The Sun from New York, New York • 38

i rppl J7 rr rirTr fl 1 fr rVT I ui ppl 1 1 a THE TB SUN SNISUNDAY 11N tntt Ar APRIL 7 719O7 1907 PANAMAOUTDONE ANAMA TDON IS NEWARK INNBWYORKPUBLIC NEWARKPUBLIC PUBLIC IIOWKS rOSlfNC ecisTIG000000 JH 000000 00000 UXDEH UDl WAY 1 HERE HEREr HEREJthw JEm JEmthl JIERLthet Jthw thl Great Great Cnnlncrrlnr En Inttrlnl Project Planned Plannedcr Planne cr OCCHD DCEb Which Urine Urlnl flrln Total to CM Ior IorTI IorThan ore oreThan Than TI SOOOOOOIOTho SWO000WXflw HX OOOOOOTliu VoiBlncrrliiK VoiBlncrrliiKUimcuUlet En llnetrlnl 1necrtti 1necrttiI I UimcuUlet UlcUUt Here ler More eIuu lou IIUI Than ThanTboso ThanThos lan lanTbos Tboso Involved Iuln In UulldlnK Duldln the Canal CanalNew Canalew ln81 ln81ew New ew YorU orl at lt Prnrnt Irltnt the 11 Scene of ofItio ottho orthu Itio Greatwt Grtllt Amount lount or inglnccrlrig inglnccrlrigWork 1 En 5Incl111 tnceriig tnceriigVurk Work orl the tll World norll I lal ltai la Ivcr VHr Kunwn KunwnEvery lCinnl3 nEvery l3 1I Every oe knows that millions m1ion upon uponmillions uponrml0M upOnn11IOn millions rml0M of dollars dol1rt uro being binl spent pJntin in the thegrout thegret thegre grout gret gre engineering tnglnerng projects poject connected chloted with withtransportation witht ih ihlrneprtton transportation lrneprtton in thi this city cty An average averageoffhand avtralo avtraloolhnd averageohand offhand olhnd gues ge us Uf to the aggregate aggegato cost COlt of oftho 01tho oIbti tho improvements already ale dr under way wayand vay vaynd va vaI I and nd some of those thofe authorized autlor but not yet yetontracted yetontracted et etontrated ontracted ontrated for would wouldbe oLdb bo COo 200000000 200000000The 2OOCOQ 2OOCOQThe The Te averag New ew Yorker lias ha ia a vague vaguoidea vagueI 10 10Idea I idea Idea that tat the Pennsylvania Pensylvania improvement improvementwill Improementt will I cost cst about abut 50000000 OO the New ow York YorkCentrals Yorkntrall 4 Centrals ntrall about S50JIi 50030ouO and od tho tht thotunnels McAdoo McAdootunnels lcdoQIlnel tunnels about the The Ilnel same new subways subwaysthat I that are a to be built buit ho thinks will i amount amounti i to I i from 40000000 S400 to iM000000 OOO and so he heestimates hoj 1 estimates tlmats that In I round figures fgurcs probably probbly probbly2oo probably2OOOOO 200000000 2oo worth of Ir engineering work Uomg hioitg toiug omg oitg on right right now and he thinks It It In II 1 nn nnamazing nnImazng noIt It amazing Imazng proposition propositionThe proposiion I II I The average citIzen cltzn mutt ba prepared preparedtrT I Irr trT more amazement because bccale hi Mi flit figures figuresnre uree ureelre i4 nre lre far too low Accurate Accuato figures fgure of the theost ther I rot st of all al the work that la I going on In and andabout Ind Indi sodL i about Ibout New Zew York present these figures figuresthich fgure figuresI I thich lch hfch even en to the experts fJpfrt8 themselves themsehfs are areutounding nr areI I II I I utounding utoundingThere Uudicg UudicgTere toundingThere There Tere are now actually actualy under undtr way in inthis inI I 1 I this city ciy engineering projects prject whoto WhOb ron rontract ronIract eonL tract value h1 is about About 314000000 3100 Con Contracts conrecta or tracts I havn ha been authorized autorized but not yet yetlet yet 4 let I for tor SlOSOOOOOOinoro 105000ll more work making makln a atotal aJ aI I total of SWIOlIO 490 49OflOll fifn already alrNdy und undr nd way or ornuthorized oruthorized 1 nuthorized nuthorizedIf luthorized luthorizedI If I In addition additon to this the great Catskill Catskillater CatslJ Catskillater ater ateI proJeot of tho citywhich ctywhlch has ha already alreadybeen alreadyhen alreadyie4n been hen started and for whioh contracts contractsaveraging catracteI cntrats I i averaging av raslng S3000XX 30fO a a year yel have hve been ben given givennit I nit be Included Inclu6l the total Ut cost of tho various variousrnginepring variousrngineerin aroul rnginepring improvements related r1toJ to this thistown thisIw rngnerlng town Ilt Iw will wil wilireach reach tin tl vast VIt6ul vactauni sum of 5511000000 fS311OOOQiOrr 5511000000fir 5loOfO 5loOfOrr I rr the final fnl COM cot of the water wftr ter supply upplyI KVI KVIcm I I cm Is estimated eSl1wd at 16000noo 16000nooiMOrNT 11000 I 4 I II i I 1 iMOrNT IU OF VORK fI miCTICALlT rnlCICALL SIAPTED SIAPTEDErnest STrT srimj I IErlst I Ernest Erlst John Munby an engineer enginer of large largexperienco largei largexperlonco I i xperienco erlenco in tunnel tunn1 building buiding and at prep present pref prepI II I rat rDt employed In the McAdoo enter enterprise enteri i tt prise prlet under the thf Hudson liiver Itver has pre proiared preI pre3red I i iared 1aed the tht folioring 1Uooln table ta lo of tho Ihl cost of oft 1 i iHese I 4 Hese enterprises ent rpri for a forthcoming number numberf nlmbpr 11 I the tG E1tJei gntcrir ncerr 7 Jllanr I I I 1 ir 1101 trept rt 1 t9LLrifrj t9LLrifrjU m1rI Unite Cost CostenniylTann Co CofenljIanl enniylTann fenljIanl ttuneb ne and termlnil lenIDll jH Slj SljI t1MAO t1MAOI tidtdn I 110n ds a Companies COmpall mentis tiiaae mb JIor JIorand ibwyI a I fit I I I and trrattl trrattlI lenCnl ll1 I ewYcrl VcrV TcDtral rallrlnat Imlna and j1 eorttl eorttlficniton I1lrl I1lrli 4 i ficniton ntAlon ctOaflttery soociooco soocioocorititery rititery nuter tunniu lunnt and subway Uenslon ftenilonu flonoooo flonoooovv nIMO vv York crk and Lon LI Is hand nd tunnels tunnelsJbwiy IUlnels tuoz1eJbw7 abwI Jbwiy clt cltEast cUcn CItCfl1O Wt nt Ill al 1frUe 1frUeI tle tleroe I I East ffis ffisubway IONO I ubway rx rxWen exrrol xtru and rip ip ialeles ialelesr sIlei1s sIlei1sI I Wtf Wen Weittway Sid Sidbiray Mdbay bay brtOire brlRe loop loopMnhaitao lno lnotaittta 10 I Mnhaitao taittta nhaIAD Drldge Drldgei DridgeItiamburg IVM IVMI I Itiamburg 1mam i buri Bride Bridei I el I1 i ItUnd Brlrtjc Brlrtjcoff1 Drt Br1r1gt i pPrbr Prbr tjres tjrest ts 11f i Tot Totw HI wyalT atrr etijjiplj etijjipljGland JIJI tto ttoCland Gland Cland ilar 1011 1011Theee lOI laaThese Mll09niM Mll09niMTot IIt IItThe Theee The figures fgure do not include Incud6 the thefin work 01 1 fin the Atnbros tbrC channel in tho hdrbor harborwhich hdrborwhich hdrborh1ch which is a 5400 1 000000 job nor do they th take takeinto taketoto rakeT into account accunt the tht engIneering work done doneon on great gMt buildings buidings There was 11 about aboutSiO060000 aboutSOoW aboutI I SiO060000 SOoW worth of building builil done don this thistfcwn thi thitbw thl3twn tfcwn tbw last IH year Mr for office ofce and factory ractlY build buildings buHmg builings i ings alone It I Is safe to wy that from J10 000000 100 01 to S15000 1O oo 000 0 of that tra work require requirethe rfqJlrpt rfqJlrptthe reqrtthe the services serlCC of expert xp rt engineers engineersThere enlneerThere eng1neer1w 1w There Is I probably mOle work 01 of that thatkind thatkind thatkind kind going on ths year than List So SoR 1 It may be Mid lr that besides bpides the 561000 561000lCj7 011000000 011000000already ti OOOOoc OOOOocaIroaLy already lCj7 mentioned menon there is tally JU000000 JU000000ifjore HUJO 5iCOOOoI I ifjore IqOle iore of engineering work going on 0 mak making rk rkIr naklr ing Ir lr srana raQ total tnt1 Of JsrjOOOxy 5n01 worth of ofcons Qfcnsr 1Ia cons cnsr iction in I connection conltion nth ith trans transportation trAe trAeprHon triosi i portation prHon nnd building already alr un unIer ler way wayprovideJ wayproio provideJ rovcinL for in ioand and I around New ew York Yorkwhich Yorkhlch YorkfM fM which may ma be described Ie rnerl properly as gr reat reatcngininrs reatp9 at atcngmir p9 cngininrs cngmir cngin ir piojocte piojocteThis pi oj ct I 1 This sum of JBISOOOOOO OIO c2r cooo may be termed termeda termer a i I fact estnblishAl etbl hI hut hut thro aro other vat vaitprojects vatpoj vaaprojects projects poj stil in II tho thl sago fta of contemplation contemplationmore I IInor8 more tunnels find Ind hrhlrP8 1 iriiltps anti Ind building buildingsame bulding I Il same mQ tt which hlch undoubtedly will wi be con contructoJ contructoJ constiuctoj tructoJ tructoJ 1 a tho not not distant clatnt future which whichll i1l ll 1 amount to from rrol 3210000000 ZlifJO 2tOOOOOiIotoO to J300 Io 000000 ola nvr nvrcoMiAnjsoN mI Jr Jrt 0 I coMiAnjsoN CInSO WITH ml TUVAMA t1UI CANAL CANALOne CNUnB OALOne One nB ha has only 011 to 1 consider cD idr te estimate tiniit LmtI 1 II i ist 1 st of the Panama ParII Canal nal to realize rta1zo what whatall 11 all 11 this OrtRinoennr inermr ooDstructfon OItlcton means meansThe mena menaC I The lht coil of fir tIl or 011 wi canal can it citlrnatoJ citlrnatoJto ctirteJ ctirteJto to bo ab vi Jt lOOOOI iOOOC oOOO For a a ki 6 101 101rlnal 1voriizuil vol volrunal I runal rlnal tln ii jslCcIrI Iii stintedcoritii teI Crrt ct is S2T2onO000 2 2o OJ iooo Ihn IhnpngnefTi Thor pngnefTi rnJieerln hI work 01 In and arund thii thi town townamounts townImounts amounts Imounts tiorefcra to moie mOl than four tOlr tlmcg 1m 1mbat tlniaechat tlmcgbut but of thi li Piinamt Parurl Canal nJl niul nnl very little tittleH lule luleMil 1 Mid Mil about nom floii it in i cotnpirlaon with wih tha thaPananm th thPananJI thIanani Pananm PananJI piOje piOjeThen rroJTtl pto ptoThese Then Ttl I No York Yirk nnterpriipn Nlt rpliHi urn Ir i1r not notnil notall I nil al in one job but it wnild ld be just jUt ni 1 easy easyto pa paavto yto to construct onetr ct them if not easier If they th theyI I were ere all al in oii 0 job Jo iistead hstorl ii iteud of ft separata separataundertakings ecparatnundertakings undertakings undeking The mere fact ac of septtxa septtxatlon eperafl pto ptotlon I fl tlon of tho te th unit uni thAt make rnko up the th group groupin I Iin Iin in no nt way wa lessens 1 er the rru yiiltudo mlcnltuco of the theengineering theI I engineering ngi crbl problems It i 11 ii therefore thereforeno I 15 no exaggeration exaggeralon to say that tht engineering engineeringw enginering engineringw rk ol 011r far greater magnitude t3rnitude is going goingon II on right rght II in Na AW York than tb ut Panama PanamaFurthermore Paam Panamar Furthermore Flrhcrmore I It 1 bs dlcned deciare clared that tho thoPanama thoPaa theI I Panama Paa Canal Cnal engineers entineer will wi not begin begi to toencounter toencuntC tov encounter encuntC such dtecuities 1cumfs as some lome of tbo tboengineers tboenllcer thecnglneers engineers enllcer have i meet In the now work workhereabout workhefbou1 workt hereabout hefbou1 There will bj no tunnels tunnelsunder tunnelsuder tunnelsID ID under rlvere rivn so 10 built as to allow tho enor enormous enorml enotiius mous ml weights tIthts AI a 1r strains stri of railroad rfroad trafflo trafflothrough trafo I 1 th through ihlgh th thm There Thlro will wi be no enormous enormoussut cnoroU fo4 sut IU eutansIno n3ino llnD bridges bridgesThere brlgesThe