Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 4

3 4 Hawaii Tribune-Herald, Tuesday, July 18, 1972 Houses. TRI TRIBUNE-HERALD Donald W. Reynolds, President Leo A. Weilmann, General Manager Ray Yuen, Editor Jim Wilson, Advertising Manager David Figueira, Circulation Manager Monday through Friday afternoon and Sunday morning by the Hawaii Published Tribune-Herald, Tribune-Herald Building, Hilo, Hawaii 96720. Member of the Associated Press and the Audit Bureau of National Advertising Representatives: Western Dailies, 960 Hartford Building, DalCirculations.

las 1, Texas. MEMBER DONREY MEDIA GROUP 'Effective' Population Is What Really Counts When President Nixon's entourage journeyed from the airport to Peking at the beginning of his history-making visit to China last March, the motorcade had the highway all to itself. To Americans watching over satellite-relayed television, China, which we think of as "teeming" with more than 800 million souls, appeared almost deserted, at least until the streets of the capital city itself were reached. This was not the result of security measures by the President's Communist hosts. Normal traffic had not been cleared from the airport highway.

By American standards, there would have been very little traffic to clear. In America, however, one need not go into the cities to find people. Travel anywhere in the country, especially during the peak vacation months, from the least-known park in the most remote location to a well-publicized attraction like Disney World, and you'll encounter people, people, along with their cars, their trailers, their campers, their pets. China, with 800 million, is not seriously more crowded than it was with 600 million or 400 million. But in terms of "effective" population, the United States with 200 million is probably the most populous nation in the world.

Americans not only have two cars in every garage but many have two garages, as well as a minimum of one television set and other conveniences. Because of the great mobility and affluence at the command of Americans, our actual numbers have to be multiplied by a factor of several times to arrive at the "effective" population the true population in terms of its impact on the environment and the consumption of resources. The lesson, which ecologists and others are trying to sink into us, is that while the world may be able to support an indefinite number of people SO long as living standards are kept low enough it may already contain too many for any but a small minority to hope to approach the American level. As for America itself, it does not mean very much to say that there are only so many of us per square mile, compared with so many more Belgians or Netherlanders per square mile. What counts is how many square miles of farms and forests and highways, how many rivers and lakes and streams, how many mines and wells and ore deposits each American has an effect upon in terms of his travel and consumption and his U.S.

Tax Bill Averages $4,500 Per Household By JOHN CUNNIFF AP Business Analyst NEW YORK (AP) America's tax bill averages about $4,500 per household, or $2,000 more than 10 years ago, causing rumblings and mutterings about a tax revolt by those hardest hit. But that's only half the story. As many, or more, are demanding greater government expenditures, for health and welfare especially and Congress seems willing to go along with them. The situation is developing into a mass confrontation of opposing philosophical and practical views on what course the country is to take. One group calls it a tax problem, the other a spending problem.

Both demand reform. Few politicians care to discuss it before November, but regardless of which course is taken over the long term, the outcome of the immediate battle seems likely to be--you guessed it-a tax increase in 1973. The reason for this conclusion, now shared by a large number of economists and researchers, is that government spending commitments already exceed revenues. With the fiscal 1973 budget deficit likely to be near $30 billion, the three-year total 1971- 1973 may exceed $80 billion, a stupendous figure when measured against any other "peacetime" period. Whether or not spending can be better controlled after 1973 depends to some extent on the outcome of this year's election, but it is worth noting that recent deficits were run up by a President who considers himself a spending conservative.

The past also offers a suggestion: Figures supplied by the Tax Foundation demonstrate that in recent years the country has been demanding more services from its government but has been more reluctant to pay the bills. In 1962, the foundation reports, expenditures per. household by local, state and federal governments were $3,225. By 1968 the comparable figure was $4,676, and for 1972 it was more than $6,200. By contrast, taxes per household in 1962 were about $2,500, rising to more than $3,600 in 1968 and to more than $4,500 in 1972, a percentage rise of only 77.5 per cent, compared with a spending advance of 93 per cent.

