs.

He met with reverses, however, at the bands of the Cprlzrda and it was during a period of defeat on the continent that he convoked a congress in Hayti, instituted a government and abolished slavery there, hat was in 1816. Thereafter he was successful against the Spaniards in South America, and in 1819 at Angostura, Venezuela, he was chosen president with the power of dictator. When New Granada united with Venezuela he was made the first president, By 1822 the new republic was completely cleared of royalist troops. Bolivar was summoned th 'game year to help the Peruvians, and In 1824 was named dictator of Peru. By 1825 the Spaniards were driven out of Peru also, and Bolivar, calling a congress at Lima; formally resigned the dictatorship.

Soon after that the southern part of Peru was erected into a separate -state and named Bolivia, and he could have been dictator for life. However, troubles in Colombia kept him busy. Venezuela broke away from the rest of Colombia in 1829. Bolivar was denounced fcr his ambition and he was virtually sisted in making it a republic in 1825. Bolivar had been writing his large in South American history for a long time before that date, however, earning for himself the title of the "Washington of South America." Simon Bolivar was born in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1783, of a noble and wealthy family.

He studied law in Spain, traveled much in Europe, mar-xied and returned to his native coun Good Answer for Small Boy. Bobby's father, who was a minister, asked his little, son if he could tell him how God knew that Adam and Eve had eaten the apple from the "tree of knowledge of good and eYil." This was a hard question for such a little fellow, and after thinking for some time he replied: don't know, papa, less twas by finding the peel-irss." The Daliaeator. Bolivia, the South American country, which is just now feeling very ill-disposed toward certain of its neighbors gets its name from Simon Bolivar. The land has had as stormy a history as did the liberator who as.