hrklgesrt rt There The will wJI be no tunnelling tuelig under a I great greatriver get getret greatso so river to allow the Iluw water supply of a me meropolls me ret Ii ropolls lpll to top pass under It no trade problems problemsof problemso 0 of a metropolis meapl to bo solved solvedThere solvedTee fi There Tee will wi be no vast terminal termil buildings buildingsThere buiding buildingsI te There will wU be no tremendous tremendoust tremtndol Ii eth set at of electrical elecrc energy ene A great greatdam gCt gCtd greatI I dam 1 locks loks and a tta tt rtter ruto of harbor harborImprc hrbr hrbrIp A nt will be Involved vol Great GreattiinM Greatdjs Imprc Ip st tnt wi 1 vtd Gret GretI I djs harbor Improvement fprovemont nnd bridges bridge are areInroTved aravoJved areIvo7ved InroTved I hi the New ew York contracts CnttU and ad In Inaad I Ins431 aad s431 dl there ere I Is the vast vlt eyntcn spt of under underrate underwat underwiLe wat rate tunuolmg wu1uC and Ind electrical cletrf application applicationof app1ton app1tont of energy tD to I ba uted ue bare bcrstross bereOX baretvou off1 tross OX smc JJ HOSE io 0 wrrccLT DIFFICtnr tnuc I AT ATPANAMA JTp JTt I PANAMA PANAMAMr Mr 3 Munby has this tbl to eay 11 In I showing showinghow Ibowl so how much mub more mre difficult dlcu i I Is the work here herethan htre htrena hereCi Ci than thanatPilzmtna thanatPilzmtnaThe na at Panama PanamaThe PqDma PqDmaTe The Te nature cf ucb eicavatlon elCvaUon as 4 1 re reqtilr rllir rej qtilr llir 1 I for tbo Pan prw Piaizua uui Canal cltho Canalthe tbo operation operationS OpftoD OpftoDr of 1 shovels and similar ir powerful perL ma mai mC maI I i I i Iryji IrPier ry rvr oueerved rve at tho she le of the thePennsylvania te tePrnylVAul thep PrnylVAul Pennsylvania Rs HMirosd5 iiro roldf station At Ion at a Thirty Thirtythird Tl I third tid street tt hut tho removal loval of a similar similarquantity similarquantity ll quantity qutty of material mtei especially epl7 when sub subaqueous aub subgqtieoui aqueous quu or water waterbeziiig et bearing la I I the to oonflned onc oonfltedr I 7 space fP ot a tnl tunnel win wi be readily under understood undertd undertood ieDy 1 stood td to be Infinitely inlty more mor difficult difficultFor dtout dtoutFor d1ftou1tFor For example in 11 the te croostown eratown tunnels tunnelsof tunnlor or tho Pennsylvania Penns1Iv811 improvements some of ofthe orthe oftheground the theground ground la I handled hadlrd by byshovels shovels Ihovel operated by bycompressed byI I compressed alrautheemiwion alr theeml lon in any quan quantity quantiy quantity I tity tiy of fumea r4mc possibly p8bly detrimental detrimentl to work workers workI ork orkt ers er Is not permitted pmited In underground undergoun work workSimilarly workSimiarly workSimilarly Similarly Simiarly the use of animal powerforhaul powerforhaulage powertorhau power for haul haulI I age 10 i rarely possible and ant man power pwer being beingimpracticable beingImpractcble beingImpracticable impracticable Impractcble on a large larje scale sclo th the use of ofmechanical oflhAIIc1 ofmechanical mechanical lhAIIc1 and lld therefore electrical electriM1 or orcompressed orcomprej 1 compressed air haulageapparatus blwngeapparal11s Is neces necessltatod fece feceI ieeeasitatni I sltatod sltatodAgain sltjtoJ sltjtoJAgan sitatniAga1n Again Agan ill li underground undergroun work wor must bi biconducted bcnducted beconducted conducted cnducted by byart1dal artificial light and therefore thereforefor thtretort thtretortCor for the same mo avoidance of fumes electric electriullghf eltctriu eltctriulght electriclIght lIght lght consequently cOreuently electric electro wires and pip pipolinos pipUM pipeI1ns linos have tMe to be maintained malntlnod under unde tho worst worstpossible wortt worttpossible woratpossible possible conditions cndiions of moisture molafuc corrosion corrosionby orrolion orrolionblmo by blmo lima from grout and liability lab1ty to breakage breakageby hreikage hreikagebybl by bybl blasting blastingThe bLasting1Tho tng tng4Te The 4Te unit costs Cts of tho various varous kinds of ofI oCI ofevcavation excavation ctcvatn at at Panama Ianma have been bon carefully carefullyestimated carefulr carefulretmatd carefullyestimated I estimated etmatd and published publhtd by the Canal CanalCommission CanulComml CanalCommission Commission Comml lon whereas unit unit costs cst arc nr prac praci i I tieally taly unobtainable unbtinble from tunnel contractors contractorsI conlrnctor I even when they theyaro aro working worklnl on ce cost plus a 1 afixed I fixed fxod sum sum or or cost 06t plus commission basis basisfor bAls bAlslor basisfor for the reason reWon that tht the costs arc governed governedI sorldI I I bo t0 much bv variable rblo conditions as to vary varynot vurynot lry lrynotony not notony only between tw one tunnel tUlnel and another aMlhcrbut anotherbut I Ibut but between btwen different diirrlnt parts tf of the th tamp tampground s3mtground 3m I II I ground groundTo lound I To illustrate iUtr tl how unsatisfactory tlfactor test testborings testborings I borings brings made mid along the th route of IC a tunnel tunnelmay tunnl1 tunnl1may tunnelmay may be le In the matter mtter of revealing what whatItlnJ whatkind 1 1IdnJ kind of ground roud must be excavated Mr MrMunby 11rdunby lr I Ilub Munby lub rays raysA raystmA aYI tmA A bore hole hoe may happen happn to IA Mnk Mlarge I slarge Jaribuder large boulder with wth the resultant flutnt report reportthat rport rportthat reportthat that that rock rkWI rockj1 will ba encountered encountcrd at a certain certaindepth crtain crtaindph certaindepth depth dph at that pot pt whereas whera gravel or clay clayor layor or other oer looso JoM ground may In reality nltytend ex extend cxtend tend yards ya yardaoer iawcr oier To give gve an idea of the tbeaooidentd tlo tloaooldemd theaooidetits aooidentd which will wi happen happn oven in the thobest tb tbbst thebest best bst regulated rgated tunnel tuel companies compncd it is re recorded reoordd recorded corded oordd that that a 8 certain cran company which whichshall whlcbhal whIchshall shall hal be nameless namees in order to avoid cer certain CMtain certam tain tam of the difficulties dlcutles which one on of its cota cotafctitors Cn eomJcUtors fctitors fttors had experienced exprenced through throuph the thevariety thovarety thevariety variety varety of ground groud to be pierced piercd decided decidedto dtcded dtcdedto to drive dvo its It tunnel considerably cmlerably lower lowerwhere lowerwber lowerwhere where wber only ocy solid rock was anticipated anticipatedtrat mtcptd mtcptdbt but bt through an a error of survev Iuney the thl tunnel tunnelwas tunnelWa tunnelWM was Wa dricn ten ttl feet above the Intended Intendedgrade Intonted Intontedgr intendedcmergtngInto grade gr emerging emerclnglnto Into quickand qucwnd and ad necec nececeltating ne neI neccaItaUng eltating itUng the uso I of a much higher air all pres pressure pr preasure 3 3eU sure eU than had ha been ben provided for forAnother 101 fatAn Another An thor company cmpay tank Enk ome cf its itsland ie ieI itsland land bore boles bolel for approach tunrieU tunne aa aamuch aGi aamuch much mich as a one on hundred hundd feet off ol tha Una In of ofroute ofI ofroute route Such rora TOt as these the if occurring occurringin urng urngin in open opa cut caial cax3 1 work can cn be readily readilyobserved rdly observed obsned and ad corrected rcd while wble the work workIs I Is in progress prog8e but this ts would ouc be bf a practical practicalimpossibility prctk1 prctk1ImpOeslbllty practicalimpOcIbiIity I impossibility ImpOeslbllty in tunnelling tueini NO FINANCE PSOBLEM PROBLJH AT PAVAMA PAVAMAThe PA PAALAThe A Uj The Federal Fedrl Government Goerment Is behind hnd the theI th thI thePanama Panama Panam Canal Carl in the matter mttul of finance financeNo fnance fnanceo No courage conragf wgi 8 required rGqur in arranging arrangingthat I that matter tr Toe Tn country Clutr wa was a willing wiing to topay to topay I pay pa for too tn canal as a military n1tnr measure moajuroi rcuuI i a matter 13lr of national defence if for no other otherreason cthrreason hpr I Irea reason reasonIn rea on onIn In the th matter of labor Istor alone baa tho thoI thoPanama I Panama fanam Canal peculiar culir troubles trubl but there thsrearo th thereare are I dczen great contracting firms frms er er engaged tgaged gaged ii il lii engineering enginerng at present Jenl in 11 tropical tropicalcountries tropcal tropcalcuntic tropicatcountries countries cuntic with precisely prcl ly the same ne labor laborproblem laborproblems I II I problem problel ci cpecay especially ecially as al to sanitation anlttlol I It i iprobably IA Isrrobably I probably proi1bly easier to get good labor for the theNew th thYork theNew New York enterprises but 111 tho Panama lcma Panamaproject I Iproject Iproject project involve imolvc no great trouble on that I Icore fore Iscore core and it Is minor matter 1011 in tho field feld of ofAigmeerins orngineerin oftIgineering Aigmeerins and finance fnanco financeA I IA Ii i A pl 1 known engineer engirc1 eflgir Ccr aid tho other otherthy II IIday i iday day in apeakng knl of the Panama Panma Canal nl as ascompared 8 ascompared I compared compred wth th the construction contructon here hereVh ber hereVhy I Whylhat Vh Vhy that Panama Ianm Canal CAnl big as it i is ismach if isarid i and mach mlch as we hear her of it is i insignificant inlgni1cant inaignitlcainwhen 1 when hen compared cQmpd with the magnitude niltud6 of tho thoI thework I i work and the great engineering problems problemsinvolved I II I involved going gang on in a and around aroud New NewYork cewYork oYork York If I you YOI want to know kno where bere tho thoj thegreatest greatest gret engineering engiMern feats of Ct the th world worldaM 1 are being accomplished accomplshed or are ar to be 0 ac acvtmplished aotmpllled acampiished vtmplished tmpllled you will I have bao to coma cme to New NewYork eI ew ewYork I York York The world will wi probably probbly never see seeI se seegreater I II I I greater gr tr things done than are ar now actually actuallybeing actualy actuallyheing I IIein being Iein constructed cnstrcted right here hereI ber hersExactly I I Exactly Exacly what il being bing done here her This Thisis Thlis Th This is what hat Mr Ir Munby Iubj by way of summary summarycays summar summarysays I Iysla says ysla is going on onSixteen onSixteen Sixteen xtccn separate pAt tunceffc tucef under uder the thewide theido thewide I wide ido waterways at lys surrounding rurouding Manhattan Manhattanare Ianbutan Ianbutanaf are af in course ou of construction consruction or actually actuallycompleted aculy aculyrmploted actuallycompleted I Iow completed and will i rapidly rapidy emancipate emancipateNow emncipte Now ow York city ci from the tht limitations lmtton of its itsinsular itsinsular I insular insulr position piitlon