Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania • 18

Keck Says Stan Musial Credits Pitching Of Browns for Close Series I Long Runs Provide Thrills Real Track Meet! fly lUllllY KI CK. SCO UTS EDITOR At the hockey game at The Gardens the other night I asked Stan Musial, one of the two Cardinal regulars who did not succumb to the strikeout epidemic the other one was Emil Verban in the recent world series how he accounted for the record-breaking fanning bees. There were two reasons. Stan said. One was that the pitch tng was exceptionally good, and the other that the white-shlrted tans sitting in the center field stands In the jammed park provided a Browns making the series so close.

"Good pitching," he rrplied. We saw plenty of It from those veterans. Potter and Gatehouse gave us that serew-ball stuff and it was plenty tough Walterhouse Man With a Soft Job poor back-diop for the batters. Jim Russell Pu ates out held star and buddy of Stan (you see them almost everywhere together during the offseason! was with Stan at and chimed 0 1 IS 1 gniU Ro4jo PITT PWTIMMI Phillip nlrmad Hraetef Kai.ll KmiMN law kina JKi krda 144 I Matthewq kop4a Bear bp periods Pitt UUnota It HU nortnirt flrW yard placement). HaJety -Phlllipa (tackled paitfr In end tone).

Illinois acfirinci Touchdown a Qfeawtwd louttf t. PaMeffttm, Johnson. lUinota extra point Oreenwnnd tut of placement, Hntkotlrh, placement. PIU ftubatltutem Jtnda PaUm, harlea flmmovan, Zellman. Brown.

Tackle Hath, DeFrank. (itiarda-llnvhurat, Fo-lach, renter Hammond. Bark 8imrk Hanalrk, Itjel, pepper, (satiilrr, lariae diii Hnitrak. I Inellt, l-otar, klelb. Illlnol aiibtliutet Fnd Ward.CUfek fltaab, Kerauli.

Tackles blegrl, Caldfn to, Janen, Jonp, Vtnen, ftuarrtft Hurtle Macrhmne, Iteincter. Center Bartholow FrokopU, C'unx, Johnson, Hpnitue, Hiitkovlch, Hali Perkins, brueiii Martin Jaroh. ntark Officials: Referee William Blake, Lira. I mpIre-Uii Hamilton, Notre Dame. linesman Jack filott, Mlrhlcan ittld MiF-b Jf.

(jxrand, Northwestern Sun Mosul Talk about your automatic Mandeis and other sure-fire booters, you haven't seen anything until you see Dick Walterhouse, the Armys, kicking specialist, in action. He kicked nine of 10 conversion tries against Pitt, and up to the time he missed on the eighth boot he had run his string to 10 straight, reaching back Into the previous week's game with Brown. He has one of the softest jobs in football and when he gets through in eullege should be able to command a princely salary from the pros, lie doesn't have to go through any of the rough stuff In prartiee or in the games. All he does Is prartiee kicking placements and then sit on the beneh and move in and out of the game after rvery touchdown. It certainly pass to specialize.

This is a must" year for the Army against the Navy. The last time the Cadets won over the Middles was in 1938. when the score was 14-7. The next year Navy won, 10-0. In 1940, the score was 14-0; In 1941, 14-6; In 1942, 14-0, and last year, 13-0.

Lt. Earl Blaik has been In charge of the Army team since 1941. having been brought back to his alma mater after the Army won only one game in 1940. 20-19. over Williams in the opener, and lost seven and tied Harvard, 6-6.

Penn walloped the Cadets. 48-0. the hockey game in with the observation that that white barkground was as bad for one side as the other, of course. I understand most of the Browns whiffed with their bats on their shoulders, I remarked. "That wasnt true of the Cards, was it? "Well," said Stan, "we were swinging at them in the last game, anway.

I commented that It was a tough scries and the Cards would have been in a bad way if they hadn won that second game, since the Browns won the first and third and would have been ahead. 3 to 0, If they had copped the second one, in which they were stopped by Bltx Donnellys pitching. "I think we would have won, anyway, said Stan. "We began to get hot in the fourth game and won the last three and I think we could have made it four if It had been necessary." I asked the star of the champions how he accounted for the -4 ((' 92-y ARDER Illinois' Buddy Young, Na tional sprint champion, on his 92-yard run around right end for longest of three big scoring runs in 39-5 victory over Pitt at the Stadium yesterday. Notice how Halfback Patterson and Fullback Cies are faking to the left (upper left corner) as Quarterback Greenwood Iateraled the ball to Young.

