The Standard Union from Brooklyn, New York • 24

12 THE DAILY STANDARD UNION: BROOKLYN. SUNDAY. ITAV10. 1C03. Tunnst'Shaft in Manhattan Now Bown to River Leva the workingmen than for other reasona Inside of one of these shields one squad of men will-dig away the earth 'in front while another squad Is busily engaged building up thS tunnel walla' All thia of course, Is done under the protection of the shield, which Is forced ahead by the pressure of the hydraulic Jacks at flowing through the mouth of the shield to the men also serves another purpose.

Inasmuch as the atmosphere Is always kept fresh for breathing. Behind a shield there are generally two or three compartments, known as air locks, each lock Containing a different air pressure. The object of these would be if they, suddenly stepped into a normal atmosphere. To avoid this they are forced to step from the shield Into an air lock of a smaller, pressure, and after closing the door, step into the next "lock of still -lower pressure, and, finally, out Into the normal atmosphere. This is merely one example of ex- from rafts a year ago, silt and mud con stltute the river bed.

"As long as we continue to blast through rock," remarked a Manhattan engineer, "we will have no occasion to uso a shield, as we can build up our tunnel walls as fast as the rock Is removed. It will be entirely different In this however, for as soon as the beading is turned at the Joralemon street shaft, a large shield will be installed and the boring through the silt toward Manhattan will commence. This will con- resident! In the Eiborhood of Joralemon nd Henry streets ere nightly disturbed by the seemingly etual thud of the machinery, which Unking the shaft, marking the beginning of rapid transit tunnel work hi this borough, over at the Battery, the Immense well has reached its terminus, and the heading, or was turned only a few days ago. Blast by blast. Engineer Ames men hie at present slowly nibbling their way through the gigantic boulders and solid at silt, the tube will be constructed (n sections of heavy cast Iron plates, requiring ten plates to complete the 800 degrees.

A the construction proceeds they will be strongly bolted together and ribbed with strong bars of Iron. Experts estimate that It will require fully three years to construct the tunnel, although It la expected that the new extension in Manhattan which will connect the New York terminus with the subway at Park Row and Broadway will be finished In less than eighteen months' time, as well the Brooklyn extension to Atlantic avenue. commences the two tracks of tbs Brooklyn tunnel will switch off from the Broadway tracks, and will -continue on into the tunnel on a descending grade beneath the East ftlver. In both Brooklyn and Manhattan the tracks will He in a single tunnel until the dip Is made Under the river when they will each take separate tubes. Of late there haa been considerable discussion as to whether or not the subway engineers have not overlooked tke matter of ventilation In the East River section.

In a recent number of the "Sclentlflo American the fact Is com- A th t7 I i- A VIEW OP THE SHAFT-HEAD AT THE MANHATTAN END. A VIEW OF THE NEW TUNNEL, SHOWING THE HYDRAULIC DRILLS USED IN BLASTING AWAY THE ROCK. reck. While the men are not yet working below the mean water level of the East River, at least they are actually burrowing and not shaft-sinking, so that the developments of the last week may be regarded as an epoch in the construction of the great East River tunnel To the present date exactly twenty-five feet of solid rock have been removed from the Manhattan end by means of steady blasting with hydraulic drills, and the contracting engineers believe that It will be necessary to continue this process until directly under mid-stream, where according to the borings taken tlnue only half way, as It a peculiar tact that the Brooklyn half of the East River bed Is soft mud and earth, while tho whole Manhattan side Is constituted of almost Impenetrable rock. In the East River Tunnel work, Mr.

Ames Is using the same system he utilised in the construction of the East River gas tunnel some time ago, that la forcing the shields ahead by means of hydraulic Jacks, using as a motive power water supplied from the mouth of the tunneL The shlelda long and cylindrical in form, are used more as a protection to the rate of progress accomplished by the men at work. The pressure of the air In one of these shields is enormous, and it Is impossible for a particularly robust man to endure the strain for more than two hours at time. The pressure which is used to force back the oose and silt from locks Is to lessen gradually the air pressure from the extreme to the normal, so that when a party of men emerge from the shield, where they have been at work under a pressure of perhaps thirty pounds to the square Inch, they will not be overcome, or as tunnel men say, "attacked With the bends, as they SINKING THE TUNNEL SHAFT ON JORALEMON STREET. treme danger attached to tunnel work, and which necessitates the constant attendance 'of a physician. The construction of the tunnel will very inuch resemble that of the trolley tunnel under the North River, Inasmuch as the two tracks will be run through eeparate tubes.