There Ther are ar three thr Systems Systemsj tyaemscomprising I Ir comprising mpr luo eight ght tubes under undtr the East EaetRiver Eet EetRver EastRiver River Rver three systems Gystma comprising six tubes tubesunder i itinder I under tho Hudson and one bystem lytm of two twotube twotuhea tube under the th Harlem River RiverArd RiverAnd RiverAnd I And beyond all al this three thr more systems systemscomprising system10mpri systemscomprising comprising 10mpri Ir1 ix lt tubes between the Brooklyn BrooklynBridge BrooklynB1dge I IBrdge Bridge Brdge and nr tho Battery atar two great gr at subway subwayI subwayeatentoo i iextension I extension cJenilon eyt fbteml systems tems with a total totl of four fourtlbj fourtubes I Itubes tubes tlbj under lnd the Iht Harlem and one system systemof of two tuben tbl north nort of thn th Willlamsburg Wiiamsburg VilliainsburgBrigo I IBrJg IDriJgl BrJg DriJgl uTrf Jrfimtely dfnitely projected and will tlllls 1 i ili li 1 completed crplt long beforo this th Panama PanamaCanal PanamaCanal I Canal Canll wliilj Mainly tn 0 more mor systems systemsuaJer lytem lytemunder systemsunder under tho Hudson H11on and probably others oth are areproposed nr I Iprposec Iproposed proposed prposec The Thl New York Central Railroad Railroadelectrification Rirad I Irctrifcltol Ielsctniflcation electrification rctrifcltol arid luJ terminal terlrl work approxi approxlmatI approxintatsly jmately mately equal tho Hudson lud on Company omp1ny or thn thsPetinylvania i iPennsylvania iPlnn Pennsylvania Plnn ylvMit enterprises fnterrl in total outlay nutla nutlaot outlayNot I INot Not ot included incudrlln in this summary lmmr I the th con constructloo I IBtructioo IsWCtOD Btructioo sWCtOD of New ow Yorks Yorkl gr Irtnt great at water supply stipplysyateni jsystem system from rm the CafakilU and the con construction conatnietlon struction stnHtou of the th Barge Vuial lal the th one in involving involvin3 invoivin volving voivin an outlay outay of 162 16fiOOO 1t12os1s 000000 and thy thyother thJother thunther other of JlotiOOOCO JlotiOOOCOOh 10fiOC I IOh Oh yes YfS the Panama Panama Canal In i a I mighty mlrly mighty1ig big hij undertaking und rtkin the biggest of the thl kind Irindeccr I i ipirer pirer er known knO but right rlfht here her in Now ew York Yorkgreater jgreater I Ifater greater fater thing thlng are ar doing that will cost from fromfour frm fromfour 1 1four four to five fve timed tl6 as a much and It is de decloned i iGlared i ieard Glared eard that this tMI is only the beginning beginningNo beginnng beginnngo No definite defite estimate cstimte of tho number of ofworkmen orwCrmtn ofworkmen workmen wCrmtn employed in these the undertakings undertakingshas underkings underkingsha has ha been ben made by any competentauthority competentauthorityas cmptntautborly cmptntautborlyl as yet but In an a offhand otnd way wayf it may be said saidthat saidtht saidthat that tht when all al these undertakings underkinrt Ir are In Infull Infull nlul full lul blast bl3t an array ary of between tNn 100000 and andS 300000 men will wl be or will wi have hlo been ben cm cmployed emplayed cnnptoyed played on them themThere thm thmTher themThere There Ther are ar thousands tl10undsot of engineers euln engaged engagedIn rU Ajfd AjfdIn In the work Thousands hounds of draughtsmen draughtsmenare drugtmen drugtmenar are ar making drawings dmwng The striotlybuslness striotlybuslnessend str lTlnes lTlnesend end of the enterprises enterri calls cls for the hl employ employment cmpliYment emplOynient ment of thousands thoU nd more moreIn moreIn moreIn In what might ml be bt called Ce tho collateral collateralbranches c6 chlsteralbranches st ral ralbrncbe branches brncbe of tho work especially the steel eteelIndustry IteelIndustr steelindustry Industry Industr tens ten of thousands th01Mnd more mr8 men are areemployed arcemployed areemployed employed The far tr reaching rechig Influence of ofthee orthee ofthese thee thee contracts COtros Is felt all over oV the conn conntry cun cuntr cuntry try tr In direct dir and indirect indirt ways way and it would wouldrequire wouldrequire i ireuire require reuire tbe services rrcs of expert exper accountants accountantsto eountntl to tell ul exactly ealy how many persons persnl are re reap reaping reap reaplo reaptrig trig lo the benefits bnett of the th enterprises entorrl6es In in wages wagesand wage wagead wagesand and ad salaries rrea years ye before bfo the general generl pub pubHo pb pbUo pubho Ho begins bjiDI to reap rep the advantages dvtge of travel traveltbat trvel trvelthlt travelthat that thlt will wi follow followPrimarily toUowPmrly foUowPrimarily Primarily Pmrly these the undertakings tnder are a works worksof of ersireMing eMn Heally they ty are works ork of ofbanking otbnkg ofbanking banking bnkg The bankersare bke the th onee oe upon uponwhom upn upnwhom uponwhom whom the real rl responsibility reponbitr for starting startingthem startingthem tng tngtbem them rests restsThey rete restsThcy They Thy are ae the th men me who hmlt must first It display displaycourage dply dplycro displaycourage courage cro In 1 the th outcome Otl of the ih work As Aspointed bpoit Aspointed pointed poit out ot reoentlyin rty1 THE Tu Sow Sa the bank banking bk bkIng banklag ing business buam has become bmo beoornoeq sq enlarged ellc In I Its Itsscope It Itsscope scope that tt It baa ha practically lc1teoup taken takenup up engi engineering qlnnn sogineering ep neering nnn as one on of Its It It branohee noblt It baa baaceased baaceased ceased to lend led money to engineers In It Itlow Itlowry now nowreally stowteaU really ry teaU hires hr the engineers eler and the profits profitsthat prt pmfltsthat that Ut used nl to go to engineering enlners now oo go gofrom 10Mde goaside Mde aside from a reoeonabje rna pfjroeat 11ent for fo eagt nesting Interests InterestsAMERICAN nerlg Interts IntertsA interestsAMERICA skill IU to great Sr syndicate aydct of banking bankingInterests bkin bkinInterts bankinginterests AMERICAN A BHAINS rRAJNS DOING TUB Tn WORK WORKI WOft WOftof Olut OlutI I Of all al tho construction cMtrcton companies cmpe en engaged fn fnI engaged gaged in il these tholo enterprises lnterprses In and near nearI ner nerSew netrNew I New Yprk lprk all but but one are American Americ the Thoone Tle Tleone theone one exception lxcpton 1 Is the 3 Pearson Peon Sons Sonsconcern tO tOcncrn eonsconcern concern cncrn of London which whch ia 11 building tbo tboEast tboEMt tboEast East River Rver tunnels of tho Pennsylvania Pennsylvaniasystem Ptnnyhlasystem Pennsylvaniasystem system systemThat systemI systemThat I That That work wa wal given to the Pearson Pearsonnot Penonf PenonfI I not 101 oniy becauxo eo they were low bidders biddersbut bl aer aerI I but because becuse of tho peculiar pcutar dlfllcuUles dlfllcuUlesInvolved dlnlcultei dlnlculteiI d1IllctiltIeI I Involved Tho compuiy cmpllY had hI had ad that thavkind tho thatkind kind of experience in former work and ald the thePennsylvania th8I thePennsylvania I Pennsylvania people cpl warred the work workdone workdone workdone done as cpeedily a ll as posMble I llble and therefore thereforega th thereforegave rorore rororejue ga jue gave about onethlrd of Its I work to the theEnglish theEn1lh theEnglali English En1lh concern concernAN AN 1 wa va was told recently in Tne TE SUN SU there thereare theroare thereare are probably 1 dozen doz1 contracting contratng concern conernR conernRn concernsin concernin in this country cuntr which would be able to tobuild tobuild build buid the th Panama Canal Cal11 single Illgle handed handedand hnt handedand I and nn even fnne finance Una nee It through their banking bankingconnection banil bankingconnection connection conedlo Home RmA of these tho concerns are arerarely arerarely lre lreI I rarely heard of but it i li is a matter ter of fact factthat raetthat ractthat that practically prtloalr all the construction contnicton going goingi I i on in and around New ew York Is American Americanand Antencli AntencliI I and an what wht Is I more morE If the amount anluat of work workw wirkvala trk trkWll Wll vala 8 double or titbin tfbll what wlltt it I American AmericanI Aeron AeronI Americanengineers I engineer en rntot could col vully tll do the work with withj withthr I their present prestnt complex and nd capable rganl organlI rganltIOI1S I zatlous zatlousi zat Ions tIOI1Sj Ionsof i Of tho sixteen sbt tunnel under uldr rivers riel pro pro proI providocj 1 vldod for eight have already been bepl pierced piercedThey plfroMThtr piercedThey I They are in sets of twos The first frst was wasthe WA wasthe the McAdoo tunnel tlFnel under the Hudson Hudsonfrom lhtd hudsonfrom nrom from rom Fifteenth Flttnth street tr et Jerey City to toMorton tolortn toMorton Morton lortn street at rII New ew York ork Th The northern nor northerntube hfrn hfrntube tube of that tlt work waft joined under undCr water waterin in March Iath 1005 J05 and the thp southern Bulher tul tube early earlyin trlyIn in 1906 1906The 19 1900The The second Ml of tunnels tunntls wal was com completed complete cornpleted pleted plete under the Harlem larltm River RIt for the thesubway thesubway thesubway subway and a those thM are now nw In full rn operat ion ionThey IonThe IonThey They The are only onetenth oMtnth an Ions Ion lora as ashudson the theHudson Hudson lucol tunnels tunel The third pet to meet meetunder metunder tunder under the river rvlr were Wfre the Pennsylvania PenylvanlAtunnol Pennaylvanletunnola tunnels tunnol but they were wfr fourth re rth in tho order orderof of starting startingThe startingThe The fourth set to rne mot meet st and the third thirdto to get et started worn wCro the th subway tunnels tunnelsunder lanl lanlunder tunnelsunder under the Eat EU River Ror for the Rapid Rplr Transit Transitsystem TrMl Trandtsystem system The headings hendln In the northern northerntube northfr northerntube tube met on December Dtctmber 14 and those la the thesouthern thesouthern thesouthern I southern tube met on March I IOne IOne IOne One man figures tlUTA morn mol extensively xteliv ly than thanany tl1n tl1nany thanany any other in these thes enterprises He Ie Is I CM CJacob8 Jacobs tho engineer nglclr who really 1tly showed showedhaw ehowedhow showedhow how to do all al the thce to thing thlnjl He It wan a who whobuilt whobuit whobuilt built buit the gas ga tunnel tunnl from frm Long Island 1lanr City Cityto Ciy Ciyto to Manhattan lanhttn and his hil signal 81gnal ucoea IU 1 In Inthat Inthat I II that venture entur made him the th logical 1001 leader leaderof i iof Ior of all al river tunnelling tunne1ng in these tht pans pr He Heis Je JeIs HeIs is one of the chief chie engineer engintl in the McAdoo McAdootunnels MeAdeatunnels lcdo I tunnels tunels has charge chriA of a large larg part pr of the thePennsylvania i iPennsylvania IPennayhanll I Pennsylvania tunnelni tunnelling and is 11 on the theconsulting thei theconsulting