Also the blocking that enabled Buddy to get started on his dash. Phog Allen Presses Charges of Gambling LAWRENCE, Oct. 21. (AP.) Dr, Forrest C. (Phog) Allen said today he had sent a telegram to Ned Irish, president of Madison Square Garden, New York, furnishing' him the name of at least one basketball player who was alleged to have sold out to gamblers during an eastern basketball tournament last year.

AAv A i r4f r' I-! 1 GreatLakes Beaten By Ohio State Tough on Boss! A I Phog's Charges True Carlson Is mi X-v5' P1 A fr S'" 4 ysi if vs -S. o. 1. fcS: no. T.

B. iV H. Orrai lake (Jrntt Me OUfl krivonak Jit Hauer Mullins J. JirMI 1 OdeJ HnnliMB 4 Avery UflUe Ohio KUt Dugrrr Willi Hacked Appleby snydev Thorns Hoadere llorvnth lnwi Bruf iiine 0 JO 26 Touchdown Dr. H.

C. Carlson, basketball coach of the University of Pitts burgh, at the Pltt-Hlinols foot ball game yesterday, supported Phog Allen, the University Kansas coach. In his contention that gambling on the New York Garden games is a serious men AC6 "Hes right," said Dr. Carl-son. "and something will have to be done to stamp it out.

The gamblers are getting out of hand and bold in their deal ings. And not only in New York. Their fingers are on the game everywhere, in the small towns as well as in the large cities. Run-Telegraph Photos picture above) and his Negro halfback mate, Paul Patterson, scored from 62 yards out. Thats Buddy (66) running interference for Greenwood in this photo.

No. 47 is Pitts big right tackle, George Roussos, chasing Don. Don Greenwood, Illinois quarterback, running back Pitts first kickoff 79 yards for his teams first touchdown after the Panthers had kicked a field goal in first quarter. Buddy Young ran 92 yards (see Ohio Mute Ultra Avery. Ohio Stflto coring' FlnmuM, liorvnth line.

Point ifter touchdown T. Krane (tub for Horvath) Dove (ab for Kenne) (placement). Tonchdewnc Aliens message was sent in reply to one from Irish asking that the Kansas University basketball coach furnish names of players whom he (Allen! charged had been influenced by gamblers. Phog said; I'm not a prosecutor, and I'm not out to indict anyone pzeept the professional gam- bier. If Mr.

Irish wishrs to Investigate the matter it is up to him. Allen refused to make public the name of the player, who, he told Irish, had been dismissed by his college for connections with gamblers. Allens telegram said In part; "It is very difficult to get proof. I have obtained much information from coaches who told me things honestly and frankly, but who now refuse to take responsibility for their statements. My motive in releasing any information on gambling is no reflection on your efficient promotional venture of basketball.

My desire is to awaken the college presidents of America to their responsibility in providing a source of power in fighting these professional gambling rodents." Weakened Penn State Upsets Colgate, 6-0 By HARRY KECK Sport, Editor The sun came out and they had fast track after the long rain out at the Pitt Stadium yester day and the Pitt-IHlnois game went according to script with the Illinl's two racehorse Negro halfbacks. Buddy Young and Paul Patterson, galloping the Panthers into their third defeat of the season. The score was 39-5, and the game was played before a scant 10,000 customers. Sharing top billing with the two sepia stars was Don Greenwood, the slick quarterback, who started the touchdown parade with a 79-yard return of a kickoff. Young ran 93 yards and Patterson 63 for scores.

Pitt made its "baseball score of five points on a field goal in the first period and a safety in the third. Once again Pitt came out of a losing battle on the long end of the first downs, or consolation, statistics because they do not count first downs on scoring j.lav(. The figures credited the Panthers with 15. 11 by rushing and three on passes, against 10 for the victors, seven on the ground and two overhead, with each making one on a penalty. Pitt completed 10 of 18 passes for 66 yards and Illinois threw only six, of which lt completed two for 54 yards.