The construction of the tubes, two in number, will entirely depend upon the nature of the material passed through. Where the excavation la In aotlil rock the conditions will make it necessary to build the tubes of sheet steel, with en Interior lining of concrete or beton, but where the excavation penetrates gravel and softer material, such i merited upon that circulation has been confused with ventilation, and that for ventilation the engineers have been' depending upon the' movement of the trains, which would cause circulation only and not purify the atmosphere to any extent. When completed, trains of the Manhattan subway will come directly down to' the tunnel mouth, where a large loop is to be constructed In order that trains which do not continue through to Brooklyn may make the return trip to Harlem. At the point where the loop BROOKLYN WOMEN WHO OWN ARISTOCRATS OF CAT KINGDOM WHERE LITTLE WORKERS GO kitten can be and particularly Persian kittens. Here It may be explained to the uninitiated exactly what a tabby cat is.

Tabby la the style of marking, and It may be in any color, silver or brown or orange, if only in the coat there are certain bars or rings running through It. To the tincul-tured in cat lore all felines are divided has a beautiful brown tabby, Reuben, who has the same short face, small ears add amiable expression which are marks to be noted in the family of Robin and Persimmon. Mrs. Russell has a family of cats. Lady Alice Is the mother of the family, a pretty tortoise shell Persian, and there are now four small kittens Jbst large enough to run all over the FOR PERMISSION TO LABOR large cats.

White Huzzar, who 1 finely-bred English cat, and Wendellta, the mother of the kittens, who Is a beauty, with odd eyea one blue and one yellow, a characteristic said to favor beautiful eyes In kittens, and Wendelltas snow-white babies all have deep blue eyes. There are other oats Id Mra Browns family, a beautiful) chinchilla, one of tho moat beautiful varieties of Persian cata named Daughter, her Tegular name in the cat register, though she is known by the prettier name of Lassie at hoide. There da also Joa who Is a massed stiver cat. and an all black, Per-dlta, who contrasts delightfully with her white companlona Two handsome blue Persians that will go with their mistress for seaside vacation are Lord Bobs and "Bluebell," belonging to Mra Henry N. Dunham, of Willoughby avenue.

Lord Bobs Is an English cat, and he and Bluebell have the run of the house yard and go visiting when they please. They have a cage In the yard, but are not confined to It and have the freedom of the house cellar and take their meals at the back of the house with the doga A dear little cat who lives on Emerson avenue across the street from Lord Bobs and Bluebells Is Klttridge, a long-haired Maine cat, who looks like a puff of smoke. tJnllke the Persian cats, Kltt-rldge does not own a pedigree, though there is no knowing what fins points a cat fancier might find In him, for he Is a beauty, with eyes and nostrils outlined with black, a beautiful plume of a tall and soft long fur. 1 He traces his ancestry to his mother only, 'a beautiful longhaired cat, very large, very handsome, with seven toes and, because of her feet, which her owners admired, named Trilby. Klttridge Inherited 'only five of these seven toes, but he has what are known as double paws.

He Is an affectionate little animal and a history of all his cunning ways would fill a book. Klttridge Is to be boarded in the country by him Then when he came here to get his second paper you wouldn't give It1 to him, and he was afraid he would get a licking If he came home without It Now here is his mother got up off a sick bed to come down here, and shell tell you he Is fourteen years old, and so will I. So you can Just give us the Japer "But I must see the boy, explained the medical Inspector mildly, "Bring him down here with the mother, and she can make a new affidavit and then if 1 find, tha boy 'can read and write, and Is physically able to work, 111 give him the paper, "Yes, but, here's his mother Just got THIS Is the season of the year when the aristocrats of Brooklyns cat world are beginning to think longingly of their summer vacations. They will not, all of them, leave town for the season or if they belong to large cat families It Is too serious a matter to think of moving them. They appreciate the warm weather, however, because of the quantities of fresh grass It brings them to eat and roll upon and besides the long days In their own particular runs they have frequent promenades on the streets, for a cat aristocrat Is too valuable an animal, as a rtile, to be allowed out without a collar and he learns to lead like a dog.