While inflation has many causes, this gap between revenues and expenditures is cited by economists as one of 'the underlying causes. Inflation, they point out, is really an unlegislated tax. If a tax increase does come, what will be its form? Again, a lot depends on which party is most successful. Present speculation puts a value added tax at the top of the list, especially if President Nixon is re-elected. Simply, this tax would be levied every time value is added to a commodity as it proceeds through the production process.

Tax analysts figure such a levy would yield $15 billion in revenues to the federal government, but it also could erode the tax base. It would, for example, put upward pressure on prices and tend to discourage demand. Higher income taxes also are mentioned as a possibility, no matter who' is elected, although there is considerable feeling among economists that such a move would be accompanied by relief at lower income brackets. Today In History By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Today is Tuesday, July 18, the 200th day of 192. There are 166 days left in the year.

Today's highlight in history: On this date in the year 64 A.D. the great fire of Rome began. The legend is that Emperor Nero set the fire and fiddled as the city burned. On this date: In 1776, New Jersey declared itself independent of British authority. In 1792, the American naval hero, John Paul Jones, died in poverty in Paris.

Unpredictable Bobby Rattles Chess Champ By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Bobby Fischer has infuriated a good many fans and players with his sulky behavior at the world chess title match in Iceland. But, if his finicky complaints about match conditions have exceeded even the license given geniuses, the American's win of the third game demonstrates why he is the one playing in Iceland while some more even-tempered grandmasters watch. It was Bobby's first victory ever against Soviet title holder Boris Spassky. It leaves Spassky with a two to one edge in points over Fischer, who must accumulate 12 and one-half points to wrest the title from the Russian. Spassky won the opening game, played over two days last Tuesday and Wednesday.

The second game went to him by forfeit after Bobby failed to show up in a dispute over the presence of cameras at the exhibition hall in Reykjavik. As in their first game last week, Fischer had the inherent disadvantage of playing the black pieces. Where black is normally left to play defensively, Fischer adopted a rather unusual opening- one for which Spassky was evidently not prepared. And Bobby's eleventh move-placing the knight over at the edge of the board -was so unorthodox that Spassky pondered it for a half hour before replying. Experts wondered if Bobby had had one of his rare lapses.

He had done the unexpected in the first game, too, but it turned out to be a blunder. This time, though, Fischer had obviously prepared the knight-move well in advance. And a few 1 moves later, he was beginning to menace Spassky's pieces. The game adjourned Sunday a after Spassky's 41st move. When it resumed Monday, Fischer was not on hand.

The referee opened the 41st move Bobby had sealed in an envelope Sunday and it was the one most grandmasters predicted would be decisive. Spassky turned his king on its side and resigned without replying. A Yugoslavian grandmaster said Spassky had no alternative. And he also detected signs that the Soviet champion was rattled for the first time. Even the Soviet media dourly reported that Fischer's comeback shows he is a very dangerous opponent.

Russian comment had been quite critical of Fischer's antics before and during the first two games -and no congratulations are being offered now. The game must have been a boost for Bobby's rather complex psychology. Before he met Spassky in the title match, he had played the Russian six times- -and he had lost four times and drawn twice. If that was a jinx, Fischer has broken it now. Bobby hasn't demonstrated any particular concern over public opinion, but the win undoubtedly redeems some of whatever popularity he had lost by his balkiness about money, cameras, lighting and the myriad other arrangements involved in the -match.

There are many chess fans who will forgive Bobby anything, so long as he plays what is probably the most publicized chess match in history. With 21 games remaining in the series, Spassky has only to run up 12 points to hold on to the title. A victory counts as one point and a draw one-half. At stake is more than $153,000 for the winner and nearly $92,000 for the loser, plus one-third of the proceeds from TV and movie rights for each player. But also: at stake is Soviet domination of world chess.

The Russians have held the title for the past 24 years, and Fischer himself envisions the match as a meeting of East and West, with national prestige at stake. Game number four is scheduled for today. But, as has been the case since the match was organized, chess buffs are wondering whether it will come off. Fischer's complaint about the presence of cameras is still unresolved. Some observers say Spassky seems unnerved and everyone agrees Fischer is unpredictable.