Pitt gained 169 yards and Illinois 294 by rushing. ALL SUBS GET CHANCE At the finish the score was least a respectable one for Pitt, as compared with the 58-0 rout by Notre Dame and the 69-7 setback by Army a week ago. The visitors showed no inclination to pour it on once they were out In front, and used all of their 34 players, with the entire first-string backfleld going into retirement in the final period. Greenwood and Young scored two touchdowns apiece and Patterson and Don Johnson one each, and tne Panthers unorthodox defense against the speedsters had much to do with holding them In check except for the few explosive outbursts. Pitt used a four-man line with a five and two secondary that proved puzzling in the main.

Young carried the ball on eight plays from scrimmage for a net gain of 133 yards, an average of almost 17 yards a carry. Patterson gained 106 yards In 13 carries, for an average of almost nine yards, and caught one pass for 28 yards. Greenwood gained 24 yards In seven plays and ran back two kickoffs for a total of 102 yards. Pitt was careful with its punting against the sudden death runners, and there were no runbacks of punts by either side. PANTHERS BANGED CP Young, the national sprint champion, proved not only a sensational runner but also a good downfield blocker, paving the way for Pattersons touchdown by taking out the last man, while Greenwood ran the Illinois team with the steadiness of his senior year.

Pitt came out of the battle badly banged up Eugene Gaugler, one of the fullbacks, was carried off the field after receiving a head injury in the third period and after the game was taken to St. Francis Hospital for a checkup. Loren Braner, center, and Buddy Freese, halfback, received leg injuries and Fullback Lou Yakopec came out with an ankle sprain. Pitt started off in great fashion, taking the kickoff on its 34-yard line and moving in three first downs to the 15 before the attack, all running plays, bogged down and Roussos kicked a placement field goal from the 22-yard line to put the locals In front for the only time in the game. Don Matthews contributed a 28-vard dash to this march.

FIREWORKS BEGIN Then, Immediately, came the first fireworks of the afternoon. Greenwood taking Roussos' kickoff on his 21-yard line and dashing up the right sideline the whole 79 yards to score, with Pitt missing its last chance to grab him on its 35. Greenwood missed the extra point and the Illlni was ahead, 6-3. Then followed a parade of 79 yards in 10 plays, with Cies starting it off with a dash of 30 yards and Greenwood finally going over from the four-yard line after a (Continued on Pu Thra, This fart) West Va. Defeats Bethany Purdue Bumps Iowa, 26-7 Cornell Beats Sampson, 13-6 HAMILTON, N.

Oct. 21. A thrilling 50-yard punt return by Johnny Chuckran, freshman from Lansford, with 30 seconds left to play, gave Penn State' fighting eleven a surprising 6-to-0 triumph over Colgate here this afternoon. The game, played In driving Too Much Class! Storybook Finish! P()ft. K.

T. 1 O. (. R(J. T.

K. 2 a. H. Indiana Tops Northwestern IOWA CITY. Oct.

21.. (AP.) The all-civilian Iowa grid kids taunted Purdue with a game-leading second period touchdown today, and then lived to regret their challenge as the Boilermakers turned on the steam to win In the last half, 26 to 7. The joy for Iowa's homecoming fans, as they saw their favorites take the lead 7 to 6 for the first time In their three games this season, was short-lived, Purdue roared back early In the third period to regain the upper hand, and then virtually toyed with the Hawkeyes. The lineup; Pox. I.

K. i. r. i- o. c.

I. G. T. K. i.

H. K. Hcora bjr pt ir' Bethany Hcoriflf MrKIbben. Storing point after touchdown -Hainan (placrklrlift), ubfitltulloni Went Virginia' Turner, Ne-brra, Hainan, Wagoner, Iron Howyrra, Arrkins, Mlllng, prut. KtmrakH, William, Wilier ox, Kemp, Farley, Bower, All-man.

Btnhanan, hhutile. lurkir, Orr, Kallmertea, Spangler, (ooper Smith. Ketliao Flaak, Korby, Fifth hehlr, Tatorre, Hlfteecila, Carney, Wnrirlen. ItoL lenft, Ketler, Orr, Owen, Philipp, roftett, Sloftlk, Agrivphlotlft, Watkins, Miller Officials: Referee John R. WcPhee Implre David Behrhorst IJneman Jnfteph J.