Perhaps the handsomest cat In Brook-llyn at least his mistresses would say Iso Is Robin, a wonderful orange, cat, owned by the Misses Ward on Marcy avenue. He Is one of the most valuable, and he could not be bought for less than HOOD, if his mistresses would sell him jat that Robin is a cat worth seeing, and even the non-cat lover who has only known ordinary yellow cats, which are la shade of mustard, would exclaim with delight at seeing the English beauty's rich orange coat and deep orange eyea Robin Is an English cat with a pedigree a yard, or more long and boasts the ichamplonshlp an animal known- to all experts, who was the prop-I erty of Miss Frances Simpson, of England, as father. It was through -Robin and Beauty that the Misses -Ee telle and Ruth Ward became interested In cats. Robin was given to Miss Estelle Ward in England, and Beauty, who is a beautiful tortoise shell and white a Boston was given her in that city. From these two cats, a small cat farm has developed in the Marcy avenue bouse.

1 There Is now Lady Bobs, Who MISS ESTELLE WARD AND SOME OF HER PET KITTENS. i A i house and climb sofas and chairs. The kittens have distinguished namea Marcus Aurelius Is an orange kitten resembling his grandfather Robin; Epictetus and Emerson are pretty little self this summer. Into two classes, Toms and Tabbies, and the dictionary will bear them out in this as the popular use of the word, though the term really comes from a treatment given silks and "tabby fabrics, which are diversified with spots or streaks. Is much more to say of all of the cata, their blue rlbbona tobln has taken HARLES DECKER, how' old are you? 4 Fourteen years, sir.

"Let me heap, you read this." "It la and It la 'Hold on. Where doe It say it Is? "There. 1 "I cant give you a certificate. You cant read. "Ive got a certificate." 1 "You have a certificate! Where la It? "You have It.

"Decker, Decker. -Is this It? This paper is no good. It shows you have been to school only 109 days since you were 18 year old. The law requires 180 day. You can't work under such a paper a this.

How did' It come here, anyway? An Inspector took It away from you, didn't he? It looks very strange, too. Its on one of our old blanks, such as we used to give out to any one who, applied. The name of the mother, where she made her and the name of the school teacher why the whole thlng looks as If it was th the same handwriting. Why didnt your mother com down here to sign the affidavit? My.mother Is sick, sir. mother la sick, and she haa kept you at work Instead of sending you to Well, my boy, If you make up the time you lack In school attendance, end I am satisfied that you can read aqd write, I -will give you a paper.

Now, ytfu know how many days you lack? N6, sir. "I said you had only- attended school 109 days since you were 13 years old, and the law requires 160 Now, how much do you lack? "I dont know, sir. What la 109 from 189? Take 109 from 160, what Is left? One hpndred and fifty-one. "You mean fifty-one. Fifty-one dayi you lack.

Now, I am not telling you what to do, but If you see fit to go to school for fifty-one 'days more, end bring me a certificate from your principal, and I am satisfied you can read and write, I will give you a paper. "Ye, sir. "Its pretty totigh, commented the medical Inspector In charge of the bureau for the issuance of working certificates to minors at the Health Department, on Clinton street "Here Is a boy working to support a sick mother. But 1 have to comply with the law," A row of tousle-headed boys, and girls with braided hair, eat on a bench, with here and there an anxious parent First or second paper? 'Was the question asked of a man who stood at the desk, a woman beside him. "Second paper, responded the man, "For Henry Dale.

"Where Is the boy? He's run away. i. "Run away! We can't give the paper unless the boy Is here. 'Well, see here, said the man. "He came down here, and was excited, and gave his age wrong.

He mads It thirteen years, when he leally Is fourteen. for factory employment, so we will have to cut off the affidavit from a white blank and attach It to a yellow blank. They get mixed up on the ages, too, and sometimes the children will give all (he answers, I sometimes tell them all to go out In the corridor and talk It over with the children before they make the application. t- "False answers? Well, we have ways of testing the truthfulness of what they say about the age of their children. If they give it 14, we may mention a date thirteen years ago, and If they Insist It is right, then they are caught After we get the parents affidavit, we send a blank to the principal of th school, or to the private teacher, If one Is employed, and have him certify tha number of days the child received Instruction during the year before making the application, or during the year before the child wps 14..