U.S. Could Profit From Soviet Snags 1 By RAY CROMLEY WASHINGTON President Nixon's aides count on the unfortunate results of Leonid Brezhnev's latest economic experiments to push the Soviet Union into greater accommodation with the United States these next five years. If these current boggles become increasingly serious, and Nixon's experts predict they will, Brezhnev's economic problems could be a strong force for an effective follow-on agreement covering all major strategic arms and hopefully calling for cutbacks as well as ceilings. Brezhnev's immediate problems began as the result of a decision he made about two years ago, in part to solidify his position as first secretary through increasing party control over the economy and in part to remedy the growing productivity problems that plague Soviet industry, agriculture and mining. The Communist party has always been supreme in overall economic direction setting quotas, prices and priorities.

This has been bad enough for economic efficiency. Brezhnev has gone a step further, given the party committees in each local factory strong direct say in day-today operations. The word now coming out of the Soviet Union is that this shift is not working well. Factory managers complain their authority is being undermined. They strenuously object to party interference in the selection of foremen, superintendents and department heads, in work assignments and in training methods, Party workers in each plant find themselves required to police their superiors on technical matters outside their competence.

Party interference, even when it succeeds in forcing an inefficient manager to resign or to change his methods, has had unsettling effects among the workers. Professional relationships have been destroyed. Production is suffering. Each side blames the other. Despite all this, local party committees are reported working on ways to intensify their supervision.

Nixon's economic analysts see a basic unsolvable conflict here. They are certain that these difficulties will deepen and that increasing party interference in the details of local factory production will lead to greater inefficiencies, regardless of what brilliant technological breakthroughs Soviet scientists achieve. This will make the Russians increasingly conscious of their arms burden and (if analysis here is correct) of their need for U.S. management and development skills. Growing dependence on the United States should make the Soviet Union more cooperative if U.S.

negotiators are hard nosed, the theory here runs. But the Soviet representatives are going to be tough bargainers, whether talking 6 about arms, economics or political settlements in such places as the Middle East and Asia. The theory here is that the growing Soviet economic tiate problems with. not make Russian diplomats easier to negowill Talks that should take two years may take five. But the Soviet difficulties may make agreements more likely in the end, if we argue from military and political strength as well as economic.

-utiful!" 11972 DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM I TO NEA 172 AWE Laos Experience Raises Cloud Over Plan For 3-Way Coalition In VN By WILLIAM L. RYAN AP Special Correspondent North Vietnam's Communist regime proposes a three-way coalition as a political solution in Vietnam. Exactly 10 years ago, 14 nations, big and little, emerged from 14 months of bickering and bargaining to announce a three-way coalition solution for Laos. For one of the most unwarlike people on earth, the agony was only beginning. The Laos agreements announced at Geneva endures only a few months.

Unlucky in its geography, the "land of a million elephants," with its two million or so uncomplicated people, became even more painfully entanged in the cruel machinery of a war it never wanted and never understood. The costly conflict goes on and on. Often called "the forgotten war," it is remembered when it figures in some phase of the bigger conflict across the border in Vietnam. But if it doesn't stop soon, Laos could bleed to death and cease to exist as a nation. The unlikely little kingdom for centuries crisscrossed by invasions and transformed into a cockpit of struggle.

The kingdom of Laos, like Cambodia and the two Vietnams, was newly independent of French colonial power after the Geneva Conference accords of 1954. The landlocked country, about the size of Idaho, found itself suddenly in the eye of a cold war hurricane. Willy nilly, it was a center of East-West struggle and a possible cradle for new global conflict. Few people could relish the role less than the Laotians, who knew little of the crafts of war and less of notions of nationhood. After the French were expelled from Indochina, Communist North Vietnam moved troops into northeast Laos to support a weak, powerless Pathet Lao-Lao nation--guerrilla organization claiming to seek "liberation." Using the Pathet Lao as a front, the North Vietnamese proceeded to nail down a large area of Laos as Communist territory.

Washington eyed this as a threat to swallow the whole country and adversely affect the U.S. position in Asia. In mid-1960, Capt. Kong Le, a paratroop officer, seized Vientiane, the capital of Laos. Prince Souvanna Phouma, a former premier, was called upon by the king to form a government that could avert civil war.