Gannon. Field Judge Fverett Brinkman. A Cl C( E. F( I Hi Jo La Mi Pii Pe 6 i Be. Trl Un Yo Tu (AP goal gave 16-1 Aub Jo over aftei by the five gam.

Cei i Har-dead enrid Po U. La. a E. I h. I Be CL The 1 defea 13-0, Straw, i Cnlwte, be I loti KpriHHd H(ir(7ak Smith NtH Pollock rliufhlin II hrtn Krct4r Randolph Ncor bf (iuaner! Colgate 0 0 9 Penn fltate 0 0 4 Toiichdowne Chuckran.

Kuhfttlt uM Colgate FmJ, Indcmann takl UUUaniiioflj backs. Baurotb and htTfthaw Pom State End, Rtokcn tackle. Painter: gourd. Klmon and Motihrui barks. IVtchci, lAiig, Taccakisal, Drsnenuvtch, Voll Ktfer Arthur Powell, Syrann.

Tint-ntrp Vtilllirn H. anlengen, Kvramim I Inetmitn Friward J. Kearney, rkracufte Field Judge Walter 4. Brennlftnn, Niagara. ITHACA, N.

Oct. Despite a wet field and slippery ball, Cornell used the forward pass to defeat Sampson Naval Training Center. 13-6, here today, Starting the second half. Cor, nell solved Sampson's running game and opened the way for its touchdown when Dekdebrun dropped a quick kick on Sampsons six-yard line. Fran Rayes answering punt against the wind went only to his 35.

Cornell ricked up four yards in three plays before Dekdebrun passed to Dick Bell for first down on the Samp, son six-yard stripe. Dekdebrun elided left end for a touchdown. Sampson started rolling again late in the third period. Manning whipped a pass to Mlers, who caught the ball unmolested in the end zone to tie the score, With less than four minutes left the Big Reds aerial game started to click. From the Cor nell 25, the Ithacans scored in 10 plays.

Dekdebrun completed passes to Drogln on the Cornell 47, to Scully on the Sampson 43. and to Russell on the Tars 15-yard stripe. In between Dekde brun ran the ball off the tackles for gains of from two to eight vards. On the 15. Cornell lost five vards for delaying the game, and with three seconds to go, Bhara fanowich cut for the end zone to snare the game-winning pass.

EVANSTON. 111., dct. 21 (AP.) Expending all their power in the first half, Indiana's Hoosiers had trouble squelching a stubborn Northwestern team, 14 to 7, in a slipshod Western Conference football game today. Although Bob (Hunch) Hoern-schmeyer, Indianas star passer, connected on 10 of 19 tosses, only one figured in the scoring a behind-the-llne screen pass to Halfback Aoe Ad dams, who romped 32 yards for the second Hoosler touchdown. It was the second conference triumph against one defeat for the Hoosiers, whose form was far below that in their 20-0 victory over Michigan.

The lineup: Penn State Booters Stopped at Last! rain, was devoid of thrills until the closing moments, although the aroused Lions rose up to stop a Colgate thrust In the first half which reached the one-yard mark Chuckrani mad dash down the sidelines with the clock running out was the longest run of the game and came a few minutes after Penn State's furthest advance into Red Raider territory. The Lions, with nearly an all freshman outfit and with young Elwood Fetchel doing most of the running, went to ttie 13-yard line with three minutes left to play but Colgate held and on fourth down Penn States fake field goal attempt was throttled and Colgate took over on the 30. Three Raider attempts lost three yards and Bob Behrens got off a low kick which bounced to Chuckian exactly in midfield Chuckran dodged two Colgate tackier In his race to the right sidelines, but not a Raider touched him as he streaked for the only score of the game. Joe Drazenovich missed the goal, but nobody cared among the happy Lion yearlings. Colgate had all the better of the first halt, outscoring State In first downs, 7 to 3.

and reaching the Lions 27, 35 and one-yard lines on three advances led by Behrens, Dick Kreter and George Kershaw. Petchcls brilliant kicking was largely responsible for Penn State's success In the second half Twice he kicked the wet ball out of bounds in the coffin corner, his last punt going out on the four and putting the home team in a hole from which they never recovered. Penn State's showing was surprising In view of the fact that Coach Bob Higgins lost 15 first-string service players this week and was forced to start a team of eight freshmen and three Navy trainees Purdue ftcorlng ToucMowni Cody Dtmancheff 2 Points after touchdown pubicki (far Elliott) Place kick, Hugfcef (fur Glaeincr) place kick Iowa acorlng Touchdown Hanftn Point after touchdown Stewart (place kick). COLUMBUS. Oct.