i consulting consuling board brd of the thl entire ent Penn Pennsylvania PennylvniInterpre Pennsylvaniaenterprise ylvania ylvaniaenterprise enterprise enterpriseIt Interpre It was Mr Ir Jacobs who induced Inducd the th capi capitalists capitaliata pl pltallts talists tallts to take tke up the abandoned abndoned Hudson HudsonRiver Hu10n Huidionflyer River Rver tunnel tlnnel from Crm Jersey City Cty which whichwas whichwas whichwas I was started Itred ia 1874 17 and driven dren out under underthe uder uderthe underthe the Hudson Iudon River Rer for quite quit I distance distanceThe dstln dstlnThe distancaThe The work ork had bn been en given up lp and the hole holewas hol holewas was 88 filled fle with water waterHe waterlie atr atre He got Iot the Ih New A AW York and JerseyRailroad JerseyRailroad Jersey Je1YRairod Railroad Rairod Company ompny to begin bgin th the work workThe workThe 1 1The The scope was soon sn enlarged enlare and now th thcompany i icompany i icmpny company cmpny cp engaged engasd In It Is called cIM the Hud Hudon Tudsonand on jnnd jnd and nd Manhattan lanMtan Railroad RailroadURCATEST Rird RirdUntE6T RailroadOOtAtEST URCATEST BUILDING IN TOW TOWVNo TOWo TOWSbuilding No building buldn in il New ew York will approach approachthe appTch appTchthe the magnitude magnitudE of the downtown dowtow terminal terminalstation trinl trinlsttion terminalstation station sttion of the McAdoo McAdo tunnels tunel The Te prep preparations prp preparatlona arations arton for its construction cntructlon are ar alreadyone already lrdyone one of the sights slghU of the town townAn townn townAn An immense ImmeM box of concrete concrtf is il being beingsunk bing bingsunk beingsunk sunk at Church and Cortlandt Crlandt Street tr 400 feet tet long and ITS 15 wide wldt This Thil box bx of ofconcrete orcncrte ofconcrete concrete cncrte reaches rchc8 down dow to i solid rock rk a adistance adistnc adistance distance distnc of about abut 100 10 feet It Is to endows endowsthe fnclotbe the cellar cll of the great grt building buiding in which whichthe whlh whlhthe whichthe the river rcr trains train are to be loaded lodfd and un unloaded unloded tinloaded loaded loadedThere loded loadedThere I ITere There Tere will be twentytwo renting rentng floors floorsin dors dorsIn in the building buidng and it It Is estimated etmated that thatthere I Ithere jtbere there will i be no less than 10000 100 tenant tnant in inthe I Ithe Itbe the building bulding The terminal will iU be of two twoparts twopts twoparts parts pts from Cortlandt Crldt to Fulton FLton streets streetspractically atrt atrtpracticaly streetspractically practically practicaly a twin structure atctur and will wi occupy occupya occpy occpya a space of 70000 700 square feet fet of ground groundThe goud goudThe groundThe The cubic area arMi will be 1400000 1400 feet feetabove feetabove taboe above ground and ad 3650000 38O feet tet below belowThe belowThe belowThe The largest lrget present building buiding in Manhattan Manhattanhas Ianhattanh has 7000000 cubic teeter 700 retl apace apaceThere spaceThere paceTere There Tere will wi be thirtynne thrynlc elevators In Inoperation Inoperation Inoperation operation and restaurants telephone and andtelegraph Qndtelegraph andtelegraph telegraph booths flower and bootblacking bootblackingplaces bootblacklngplacet bootblackingplaces places in the basement bas ment There will be five fiveBets fheeets lIvesets Bets of double tracks in the basement which whichwill whichwill whichwill will be reached by I stairways escalators escalatorsand and elevators elevatorsTHE THE PCN7STLANIA PI NS LANI4S GREAT OPERATION OPERATIONEvery OPR onmAliosEvery TION TIONEveryone Every Everyone one who wh has watched the digging diggingof of the th enormous hole from Thirtyfirst to toThirtythird tnThirtythlrd toThIrtythird Thirtythird streets and from Seventh to toNinth totnth I ISinth Ninth tnth avenues has gained some idea of ofthe ofthe ofthe the tremendous operation involved in inbringing Inbringing Inbringing bringing the Pennsylvania Railroad into intoManhattan intoInnhattan intoManhattan Manhattan That great excavation how however howeer however ever in only a small part of the work but butit butIt I IIt it has been en a mighty object lesson lessonWith leMOnWith lessonWith With the th general plans of the task New NewYorkers SewYorkers NewYorkers Yorkers are fairly familiar It is known knownthat knownthnt knownthat that tho Pennsylvania will i1 tunnel under the theHudson thaUudon thehudson Hudson River build a big station at Hey Seventh 8oventh Heyenth enth avenue continue across Manhattan ManhattanInland Manhattanllund Manhattanlaland Inland to Thirtythird street tunnel under underthe underthE underthe the Cast River and then coma out on Long LongIsland Longhlland LongIsland Island where immense yards and station stationwill lltatlonllwm statIonswill will give Brooklyn direct railroad connec connection connection connoclion tion with tho rest of tho world worldOn worldOn worldOn On tho Brooklyn side the Pennsylvania Pennsylvaniawill Penn ylvaniA ylvaniA111m will connect with what is known as the theconnecting theconnflctlng theconnecting connecting railroad which will erect a abridge ahrldge abridge bridge across acro the East River at Hell Gate Gateto to connect with th track of the New NewHaven NewHaen NewHaven Haven Railroad close to the place where wherethe wherethe heretho the through throu Boston trains are now shifted shiftedon hlttedon on big ferryboat to be carried around to toJersey toJer8 toJersey Jersey Jer8 City CityThe CItyThe CityThe The New Haven Railroad will therefore thereforehove theretor8h thereforehave hove access to the Manhattan hattan terminal terminalof of the Pennsylvania and there has hi been beenconsiderable beenconelderable beenconsiderable considerable talk to the effect that when whenIt It was completed the New Haven system systemmight systemmight yatemmight might abandon the Grand Central Station Stationfor for the new one oneAll oneAll oneAll All the trains entering the New York Yorkterminal Yorkterminal Yorkterminal terminal of the Pennsylvania are to be pro propelled propelled propehled pelled by electricity The Pennsylvania Pennsylvaniatunnels Pennaylvaniatunnell Permaylranletunnels tunnels will hive on on peculiarity pt that no noother nootber noother other subfluTjInal tunnels possess The Thevelght Theeight ThereIght eight of the trains that run through them themwill themwill themwill will not rest upon the tunnel tubes but butupon butupon butupon upon screw piles protected by concrete concretewhich ooQOrotewhich conosetewhich which will run down to the solid rock under underthe underthe underthe the river Some of the piles will run down downa a depth of 150 feet The weight of the tbatrack thetrack6 tiretrackS track will be supported on these pillars pillarswhich pU1rewblcb pillarswhich which will be fifteen feet apart The iron irontubes irontubes Irontube tubes through which cb the tmlns will run runwill runw11l runwill will serve merely to keep tire th mud out and andgive andgive andgive give the cars a free passage passageOver pa8l passageOser ge geOver Over in Long Island City the Pennsyl Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennaylvania vania will have its great Sunny ld yards yardswhich 1ardh1ch yardswhich which wW requiro about 2300000 cubic cubicyards cubicyarda cubicyards yards of excavation and 2000000 yards of offilling ottlI11n ofglUing filling tlI11n fillingraw raw 2 rose czarnuxa mrBovzittNis mrBovzittNisThe nuao1 lmrs lmrsThe The New ew York Centrals Improvements Improvementsare are so thoroughly under way that electrifl electrifloatlon e1ectrift0lIo1101 electrincation oatlon of the suburban traffic is nearly nearlycompleted nearlycompleted nearlycompleted completed and part of I ia operation operationThese operationTb These Tb The Inprorezaeata ooastsi at 01DeW taUdlac ritg a anew anew new station at a Fortyaeoood tin ad 7 constructing an aneQttr1yza entirely tLr a new system of ofspproaoh otapprocb ofapproach approach to tho terminal for the trains trainsThe tralnaThe trainsThe The yardage being widened neces necessitating neoeAaitatlnR n0c55skating skating the removal of more than 3000000 3000000oubio 3 3000Ooublo OOO OOOoublo oublo yards of solid rock Electric opera operation operatIon operation tion of the road will bo used for a distance distanceof of twentyfour mile on the Harlem rail railroad railroad railroad road and thirtyfour miles mlIOIIon on the Hudson Hudsondivision Hudsondlvhdon liudsondivision division This will eliminate all smoke smokeIn In the city tunnel tunnelTh Th dwcirk wU wllPnot will tflOt not be completed until untiliglo 1010 about the thne that the Pennsylvania Pennsylvaniadill dill have gained entrance to New York Yorkdty Yorkdty VorkIty dty Elaborate I laboratestroot street improvements for the theMghways theI theMghwayn I Mghways that cross the tracks have been beenplanned boonplllnl10d beenplanned planned and Park avenue will extended beextehdeduorth be extendednorth extebdedtiorth north over the tracks giving practically practicallya a new northern street for tho upper part partof partt of the city cityTho lIt lItTho cityTim Tho work ranks almost equally with withthat withthat dtJlthat that of tho Pennsylvania Ilnn llanln worU from a afinancial afinancial afinancial financial point of view vi hut there are not notso notso so many engineering problems involved involvedbecause IUohtdbecau involvedbecause because there Is no river tunnelling tunnellingBKMtONT turme1lnrKUIOST tunnellingnKLoNT BKMtONT EAST KIVER JTf TUVNKIJS TUVNKIJSAnother TU TUNEI8iiother NJU NJUnother Another oaijlneerini fm lneerfn enterprisa tKat tl at In Inbound I I1I0und isbound bound to have hav great Influence on the trans transportation transportatlon transportatinu portation problems of the greater city cityis is that of the th New pw York and Long Island 1landRailwaY IslandRailway RailwaY Company which Is building what whatin in known generally as the Belmont tunnel tunnelfrom tllnnllCrom tunnelfrom from Ix Long ng Island City to th tue Grand Central CentralStation CentralHtatton ntral ntralHtatlon Station TilE NEW EW SCnWAT STSTKMS STSTKMSIn In elaborating the subway lIu ay system for forManhattan Corat1hA forManhattan I Manhattan at1hA Itan three extensive projects have havealready havralnadv havealready already boon authorized One Is known knownn n8 the thtWlfit West Side another a IA the th East Side Sidennd Miuioand Ido IdoI I I nnd the third thlrcllll ni the Bridge loop The Th loop loopfcyatoni loopbyt loopystcni fcyatoni byt Is to connect the Brooklyn Man Manhattan Manhattan Ianhttan hattan and Wlllam Wllllal1101burjJ urg bridge hrld f8 It Is a atunnel ahannll atunnel tunnel about a mile and a quarter long and andwill andwill andwill will cost about 50ftOOOO XO for the Manhattan Manhattanwork ManhaURJwork work When the Brooklyn branch of the