But Gen. Phourni Nosavan, a rightist, established military headquarters in the south and mounted a campaign to retake the capital. He did it in December, and Kong Le fled to the northeast to the Communists with the remnants of his forces. The Russians, quick to recognize an opportunity, jumped into the picture with offers of Soviet aid and began airlifting supplies from Hanoi to Souvanna's Vientiane government. At the same time the Russians also sent arms for Kong Le and for the Pathet Lao, who used the weapons to chop off a strategic hunk of the Plain of Jars and set up a headquarters, soon to be reenforced by regular North Vietnamese units.

The prevailing U.S. official view at the time was that Laos represented an invasion route whereby a monolithic world communism could sweep over all Southeast Asia. By the time John F. Kennedy was inaugurated in 1961 the Laos situation had become a-crisis. To some U.S.

leaders the only alternatives seemed military intervention or agreement on a Kennedy, disliking the idea of military' intervention, won Soviet agreement to a new conference. It gathered in May, 1961 at Geneva. Represented were all the nations participating in the 1954 conference, plus India, Canada and Poland, members of the International Control Commission established to supervise the 1954 agreements. While the talks were going on the North Vietnamese continued to consolidate their position in Laos with armed support of the Neo Lao Hak Xat or Lao Patriotic Front, supposedly the military arm of the Pathet Lao. Its chief was Prince Souphanouvong, the leftist half-brother of Souvanna.

On July 23, 1962, the negotiators in Geneva produced an accord designed to guarantee the neutrality and independence of Laos, to be supervised by the same ICC as that of 1954. This already had been a demonstrably unworkable arrangement because Poland could and did apply a veto whenever that suited Communist designs. The accord called for withdrawal of all foreign troops. This meant the Americans would pull out a 700-man military advisory mission. The North Vietnamese were supposed to get out of the northeast.

They didn't. The accords called for a three-way coalition government under Souvanna, made up of neutralist, right-wing and Communist ministers. By 1963 the Communists ended the pretense of compliance and pulled out their ministers in Vientiane. Legally, even today, they remain members of the Vientiane government, entitled to claim their seats whenever they choose, but there has been no sign of them in Vientiane for nine years. The fratricidal fighting intensified.

New attempts to negotiate a peace fell through in 1964, and then Prince Souvanna called for military logistical aid from the Americans, and the general confusion was compounded. North Vietnam stepped up its military activity in Laos. This time the North Vietnamese army did the fighting, not the Pathet Lao. By itself, the Pathet Lao could hardly have carried on. Militarily, its men are classed as the most inept of fighters.

The situation is far from amusing despite some weird, unworldly aspects produced by the gentle nature of the Lao people. Casualties have been cruelly heavy for SO small a country. The burden on Laos of supporting an armed force bigger than those of many Western countries has been enormous. If there was any sort of viable economy it would surely collapse, but Laos is accustomed to economic crisis. The only economy to speak of involves opium smuggling and other such exotic pursuits.

Laos is rapidly becoming a country of refugees, driven from their homes time after time by what seems repetitive and useless back and forth battle for objectives that appear to make little strategic sense even in Laos. Prince Souvanna, now 70, recently appealed to Secretary General. Kurt Waldheim of the United Nations for intervention to promote peace. The prince accused Hanoi of attacking Laos with "very powerful weapons and large contingents" in an effort to assure total domination of all Indochina for North Vietnam. Now, at the Paris Peace talks, North Vietnam talks about possibilities of what it calls a "three-segment" coalition to rule South Vietnam.

The experience of Laos raises the question of what a three-way coalition would portend eventually for South Vietnam. In 1914, the U.S. Army created an Aviation Section within the Signal Corps and six planes were made available for air training. In 1932, the United States and Canada signed a treaty to develop the St. Lawrence Seaway.

In 1938, flier Douglas -nicknamed "Wrong Way in Ireland after leaving New York on a flight ostensibly to California. In 1964, thousands of blacks rioted in New York's Harlem after the shooting of a young black by a policeman..