21. (AP) Those somewhat terrific Bucks from Ohio State bounced off the ropes in the fourth quarter today to ram over three touch downs and hand the Oreat Lakes Naval Training Station a 26-to-6 defeat before a tremendous outpouring of 73.477 fans. If was Ohio States fourth straight victory and the first setback of the season for the Bluejackets, who are coached by Lt. Paul E. Brown, head coach at Ohio, now on leave.

After completely dominating the game in the first half, the Bucks sagged In the third quarter to let the Bluejackets tie the count six-all and when the final period started Ohio State to all intents and purposes was well on Its way to fade out. BUCKS HIT STRIDE Then came the deluge. The Bucks, seeming to get their second wind, all but ran the Bluejackets out of the park. Leslie Horvath, 167 pounds of football dynamite who had been pretty well held In check most of the afternoon, suddenly caught fire. Starting from his own 33.

he whipped a 24-yard pass to Jack Dugger and then reeled off 34 more yards by himself to give Ohio a first down on the Great Lakes five-yard line. And it was Horvath who finally scored the touchdown from the one-yard stripe. That was all the Bucks needed. Fighting desperately with passes, Oreat Lakes dusted off the old Statute of Liberty play and Dick Jackson, reserve Ohio State end, swiped the ball out of Jim Youels hand at the Bluejacket 40 and ran back to the 19 before he was brought down from behind. Just four plays later Ollie Cline went through the middle like a runaway freight train to score from the six-yard line.

IIORVATH TAKES OVER The rapidly tiring Youel still didnt give up on his passes, however. but the Buck linemen were all over him and Great Lakes gave up the ball on downs at Its, 25. Horvath went Into action again and the clock showed just one second to go when he battered over from the two-yard line Ohio State almost got a touchdown on its first offensive plav of the game, Dick Flanagan running 62 yards to the Great Lakes eight-yard line. They were held, however, and although the Bucks were deep in Sailor territory the period was almost over before Flanagan smashed over from the one-yard line That 18-yard drive was set up by the recovery of Jim Mellos fumble. Oreat Lakes warmed up to Its work In the third period and passed Its way 75 yards for its only touchdown.

A 16-yaid toss fiom Youel to Chuck Avery and a lateral-forward that went from Youel to Ed Saenz to Don Mangold ate up 46 yards of the distance and then a final heave from Youel to Avery was good for the last 30 yards. Once after that Oreat Lakes got to Ohio States 19 but the Bucks Yield lor downs. STATE COLLEGE. Oct. 21.

Navys South American ace, Arturo Calisto, scored twice in the second half today to give the Middies a 2-1 soccer victory over Penn State, marking the first time since 1932 that the Lions have been defeated at home. Marine Trainee Fred Holm-quist, of New Hope, scored Penn State's only goal in the third period. College Results ftOttEB Penn State 1 rROBH-COlNTRY Riscomln 24 Notre Dam 31 Army 17 Coaet Guard IS Wheaton, 23; Chicago 67, Culver Academy, 60 Triangular meet most Waste paper Is now a Vital war material. Jsorthwtern no? 0 7 Indian corlRg Touchdown Surdheim Addam point after touchdown Tavener 2 piaccmentii Northwestern scoring Touchdown Mor rift (for Harker) point after Fundcrburg (placement) MORGANTOWN. W.

Oct. 21 Despite a muddy field caused by a steady 24-hour rain, which let up shortly before the kickoff. West Virginia had little difficulty in trouncing Bethany yesterday, 20-0. The Mountaineers scored in each of the first three quarters and Haman converted two out of three tries via the placement route. Penalties totalling 125 yard 7 against West Virginia kept the score down and nullified one beautiful touchdown run of 25 yards by brilliant Jimmy Walthall.

Jimmy Walthall took the opening kickoff on his five and came back to the 22. Rader. Walthall and Kesllng toted the leather to midfield and then big Gus Rader broke loose and raced to the Bison 11-yard mark. Kesllng made six yards and then Rader shot through left guard for the first touchdown of the game. Late in the second period Jim Bowers intercepted one of Mocha's passes and came back 11 yards to the Bethany 19-yard line.