theloop th thloor theloop loop is finished the cost will be 10000000 S10000000mor 10000000more more moreThe moreThe morTh The Th new West Side subway system which whichhas whichI whichhas i I has been authorized will call for the th ex expenditure exptndlture oxpenditure penditure of about 42000000 for the nub nubway lIuhway subway way proper and possibly 18000000 more morefor morCOI morefor for pi pip galleries This system will run runfrom runrrom runfrom from th the Battery to Woodlawn Cemetery Cemeterya a total distance of about fourteen fonrt 9n miles milesIt mllelliwUl It will have ha four tracks with ltb a two track trackextension trnckl1Jtenion trackextension extension on Jerome avenue avenueThe nTenllfI avenueThe I The new nfI Kast Side system will have haII a alength islength I length of a little more than twelve mile mileand milland mileeend and will 111 cost nearly ntarlyoooo1 810000000 SIO000 OO It will run runto runto runto to 184th fctrvet on the East Bide from the thoBattery th thnattery theBattery Battery natteryTnp THK crrta GREAT BRIDOER BRIDOERWhen BRJDOEI DM0055Shen I When tho bridge eoheme for the city in isfinIshed I finished there will be four great structures structuresacross IItruotureRCTOftII structuresacross I across the th East River Two are built and andin andIin andin Iin in operation the Brooklyn Bridge and the theVIlI theWillIamsburg IVilliamnburg VIlI 10m IOburl Bridge The Blackwella BlackwellaIsland BlackIIsIsland BtaekwehlsIsland Island Bridge is well under way and the thefoundations thBI thefoundations foundations of the Manhattan Bridge have haveben havebMn havebeen I ben in in place for years The oo COtlt of the theWilliamsburg theWllllamllhurK theVilhIamaiirg Williamsburg Bridge Brld was about 12000000 12000000The The Blackwells Island Bridge will cost costabout costabJut costabout about 13000000 and the Manhattan Bridge BridgeaVut Bridgeabcut I aVut tW000000 tW000000Then 120000000Then flO000000Then Then there are minor bridge for the therltv th1city thocity city at Pelham Bay University Heights Heightsand and rrden avenue approximating In cost costsomething CCllltomethlng costsomething something like 1000000 SIOOOOOOWork 1000000Work 1000000Work Work on the Ambrose channel for the theharbor theharbor theharbor harbor has been stopped temporarily temporarilythrough tfmpurarllythrough temporarilythrough through tho failure talhl of the contractors to tomeet tomeet tomeet meet requirement It about 45 4 per percent pflrcnt percent cent finished Its Tt completion means prob probably probably probably ably more to the commerce of the port portthan portthan portthan than the great barge canal which the theStI1te State Stateis is making out of I the Erie canal canalThe canalThe canalThe The channel will III run close to the th Coney ConeyIsland CaneyIfIInd ConeyIsland Island shore and will lead directly out to tosea toIIN tosea sea seaIt It will allow the th Ingress nnd egress fg of ofmonster ofnlonster ofmonster monster liners Mention ha baA been made mademerelyof mademe mademerelyoftheoltys merelyof me merelyoftheoltys lyorthe the city great project for scour securing scourIng oeurInga ing Inga a water wAtenupply supply from theCatskills at a eo rest I01Itof restof tOf Of about 187000000 That project means meansthe mMnthe meansthe the construction of enormous dams in half halfa a dozen c1oz diTerent valleys the tb wiping out of ofmany otmany ofmanysettlementsthe many manysettlementsthe settlements the construction co truction of ofa a long longsystem loneIIystem longsystem system of tunnels and pumping stations stationsincluding IIt8tlonsInc1udinlt statIonsincluding including the tunnel under the Hudson HudsonRiver HudltonRiver HudsonRiver River the erection of gate and the die distribution dtribution dietnibutlon tribution of the water in the th city It is isthe 111the isthe the largest lar undertaking of the kind the theworld theworld theworld world has ever known knownThis kMwnThis knownThis This water wat supply for New Ne York is a afar Afr afar far greater Itr ter enterprise enter ri 8 than the Panama Panamacnnal PatllrncnRl Panamacanal canal In the engineering Imgln nnlt problems ptObl rns and andeven andeven andeven even in the money outlay It will ill employ employthousand employthouMnd employthousand thousand of engineers and workmen and andthe andtbe andthe the working out Of th details will call for forthe lorih forthe the ih highest hi kind of pllll pllllThere skIllThere killThere There are also al nrivale engineering engineeringproblems fnjtlnferinjprobltml engineeringproblems problems going on in New ew York which whichretch whlohrMeh whichretch retch into the million Many of these thesehave thftehaTe thesehave have to do with the construction of great greatbuildings greatbulldingll greatbuildings buildings buildingsAs As to the future the air is full of plan plaruOne plansOne planOne One of these is fo a bridge across the theHudson theHudson theHudson Hudson Another notherand and that one is bound boundto to come oomem Is the further development of ofthe orthe ofthe the subway system especially efI lally in Brook Brooklyn Brooklyn Brooklyn lyn Manhattan will demand more sub subways subays subways ways ays also and the outlook Is that long longbefore lonjtbetore longbefore before the completion of the fl25000000 fl25000000worth s25ooooooworth ZOOOooworth worth of work ork already provided for there therewill thereIfill therewill will be hundreds of million of dollars more moreof moreor moreof of engineering enltlnt nng work ark to be done doneIt It Is no exaggeration to say Ill therefore thereforethat that not only is New York at present the theplace theplace theplace place where the greatest amount of en engineering engineering engloaming gineering work ork In actually going on In the theentire theentire theentire entire world but probably for nearly a ageneration agenoratlon ageneration generation it will continue to JfJI ol rimacy rimacyIn In that respect recpectpiioruaitAPHiXG respectrlwloun4PIIING pfct pfctPlI01JOR4PII1 piioruaitAPHiXG SWhen STI1lf STI1lfm STIItsWhen When Done With Ordinary Camera They TtieyShow llf llfShow Theyshow Show ai a lAnes Not Kpeckt KpecktIt HpcotokIt It Is I an easy matter merely to photograph photographstars stars The trouble Is I to picture them as aspoints oapolntJI aspoints points and not as streaks for aa the earth earthrotates futhrOlatel earthrotates rotates It carries Itcarri the photographic photoaraphioappatatus photoaraphioappatatuswith apparatus apparatuswith with it and the Ught from rota the star makes makesa a line wbllb the astronomer wants a point pointHe poIntHe pointlie He must therefore devise a machine that thatwill thatwill thatwill will counteract the movement ot 0 the earth earthand earthand earthand and so keep the light steadily in the same sameplace eameplace sameplace place on the plate Elaborate clockwork clockworkmust must turn the lens backward to keep it on onthe onthe onthe the star and at the same rate as that at atwhioh atwhich atwhioh whioh the earth moves forward forwardAn An astronomer at the Yerkes Observatory Observatoryat at Williams Wilhl ns Bay Will Is I quoted in Bt BtAfcAokn BeNicAolal StNicholas Nicholas as saying lIyi that many of the most important results of astronomy have been derived dtrivocllrom from the use of an ordi ordinary ordinary ordinary nary camera On a deir night nI bt point one oneof I1eot oneof of these thtoward toward the North Pole and nelft It will willbe willbe willbe be found after an exposure esp ure of one or ortwo Ortwo ortwo two hours that the tt stars which lie lienear lienear lienear near the Pole have drawn area of circles circlesupon olrcleupon cIrclesupon upon the pis This 1s due to the fact that thatthe thattM thatthe the earth ltuthl 1 ii relating upon its axis at such a arate arateu arateaa rate rateu aa to cause cau every tar star in the sky to ap appear appear pear to travel through a complete com lete circle circleonce drcleonce circleonce once In twentyfour hours hoursThe boursThe hoursThe The mere act or photographing nboto apbln Is not notmuch notmuch notmuch much more difficult than a short exposure exposureout out the window of a moving car Any one cn try It ItLet ItLet ItLet Let the exposure be for a least five min minute minuteA nrlnutea uteA if tho camera oam pointed overhead overheadand and for at least one hour hourif if directed dl cd toward towardthe to1rardthe owudtire the Pole Star tar The camera may be left leftout leftout leftout out all night If pointed pOint at the Pole but must be taken Jo just before Def ore daylight The longer longerthe lo rthe the exposure the longer the star scratches Develop theplate the plate as long Ion as possible possibleThe poelhleTlta poseibiThe The AIrshIp Hat HatFrom lIatFrom listProm From IA Woman WamenlIom Items Companion CompanionParis Paris Is showing a hat on the toque order orderwhich orduwhich orderwhIch which because of its shape ls I known as the theairship theairship theaIrshIp airship It made up In soft straw braid braidand bra1dand braidand and will be one of the seasons extreme novel IieIo BIDDING IN CARD GAMES GAMESTHE THE AVCriOX ELEMEVT IN CHOW CHOW1X0 GIW GIWIYO GIWIIINtl 1X0 KI IIIOIt IIIOItThose VOW lnJllThOlie VOWThone Those tiainei aiiies iot Popular In Mlileh vile vileRight II IIKtlJht iicitIglut Right to Hake the Trump I Is a Shutter Mutlrror ttrr ttrror or Competition tikat Huprrlor to tollrlclse toUrldlJe toUridge llrlclse In Till nenpect ftNPllctlIIl1slrallonlf ftNPllctlIIl1slrallonlfTlII1IIO IlUislrnllon IlUislrnllonwho lilusirni Ions IonsThose Those who are familiar with modern moderntaste moderntaste modernlasts taste In the matter of earth mist hnv hl lwu lwuiepseetI MImposed Imposed by the constantly IIICffalllnropularlt ncreaNlng ncreaNlngpopularity ierPatIiigpopularity popularity of the tb games in which there If I nu nuelement 1111element cultelement element of bidding In which there Is no nofavored noj nofavored favored player who Inherit the right nf nfmaking tlrmaking if ifmaking making the trump hut In wllch every cveryI everyone 1 I one must compete In the open market for forthe forthe forthe the privilege Theee special privileges privilegesmsut msut bo bought IUd If you want 1nt them themyou themyou themyou you must be willing wll1ln to pay a 111 much or moro morofor morufor snorefor for them than any other person personThis personThis personThis This Is undoubtedly In accordance with withthe withthe the spirit of modern civilization for card cardgameilike cllrdgnme cardgarnesIike I gameilike gnme Uke anything elsofollow el the develop development devllopment development ment of the race and mirror the conditions conditionsj I I of society and the state of public morals moralsIf If we invlnw the favorite card games of oftho ortho ofthe tho last few years we shall halltlnd find that almost almostwithout almostwithout almostwithout without exception