If that IS satisfactory, we have the child here, a test.for reading and writing, record the height and weight and color of hair and eyes, and put down all these facts on the certificate for Identification. What nationality are most of the "Most of them are bom In Brooklyn. Here, we will call the roll of this row. What Is your name? to the first one, a- bright-eyed girl. The German, predominated slightly; there were a few Irish and several common English-American namea One girl said, proudly; I am a Jewess.

As the reporter left the room, a man was trying to establish a verbal understanding that his daughter, who will be 16 years old the 24th of next month, and so exempt from the law, might JUBt as well go to work in a factory to--morrow without any paper. The debate was skillfully conducted on both sides, and was quite amusing. H. V. Walker, Ph.D., the chief of the Bureau of Inspection, was seen In his office upstairs, and courteously explained the working of the law.

No child under sixteen years of age can be employed In any store or factory, except that a child between fourteen and sixteen can be employed If we grant a certificate on proof that the child can read and write and has received Instruction for a period equal to one school year before applying for the certificate, or before reaching the age of fourteen years. We construe regular attendance for a period equal to one school year1 to mean 160 days. The only exceptions are that the school attendance test is not required for work during vacation In factories by children between fourteen and sixteen, and in stores for children between twelve and fourteen. The law la enforced In mercantile establishments by our Inspectors, and tn manufacturing establishments by factory Inspectors. During the quarter ended March 81, 1.634 persons applied for certificates; 1,030 were Issued, 409 were refused, 136 duplicate certificates were Issued, and 140 orders issued for various provisions of the law relating to mercantile establishments.

I think that in general the parents who apply for certificates really need the help of the children In supporting them. Sometimes we detect fraud, however. I found an application once which was all In the handwriting of the boys father. Including the physicians certificate, and It Oiaeovered that the man who had cert) lied he had Instructed the boy during one school year was a saloonkeeper In the ne oorhood. A READING TEST.

up off a sick bed. She cant keep coming here every day. "Well," said th medical Inspector, "perhaps I can help you out tho mother sign the new affidavit now, and we will keep It here. Then when the boy comes we will attach tha affidavit," So the oath was administered to th mother, the man, who said he was the boys Insisting on holding up his hand and chiming In, So do after the wrords(You solemnly swear. "We ire pretty busy now, said Stanley G.

Clark, the medical Inspector In charge of the bureau, pausing for a moments talk after weighing and taking the height of a boy, and recording on a certificate a brief physical description. "How many applicants a day? Well, the week before last there were 124 applications, I duplicates issued and 66 applications refused. When the close of the school year approaches there will be a rush for vacation certificates There may be 800 or 400 a day then. There are about 8,000 applications a year. "Occasionally we have trouble In explaining the provisions of the la, continued Dr.

Clark, as a newly arrived applicant was taken In 'hand by the assistant, C. Garstin Smith. "We ask them fat first whether the child is to work In a store -or a -factory. Often "they will answer store, and when they see the certificate they ill say they wanted one ROBIN, THE ORANGE CAT, VALUED AT 11,000. WENDELLITA, THE VALUABLE CAT OWNED BY MRS.

BRYAN BROWN. owes her unusual name) to the fact that she was Unit christened with a masculine pseudonym which was changed later; there Is Princess Goldie, Taffy, who Is solid orangf; Fetronlous, orange and white, who plays dead; Imperial, a beautiful brown tabby and two litters of kittens Just now, small orange cats, brown tabby and all as pretty as only Pedigree means a great deal to people who are "going In' for Persian cats, and it is Something to have a kitten who la a descendant of Robin and his noted sire. If one were to go out of Brooklyn It might be said that Joseph Letter, the Chicago millionaire, has one of Robins kittens, but there are others in the city. Mrs. John L.

Russell, of Lincoln place, cream-colored kittens, and there Is oho tortoiseshell that has no name. If there la anything prettier In the cat line than a Persian kitten. It is a white Persian kitten. Mrs, Bryan Brown, of Pacific street, has three of these kittens, white as snow, as well as two handsome three, besides special prises, and hs is a young cat Mra Brown has blue ribbons and special prize for her cata, and most of the cats are so delightfully affectionate that anything that has been said of the cold-bloodedness of high-bred cats is entirely disproved. 1.