A five-yard offside penalty set the Moun talneers back, but Walthall undaunted. floated back and rifled a beautiful pass to Gene Crook, shanks for a touchdown. This was a 30-yard pass and not a hand was laid on Crookshanks as he trotted over the goal line. The final score came in a hurry when Harold McKibben Intercepted Joe Mocha's pass on the Bethany 32 and raced 68 yards the longest run of the game, assisted by magnificent blocking, for the six-pointer. The Coaches Say: 7 -I.) Touchdown ime I Hampton Naval Mier Cornell scoring Touchdown- Drkde-hrun hnrafanowi(h (sub for Rnbeaonl Point niter touchdown Drogln (placeklck).

Georgia Pre-Flight Eleven Wins, 3-0 Beaver Falls Wins By RAY ELIOT ILLINOIS COACii Our line play was sluggish. Notre Dame should give us a trouncing next week, but our offense may keep us In the game for a while. Lets not take anything away from Pitt That ball club of high school kids will be a good one In a couple of years If Clark Shaughnessy can keep them together. He Is getting marvelous results from inexperlenred material. Buddy Young, Paul Patterson and a few others have lifted our squad from the medlrore ranks.

I'd single out Yakopec, the little fellow, as Pitts best against us, but the Panthers as a whole were playing their string out to the very end. Lets commend them for that. Jeannette Eliminated BEAVER FALLS. Pa Oct 21 Beaver Fails High chalked up its sixth win of the season by defeating the Midland Leopards, 13-0. before 2 500 fans here today.

John James and Bill Boiler bit into the touchdown apple as the Tigers tallied in the second and third periods. First downs were 11 to seven in favor of the victors. The lineup' CHAPEL JILL. Oct. 21 (AP.) Buell St.

John, a vet-1 eran of the war in the Pacific, kicked a field goal from the elght- yard line with seven seconds left in the game and gave North Car- ollna Navy Pre-Jlight a 3-to-0 decision over the Georgia Preflight eleven today St. John, a halfback from the of Alabama who to the United States February after winning decorations with Carlson's Ra.ders in Pitt Statistics JOHNSTOWN. Fa Oct. 21 Johnstown High eliminated Jeannette High from the running for the Class AA championship here tonight by handinsr the Java their first defeat of the season, 23-0 Total flrftt down Flrftt down, muhlnff Flrftt down, forward pnfttnf I lrt down, on penaitir Nrt Yard gained muhlng Not gain from forward iwmm 60 25 18 Jft 0 1 Bv CLARK SHAUGHNESSY PTTT COACH Illinois has a good chance against Notre Danie a darn good chance. All we need Is about five good backs and a couple of ends.

However, we can't expect the youngsters to play much better. They are only kids, barely out of high school. Our whole club Is bunged up." Rickards hurt his passing arm In the first 10 minutes of the game. That's why we weren't pltch'ng as much as we did against Army. Th bov Yakopec deserves mention for playing 55 minutes.

And he's only a 155-pounder. oung versus Kelly? I won't venture to compare them, hut Young is the fastest back I've seen since Jackie Robinson was running wild at CCLA and George McAfee was doing likewise for Duke and the Chicago Bears. Not Main from lateral para Not ard from offrnse plar lardAKo of Interrupted paftftff lard a ice of kickoff return Net yard Ruined Forward Hftei thrown Forwnrd pnra completed Forward phammi Intercepted lateral attempted lfernln completed Number of penrtltie lard lot on prnnlttr Number of punt Average dletanre of punt I DaU loti on down timblr Own fumble recovered Opponent Junblra taeovered 7 Roller 0 13 Point Oklahoma Wins, 68-0 NORMAN Okla Oct 21 -r AP Battering a game but helpless Kansas State football team, the University of Oklahoma opened defense of its Big Six championship with a 68-0 victory today. It 38 6 44 I 1 4 ve bn ha 0 Tour hdou, Tm after touchdown -Boiler (placeman!) Send the Sun-Telegraph to vour bov in the Army or Navy. "Its like a letter from home every day." Touclirtoun Piry RfvnoM Fxtra jwln Uanlnvich fpl(mnt) (ub for Bat), FtId motWDpbart Uub i ru.

71 1 i -v.