they HI have ha been efn bidding biddinggamep bldrllngamel biddinggames games amel Auction pitch cinch seven hind hindeuchre htuIIeuchre hsiitieuchre euchre boston solo whist five hundred hundredand and nap are among those that will readily readilyoccur readilyooour realilyoccur occur to mind mindIf mindItvre If Itvre we lool hack over oertho the changm chall that have havebeen haebeen havebeen been brought about in the favorite oritciol of offormer ortormer offormer former days wo 0 shall fInd that this Ihl bidding biddingelement biddingelement biddingelement element i III always alwa 1 the prlnclpul thing thingThe thlugThe thingThe The llr first sugge suggestion tlon of the desirability deslra ilit of ofa a change seems to be a recognition of the thenecessity Ihenece8llity thisnecessity necessity for putting special privileges up upat upat upat at auction auctionNo No one plays seven up nowadays it is isalways isallas Iaalways always wot setback back or auction pitch Not Notonly Sotonly Notonly only must the player bid for the privilege prlvilegof tor of making the trump but he must bid bidlo hidto bidto to the board It ia no longer the fashion fashionto fll hlon hlontQ tQ let the eldest hand score what Is I bid bidas bidas bidas as if ho were a landed proprietor who whoowned whoowned vclioowned owned the privilege privilegeExcept prlvlleieEscept privilegeExcept Except In progressive games for charity charityno no one plays euchre now It is all bid bideuchre bideuchre bideuchre euchre or five hundred as they call it itWhen ItWhon ItWhen When there are more than four players playersit it Is five or nix or seven handed euchre euchreall all of which are bidding games gamesPedro gamesPedro gamesPedro Pedro used to bo quite a game with withits withItJI withits its additions of sancho and snoozer but butno butno hutno no one plays them uow because they am amnot aM1I0t arehot not bidding games It ia all cinch in whIch whiohthe whlohthe whIchthe the player who wants to make tho points pointsmust pointsmust must bid for the right to make the trump trumpA A few years ago every everyone one played straight straightpinochle straIghtpinochle straightpinochle pinochle and Its It II cousin bezique zlque was AS not notuncommon notuncommon notuncommon uncommon Auction pinochle is now the thefashion he hefashion hefashion fashion everywhere and one seldom finds findsa a player going back to tho old style after afterhe arterh6 afterho he has seen the attractions of the bidding biddinggame blddlnlame biddInggame game Bo fond are they of It that you youwill YOI1will youwill will find them bidding for tho trump when whenthere wbenthere whenthere there are only two In the game Instead Insteadof of waiting to take it turn about aboutSeveral aboutSoveral aboutHoveral Several attempts havo been made to toIntroduce toIntroduce tointroduce Introduce bidding for the declaration llration in inbridge inbridge inbridge bridge and we find auction bridge listed listedamong lI listedamong tel telamobg among the possible games which are de described deICIlbed doecribod scribed In Hoyle But bridge is not suited suitedto to the bidding element It Is too much of a agamble agamble agamble gamble as it I Is without making it worse worseSuch WOrMSuch worseSuch Such attempts an have been made to toplay toplay toplay play auction bridge have been failures failuressimply laUureAIIltnply failuresatthply simply because they have made even morn mornobvious mo monbvlolla mornobvious obvious what has been apparent apl flrtnt to oh observant ohMrvant ohservant servant players for some time that bridge bridgeis is I not the wonderfully scientific game which whiohIt hlchit It Is represented to tobe be but butIllllmplyagamhlo butts Is si elmplya mply a gamble gambleand gambleand i iand and Is in fact one of the worst gambling gamblingpropositions gamblingpropositions propositions propo tlon ever introduced to polite poitosociety politoMOlllty politesocIety I society societyTho MOllltyTho socIetyho Tho ho bidding element is undoubtedly one oneof OMot oneIf of If tho chief attractions in akat and it is isthe illthe isthe the more so because bec UM the bidding Is based basedon on ab absolutely olut scientific principles instead insteadof of being more or less 1 811 of a wild speculation speculationan I an Is the case In other games Hkat Is in infact Infaot infact fact about the only game in which the theplayer theplayer thisplayer player knows what he Is doing and it Is Isthis Isthis I Ithis this feature which has led some to call it itthe itthe itthe the chess of card games gamesThe RamMThe gamesThe The pinochle player who ho bids on what whathe whathe whathe he has in his own hand will never get the theplay theplay theplay play away from the hopeful speculator speculatorwho who ho is always willing to take a chanco on onhis onhill errhis his partner holding something and to hid bidon hidon hidott on that chance Just as one declares on the thesame jsame I Ieame same chance In bridge bridgeThere I IThere IT There re is no bidding in bridge The dealer dealerdeclares dealerdeclare dealerdeclares declares by divine right and all hit hi ad adversaries udvelMries adversaries versaries can do Is I to make the declaration declarationmore more expensive fo ro him If they think It Is Isa I Isa a bad one Thn Th cannot make better betterone one This may vo A its advantage but butthe butthe butthe the disadvantage ore much greater greaterIn In bridge the dealer picks up his hand handand hand8nd handand and says Thin Is I a heart Between his hiscards hilicards hiscards cards and his partner the odd trIck was wasalways WailalwaYII wasalways always a certainty as it turns out with withsimple withsimplo withsimple simple honor in spite of anything the theadversaries theaderPllritt theadversaries adversaries could do or did do There Therefore Theretore Therefore fore the dealer score and 16 a total of 24 24Had 2 2Had 24Had Had the adversaries been allowed to nay nayAnything RaYAnythlnlt sayanything Anything about the trump on that deal dealthey dealthey dealthey they could have made It diamond and andwon RndWon andwon won five by cards and four honors In one onehand onehand onehand hand a total of neventyelght but the thegame thegame thegame game is no contrived that a player cannot cannotget cannotget cannotget get out of his cards II what they are worth worthunlem worthUllltlitl worthunless unlem he has the deal and even then he hesometimes heIIOmetlmell hesometimes sometimes misses it pretty badly badlyThe badlyThe badlyThe The leader In a hand at bridge finds him himself himselt himself self with four aces a ll but the dealer passes It Itand Itand itnci and nci dummy goes spades All the leader leadercan can do Is to make spades worth wort four fourHe tourH8 fourHe He cannot deprive the dealers side of ofthe oCtbe ofthe the score for four honors and although the thedealer thedealer thedealer dealer loses four by cards he Is only eight eightpoints eightpolntl eightpoints points to the bad Had the leader been beenallowed boonallowed beenallowed allowed to play his cards for what they theywere theyere theywere were ere worth he could have made a grand grandslam grandelam grandslam slam at notrump with a hundred aces acenworth acesworth worth 314 more than he got put out of the hand handdealt handdealt handdealt I dealt him himAll himAU himAU AU this strength is wasted In bridge bridgeThe bridgeTho bridgeThe The best game at the table tabl8la Is seldom played playedYou playedYou playedYou You may hold the very best of cards cardsbut OItrdllbut cardsbut but unless you bold them at the right time timewhen timewhen timewhen when it Is your deal or when the make makefits maketltsyour makefltsyour fits tltsyour your hand your cards rde are good for little littleor or nothing The dealers success depends dependsmore more on what hat be finds in the dummy than thanupon thaaupon thanupon upon what he holds himself himselfAs As for the adversaries a how many times timesyou timesyou timeyou you would like to have an opportunity opportunityto to make the tb trump when it is not your deal dealHow dealPHoW dealHow How often have you felt that you would wouldbe be willing to give the dealer points for his hisprivilege blaprivilege hisprivilege privilege simply in order to make the most mostout moatout mostout out of your own cards cardsBut cardBut cardsBut But you cannot do it in bridge You Youare Youaro Youare are like the man who sees a great oppor opportunity oprtunlty rtunlty tunlty in business and wants to make some something IOmethin something thing thin out of It but who finds his idea Is not notwanted notwan notwanted wanted wantedIn wan wanIl1l1kat In Il1l1kat skat this objection is I removed and the theattraction theattraotloo theattraction attraction of the bid Is one of the chief chiefmagnets chiefmarnete chiefmagnets magnets of the game While the declara deo1aratloD declaration declaration tion naturally and by right of position positionbelongs poeitionbelonp positionbelongs belongs to the eldest hand he is Umited Umitedby by the condition that the game ho is willing willingto to declare shall be as good as any other othergame otherpule othergame game which any other player at the table tablecould tablecoa1d tablecould could declare That is his game must mustbe mwtbe mustbe be worth as much In points aa anything anythinganother nythnganother anythinganother another player would like to try or he will willlISTS have to let the other player make the thadeclaration thodeclaration thedeclaration declaration declarationWhether declarationmether declarationWhether Whether or net VorhaH bus hs as good goodamo goodjaws a agame game amo as any other player ia i luund out by byI I I bidding Mlttelhand having the tb flnt chance ohanoeto to say what tho game la worth rth thats thatshe that he hewould howould hewould would like Ilk to play If he has any preference preferenceIf If Vorhand says he baa as good a aU Uie Uieas sIUS as the th one offered Mittelhand must go gohigher COhhthr gohlglwr higher or pans pansIf If Vorhand ban hs not as a good A game be bemust hemut bemust must paw leaving the prlvlleje to Mittel Mittelhand MittelImod Uttelhand hand When thioo two have nettled tcettiedwhlclt tcettiedwhlclthas which whichha whlcbhn ha has the better game to offer It oomes to toHlnterhands toJlinterhlind tOIlinterhands Hlnterhands turn to say If he has a better bettergame bfttergnmo bettergame game Hum either or to pa paA paM paMI A pUT I having nnounood by his bin binillng blaclIIIJt bidj bidjding illng thnf ho ban a game of ft certoiu Crta value valuennd valueiuiid nnd lioither of the others othtlIhavlng having anything anythingbettor anythingbtuor anythinghcuor bettor to olTer the successful lIucce lltul bidder must mustwin mUlltwin mustwin win game worth at leant as much as he hei holia 1 i luw lia named or he will havo to pay all the theothers theII thetiiers II others at the table not what he bid but butI buthat butwhat I what hat he would have won on bad he made hl hlbid his hlAi hisbid bid good Roo lie may get the privilege of ofnaming 01nllmlng ofnaming i naming the trump by bidding twenty and andplay andplay andplay play a game that worth sixty If bo bolose bBIOSM halosec lose it It Is sixty that he will have to pay paynot pAYnot paynot not twenty twentyThis twellt twelltThis twentyThis This bidding Is sometimes very ver Interest Interesting InteretitIng lnterestlog ing and at tho name time very annoying to tothe wtile tothe the player who wants nts to try a certain game gamebut gamebut gamebut but who does not want to risk too much muchon on it or who wants to try the cheaper of oftvro ortWII oftWO tWO gamwj because it Is I the safer Take Takea a case like this Vorhand holds th these thl1flAcard thesecards ecard card cardr A 10 l0l7 l0l7HQ I 7 7H 7HJ HJ HJH JHU HU osr OS7D osrDNont osrI DNont DNontJle I None NoneHe NoneHe He knows that tins is safer at a 86 a heart solo solotliHii solothan 010thHn than anything else IlfICaulC ecause it Is always alwaysletter alwafIbetter alwaysbetter better to make the th weaker of the two suits suitsof sultllof suitsof of equal length the trump keeping the thestronger Ihetron thestronger stronger tron er for winning tricks In plain suits suitsAs lIul suitsAs As 8 a heart solo with two his hi game Is worth worththirty worthIhlrty wotththirty thirty thirtyBut thirtyBut 4 But Mitclhancrms MiteihantMias something to say eayand I3Yand sayand and after starting at ten be gradually goes goesup 1t00lup goeslip up to twenty tllt nty and to thirty thlrt to all of which whichVorhand whlol1Vorhand whichVorhanti Vorhand can say yes because his own owngame owntame owngame game in I worth that and he has a right to tokeep tokeep tokeep keep it unless some player has a better bettergame bettlrgame bettergame game gameBut gameDut gameBut But when the next bid to thirtytwo thirtytwoVorhand thlrlytwoVorhand thirtytwoVorhand Vorhand will have to stop and think His Hisgame HIligllme Hisgame game ia not worth so much he can make makeSchneider mako8Chneldtf makeschneider Schneider in hearts which Is I very doubtful doubtfulIf If he wants to name the game he will have haveto to shift from the safe heart make to the more morerisky mor8risky morerisky risky club solo which might easily be lost lostThis l08tThialllVery lostThis This ThialllVery is isveryannoyingand very annoyingand annoying and It Is for that reason reasonthat reuonthnt masonthat that the Germans do not call it bidding biddingbut but irritating tho player playerThere playerThera playerThere There is abundant opportunity for nice niceInferences nlcoInlerenCt8 milcoinferences Inferences If the bidding Is studied atten attentively attentively attemitively tively and experts es rts at the game arc fre frequently treqUtntly frequently quently able to tell what cards are In each eachhand eachhand achhand hand before a card is I played Here IB an anIllustration anillustration anillustration Illustration of the possibilities of skat In this thisdirection thl thldlrecllon thisdirection direction Vorhand held these cards cardsCNone cardllCNolie cardsCNone CNone CNoneSA CNolieSA CNone3A SA SAMJ SAIIJ 3AllJ MJ A 10 rDJ 1 5as 1D DJ A 0Mittelhand QMlttelhand QMlttelharid Mittelhand started the bidding with ten tennnd tellnnd tonnod nnd went to twenty to which Yorhand VorhandRaid Raid yes After a moments hesitation hesitationMlttclliand hesitationMittel hesitationMittelband Mlttclliand Mittel hand offered forty to which Vor Vorhand or orband orhand hand Bald yes Then Mittelhand passed passedHlnterhand pIlMCelIInttrhand passedhfinterhand Hlnterhand now stopped IItop In and offered offeredfortyeight offeredrortyeight offeredfortyeight fortyeight To this Vorhand still nays naysyes MYYEiIl saysyes yes that being the exact value of his hi own owngame ongame owngame game But when Hlnterhand says sixty sixtyVorhand lUxtyorhanll sixtyYorhand Vorhand has to solve a nloe little problem problemWhat problemVbt problemWhat What cards are in the other two hands handsnil handlltine handsand tine nil what will Vorhand have to do if he still stillnays IItllltlaYA stillsays nays yes to the offer of sixty sixtyJYOr sixtyNOT stySOT SOT THE TIJRG4I1IEV CUWEX OF KDK KDKnut Imnut LIflXnut nut a Good 0011 Imitation of It Is What Ecuador EcuadorSeems KctitUorSeems cuadorSetms Seems to lie lieThe litTh lieThe The American Minister to Ecuador de describes descrIbes scribes 8 it a a rich country where plenty plentyof of opportunity exists for tho establish establishment etablldhanellt establIshmnent ment of industries by foreigners foreignersSome Some which would give results are arebanana arobanana arel banana anana planting on the coast where land landand landand landand and labor are cheap tho crop finding a aready aready aready ready market lard refining cotton anti antlwoollen anUwoolleo antiwoollen woollen tnillu cement works to supply supplypublic supplypublic I public construction arid railroad building buildingfurniture buildingrurnlture buildingfurniture furniture factories china and glam gla works worksdldtllleriea worksdlbtllleries worksdistilleries dldtllleriea and canning and preserving preservingfactories pre preservingfactories iOrvlng I ICactorlefl factories factoriesAll All these industries would find the neces necessary necelilary neoessary sary elements raw material teria1 of the best bestquality beatquality bestquality quality and lld cheap labor For cement the thecountry thecountr thecountry country countr provides all the materials also for forchina lorchina forchina china and glaniwure for shoes fine leathpr Ifath Ieathranti rand and hides for furniture a great variety varietyof of useful 1I rul and an precious woods There is isenough IIIttnough Isenough enough laud on the Coat available to supply the banana market of the world worldQuito worldQuito worldQuito Quito the chief city in at the foot of a amountain amountain aniountafn mountain mountain which rises to a height of 10000 10000feet 16000CEet 10000feet feet Quito quito itself Is 0000 feet abovo sea level The climate seemB to be perfect perfectJudging perfectJudging Judging from Minister Lees account PlrCoctl of 0 dIt It In the National Geographic Mayatine MayatineThe fogazineThe The thermometer scarcely ever rises risesabovo riBeAabovo risesabovo abovo 70 degrees or sinks below 50 The Themomingx The1l10rnlnlttt Themornings mornings and evenings are cool the middle middleof of the day warm It is never hot never nevercold nevereolda nevercold cold eolda a perpetual early spring Consumption and pulmonary diseases dUeascHare are practically unknown Quito seem to toe be a cure The days and nights are of twelve hours duration the th year round The difference between sun and shade Is Isto 10 degrees This difference lt Id felt at onoo by moving from sun to shade or vice versa A Journey of four hours from the city will willplace willplaco willniace place niace the traveller In the region of eternal frost or In the space of half a day he can descend to the tl deep and sultry valleys valleyswhich vaIleYIIwhich valleyswhich which separate the mighty chains of tho Andes AndesThin AndolThill AndesThis Thin variation of temperature depending upon elevation and occurring between betweennarrow betWte1lnarrow betweennarrow narrow limits furnishes lurnl hes a daily and diver diversified dJverIIllled diverallied sified supply of vegetable food from the banana pineapple orange and plantain to towheat towhcmt towheat wheat corn potatoes cabbages salads naladaapples I18ladeRpplfI saladsapoles apples pears pears grapes and strawberries Hens lay JaylO so persistently that medicine has to be given to them to save their liven A At the climate IK It cool and the houses un heated dally and frequent exercise on foot or on horseback ia absolutely neces necosRary necessary necessary sary On leaving the city it Is difficult to toavoid toavoid toavoid avoid the sun as trees are scarce IC rce but sun UD stroke is unknown Mosquitoes snakes snakeuscorpions anakeHf snakesscorpions scorpions tarantulas and rats are unheard of here are no bug or bootie The flora of Quito IB beautiful and In Inexhaustible inexhaustible Inexhaustible exhaustible Roses bloom all the year round wild flowers cover the sides of oourt Jrninl8i5ind yanlll and ruins tulips orchids pinks and lilies bloom winter and summer and ge raniums run riot over walls alLs and roofs roo Ecuador is sound money country oountrY has never er Issued paper money and baa no for lo eign debt debttcllador debtrcuador Ecuador is the principal producer of cocoa and Ivory nuts in the world On the coast coffee rubber bananas sugar cane rice cotton and tobacco grow lux uriantly fi ftly Upon the thtrpla th4plateu plateaux auJ of the high districts are produced wheat corn oats beans potatoes and all thoprinclpal the erincipal cereals oorea of the temperate tone This section also supplies PP cattle horses sheep IIhf and pig There Is abundant pasture all the year yearA yeaTaUEEn A QUEER SCKAPBOOK SCKAPBOOKIf If Youve Had Appendicitis Prrbapi Yea Are In It ItProbably UProbably ItProbably Probably the oddest ncrapbook In Now England that of William Fernald of Old Orchard Me MeIt deIt MeIt It devoted voted exclusively to newspaper notices of appendicitis cases Mr Fernald figured in an operation himself and it Ita was wasBmdo a leUow feeling for the rest of the appec dloltla legion which made BmdoAwhile him commence to collect cUpplntS AwhUe ago he bewd said toaBoaton Herald Heraldwir5 malt man I talked 01 organizing an a dloIul club 111 Maine Its member to be appen oem POSed ed ot persona who hays been UDder the wir5 fo A A number of persona to whom I mentioned Wu the rndDsJc ProJeot approved pprovedbu but dldn et around to caring nst It Into ssj oxecu thin ItlunKIi I 1h1Wf 1 haU sJVe rviye Te the os Icheme SS11 lit LONDONS SUPPLY 0 MILK MILKCHXUITWXS MIlKCOVJIIIOS lLK lLKtlNIJI1IIS CHXUITWXS OV Till HIIOLC HIIOLCWOHSK ii IIOLI1J001Sr llLChlotst WOHSK TMV IH Ht OUR on onKourec JJr JJrourres XSources Sources of supply Open to tit irate rBH SunpUlon SunpUlonTrannport SuspirineTransport Iltlon IltlonTranport Transport anti Distribution of Ui UiMIIU the thesittit MIIU nn th Wor on Ti ti Ynli iIII City OlyThe f1lyThe CityThe The roimimptlon HrlMltrl Ittiell rLoxDoJ I ILONDON 10 10LO LONDON LO DON March 28 lSJII Jn ioiil Joml1I i i iNow 1 Now York or tim general i Imbio ubio ha Ii hHO hHOaWl1kened isieI nawakened 1 I awakened to the uru utllQtlllfacwry atl fuck ry oundiUon oundiUonof of the milk supply In London several severalliappenings 8tlvrralhappEnlng severalltappetilngs liappenings have combined recently to draw drawattention I1ra I1raI1ttellUon drawattention attention to the menace of a polluted milk milksupply milkupply milksupply supply and medical men and sanitarians sanitarianshave have noon en warning the population of Iunt Iuntdon Isinedon ln lndon don that all is by no means well so far ai aithe Itth Mthin the th milk provided la concerned concernedThe The very largo death dfI tb rato among infanta infantannd iotontsnnel infantinnui nnd young children which prevails ls in Lon London Loodon Loudomr don generally and in the poorer district districtin ditrictltIn in particular is one of the events which whiohhave whlollllve whichhave have aroused the th medical profession here hereand hereand hereand and to less extent the more thoughtful thoughtfulof of the laity laltyto to a realization of oftho the situation liituattonPhysicians situationPhysicians ituatlonPh1slclRn Physicians and wuiltariana alike attribute attributethlH attnbutJthlM this great mortality In hot weather es especially elptClally esptclitliy pecially to careless method rendering renderingmilk rcnderln rcnderlntmiilk milk in a very largo numlxr of immti ttt 11 ex extremely lXtremely cxtrcrnely tremely harmful an food for Infants InfantsAgain InranlllRaln infantsAgain Again the report just published by the thnj theBritish I British commission appointed to invostigat IncstlgatJtho i itho Ithe tho connection conll tlon between bovine and nrl human humantulwrciiWm hllmantultlrculoIII biirnarrtutrculosis tulwrciiWm In which It was concluded ooucluderlthat ooucluderlthateonurnptlon that thatconsumption thatcoitsummnption consumption can ltll Im 11 communicate 1 to in infants Infants l0fants fants children and oven adult IIrlultJlIv ly moan of ofmilk ofmilk ofmilk milk obtained from lOW milTJrrinc HIIrlnll from fromtuberculosis rroll1tllberculol Ironituberculosis tuberculosis has ha hail decided effect tu tuconvincing IUcJnvlnchllt mucanvincitig convincing i JlhyIc1l1lli liy lcam that milk must bt btmuch bn bnmuch butmunch much more carefully guarded I In lit luturu luturuthan Illturuthlill I uturuthflhi than it hat been guarded in the theOf pant pantOf Itllilor Of onurxo the Ih condition co governing th thmilk IImilk ittmilk milk supply of IxmdoM and of II New lrl lrldlff I ort ortdiffer urkdiffer differ dlff very considerably lOI lcIITllhly In many 1n111 respects rpfperinIt 1M 1W11 1W11It It may ma be Hlatod It lIed confidently that on Ihu Ihuwhole thlholo thiwhole whole tho milk supply of New York lo I lx hUr hUrthnn lttestitan tt tthan than that of lOndon The mnotiiii con consumed ronIIlIlIINlln eontimtied sumed IIlIlIINlln in New York in I relatively far larger largerAlthough largerAlthough rAlthough Although the total amount of milk con consumed tlnullled ionsunied sumed during tits th year in London i is enor enormous cnormoul enormous mous yet the Individual Indlvl llIul consumption Hmuch itmuck 1 1much much less I than that of New York YorkExpert YorkEspertll YorkExperts Expert on this thllll Hide have estimated lint lintthe hthl listthe the average per capita conMimpllun nt ntmilk lOtmilk ofmilk milk In London is about 115 II gallons yor yearly yearlyor rIYI rIYIor or onequarter of a pint a day Dr DrNewman ceor corg corgNewman fNOllIDan Newman medical officer of health for forFitwbury fotFiMbury foeFinshury Fitwbury and an acknowledged lJkllowl lgec1 authority authorityon on the subject puts the average consump consumption conlI1nptlOI1 oonuummnptioti tion nt a lower figure than this 21 of pins plnnn pialday day and states that the very poor or do no 11011 11011have nohave a ahave have a per capita consumption of moro morothan morotban nierethan than onetenth of a pint daily dailyAccording dallyAcconllng dailyAccording According to Dr Ocorge Wlntakerj Wlntakerjdairy Whitaklirdairy Whitmtkor1dairy dairy inspector In the Bureau of Animal AnimalIndustry AnlrllnlInrlultry AninmiIndifiStry Industry the average per capita consump consumption ronllumptlon tion of milk In New York city exceed half halfa a pint daily dailyand and this does not Include Includocreamf Includocreamfwhlcn dvamj dvamjwhicn whicn averages onetenth of a pint daily dailyfor dailYtor dailyfor for each person Time it will he gathered gatheredthav snthlredtha gatheredthai thai New ow York drinks very much mom momnllk mOMnllk mornnitk nllk than London LondonIn In a briefarticle briel article it would be impOMtiblt impOMtibltto to do more than touch upon the varioud varioudways varioUlwaysln vsnlouwaysin ways waysln In which the themllk milk supply of London Irl Irlpolluted I Ipolluted ispolluted polluted The sources of supply are too toofrequently toofrequently toefrequently frequently open to grave suspicion trans transport tranport transport port Is sometimes defective and inadequate inadequatemany inadequate1many many shops In which milk In hllOld sold in London Londonare are unsanitary and careless methods are aretho 110th mirethe the th rule In caring for the milk milkIn milkIn milkIn In regard to the farms from which milk milkis is procured lOndon and New York present pronentmany plAlentmany presentmany many point of similarity IIlmllarit To supply Lon London London London don with milk thoiuvuulH of dairy farm farmmany tarnlllmany famismany many situated at a consIderable distance distanceam am levied upon Somo of these farms the thnlarger tlrlarger thelarger larger on onisi are a tt conducted on strictly hygienic principle while more perhaps perhapsare per sare are managed in slipshod fashion fashionTo To tiipply ppl New York with milk 3000U 3000Ufarm 3O00tarm 30o 30ofarms farm located IOC tfl1 in several States contribute contributeeach each its It quota Some OIllC of tlieee are properl properlimanaged properlmanaged properlmanaged managed dairy farms with large herds of ofCOWH orcow ofcows cow other are mall farms with but a few cowl How to solve the problem probl of in insistlng InIIIIIUngthat Inslating slating IIIIIUngthat that nil 11 dairy lry farmers shall uk the best sanitary methods in the conducl in invexing ifvexing litvexing vexing both London and New York ork Th Thpresent Thpreflel1t The Thepresent present system stem of inspecting the sourwj sourwjof of the milk supply I of London Is practically practicallyIn useless uselessIn ij ijIn In the matter of milk transport there th rp nro nromany Hr HrmAn ansmany many mAn points poi of difference between the math method mathode od ode employed in New York and in London London milk chiefly conies from districts dlitriutisituated districtssituated situated notfurhter not furhter away than ooirijej ooirijejand 00 niles nilesand and the bulk of It come from localities localitiesfrom localitiesfrom from 100 to lio toilet distant According kecorriin kecorriinto to Health ComniiRKioner Darlington New NewYork NowYork York milk cornea from distances varying from 40 to 400 miles milesThe milesThe The weather In hotter in the eastern purr pirftof purrof of the States thnn in England Mini titi thin thinnnd thisand and the longer distance that milk has in be conveyed to New York involve some somewhat om omwhat what different methods of tran transpori pon Phi Phimanner rh rhmanner manner in which milk i iu trannortpii to New York by the railroads better or organized nrganized ganized and more eflliimtly manar rnamand 1 than the same form of transport lo Ixindon Milk in conveyed to London by flic ho vano vri rue big railroad companies in different The Thegreaterpnrtofitwhlchis greater port ofit which i brought distances of about 150 mile earned earnedprincipally carruuLprincipally principally in special milk iram Mills Millsvans Milkvans vans on the special train are of no uniform uniformpattern umlcuormj5pattern pattern some mo may IK termed go gout oni Indifferent and some bad badThe badThe The best are well fitted for tli irr irrwitip urpo urpowith with close boarded sides admitting it uieniy uieniyof ny nyof of ventilation but oxrluning dirt and wc wcthe tIbe the indifferent are those with open boar boarsldo tsides sides admitting both wet and dirt tsas 1 1as as air and the bad are old pa paseocmer naer tni tr i iluggage luggage vnnn of which tho ventilation id Inadequate InadequateNona Nona tOflO of the special milk vans i is fitted fittedwith fittedwith with refrigerating apparatus but us astrains thoi trains are seldom or never more thru thruseven thapmien seven hours on the Jouuiey l0rlmP rliapo tli tlirefrigerating tLarefrigerating refrigerating process Is nut greatly nee neetle le I Sore milk especially that carried for lot dlstunces is cunneyod in the IIIKKU IIIKKUvans htigiuovans vans of passenger trains most inMiimuvrv inMiimuvrvmode mode of conveyance a as in addition to tha tI lack of ventilation the tim van IK probably heaped with A mliicellanfoiiH cargo nom nomof sonof of which is not unlikely to havean injurious mnJuriou influence on the milk milkAnother milkAnother Another fault In the Knclish system systemcarrying ncarrying carrying milk by train lit that the cans in inwliloh inwhich which the milk is contained are hardly ever locked or sealed Affording orir orr orrtunitles rtunitlea tunitlea for the milk to bo tampered with withor or for dirt to enter en route The train traintwhich trainwhich which convey milk to London no not a aa aa a rule run at any high rate of epeea The trains whnch bring milk to New York Yorlare are nearly all made up of well co 54 cted ctedand and suitable cars equipped with refric refriccrating crating apparatus and travel at a high rat ratof rate of speed Both In London and in New York the principal milk trains arrive at night In regard to distributing milk there Sri arino Srino no essential differences in vo vegu ue In London and In New York Or with respect the care taken of milk after It arrives at iu ite destination it may bo asserted thai far more attention is paid to this phast phasof of the question in New York than in London For instance there In practically no certi cert tied milk sold In London and a relatively very small quantity of milk retailed to a bottles whereas In inNewYork New York there thereare are luooo luoooquart lu000quarts quart of certified milk daily told and I Imore more than onethird of the total city sup plyjs P1L1 retailed in bottle bottlesane The ane manner of carrying milk to custom customers ers is I much superior In New York than the London methods In London it is hawked about in small bund carts whit In New York the greater part of it is con conveyed rn rnveyed veyed in carts specially construrt for re the purpose drawn by horses The milk store at which milk is cold arc Baking generally geaerallybettorln bettor In New York than in Lon LonIn Lendon don 1k 1kIn In both cities of course the email milk milkstores milkstores stores are not Infrequently In an unsanitary condition but in London 80 per cent of the shops at which milk Is retailed am amemail aresmall email general provision shops in which the thnconditions theconditions conditions are often very unhygienic mu mulbs The London Lanctt a few weeks ago had hadarticles ar ararticles articles In which these small general pro provision provision vision shops in which milk is sold soldgraphically werq graphically described.