The Ottawa Citizen from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada • 6

WORLD 6 The Ottawa Citizen, Friday, April 8, 1994 BRIEFLY RWANDA, BURUNDI CRISIS I EtaDC strife Unhs too countries President ruled Rwanda for 21 years Rwanda and Burundi Facts With Wednesday's deaths of both their countries' presidents and Thursday's slaying of UN troops, Jesuit priests and Rwanda's prime heightened tribal unrest. A look at Size fltrlca comparison JVrt 100 I By Robert Block The Independent LONDON Rwanda and Burundi straddle perhaps Africa's most gory ethnic faultline. Since independence from Belgium in 1962, their histories inexorably intertwined have been marked by ethnic hatred and tribal violence. Atrocities are so commonplace that a news magazine once remarked: "Another week, another 300 massacred in Burundi." The observation could have just as easily been made about neighbouring Rwanda At the centre of the bloodletting is the rivalry between the majority Hutu and the minority Tutsi peoples, who span both countries. The Tutsi, taller and lighter-skinned than the Hutu, are traditionally herders who arrived in the area in the 14th or 15th century seeking new range for their cattle.

While skilled in warfare, they established gradual dominance over the Hutus, who are mainly farmers, through a slow and mainly peaceful infiltration. The two ethnic groups now speak the same language and have esentially the same religious beliefs. The Tutsi, although numerically fewer, ruled the area as feudal warlords for centuries. Since independence, their dominance has been challenged in both countries, always in a brutal manner. Rwanda In Rwanda, the Hutu rebelled at Tutsi dominance in 1959.

Rwanda became independent in 1962. Tribal strife erupted again in December 1963 and again in late 1972. In 15 years of turmoil, tens of thousands of Tutsis fled to neighboring countries. At least 100,000 people were killed. In July 1973, Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu who was then defence minister, overthrew Rwanda's long-serving president, Gregoire Kayibanda, also a Hutu.

But Habyarimana, a northerner from Gisenyi, then introduced regional Hutu rivalries into Rwanda's volatile political arena by fostering the predominance of northerners in the government. By 1985, regional rivalries largely displaced Hutu-Tutsi SOUTH AFRICA Tribal conflict Approximate figures, both countries: -t Tutets: Former ruling tribe trying, to regafo control Hutus: Traditionally oppressed; currently ruling t. 1966: Military rule establishes Tutsi control. 1972: violence kills 100,000 Hutus. June 1993: Country's first Hutu president.

Oct. 1993: President killed by Tutsi troops. Murder unleashes wave of Hutu-Tutsi slaughter; 100,000 killed, one million flee. Jan. 1994: Cyprian Ntaryamira (Hutu) elected president.

Knight-Ridder TribuneRON CODDINGTON a Tutsi-Hutu bloodbath began anew and continues. Tens of thousands of Hutu fled the country for Rwanda. The Akanyaru river, which separtes Rwanda and Burndi, has been awash with bloated bodies. The death toll since October is in excess of 50,000. Ndadaye was elected president in July, but apparently this was not a time for reconciliation.

Neither tribe had forgotten the massacres of Hutu in 1972 that left 100,000 dead, or the Hutu fanners' uprising in August 1988, in which 5,000 people were killed. Cyprien Ntaryamira was chosen in January to succeed Ndadaye, but during his short rule he was powerless to stop the new wave of Hutu-Tutsi violence. It is doubtful that his successor, whenever he is chosen, will be able to do any better at stopping the killing. ft i Maine minister, Hwanaa ana tsurunai race their recent history: Lake Edward Zaire Uganda Lake Klvu Lake Tanganyika 1959-1973: Hutu-Tutsi fighting kills more than 100,000. 1973: Coup brings Juvenal Habyarimana (Hutu) to power.

1990: Tutsi-dominated Rwanda Patriotic Front invades from Uganda; 2,000 die, a million flee. 1993: Treaty between Habyarimana and the Front, but arguments over implementation increased tension. SOURCE: News reports J40794 er of a hardline Hutu party from his car and killed him. The United Nations sent a contingent of observers to Rwanda to oversee the formation of a transitional government, but recently has warned that it might have to withdraw if no progress is made. It is against this background of ethnic and political turmoil that Habyarimana was killed.

Now that the ensuing bloodshed has claimed 11 UN soldiers from Belgium, there is likely to be increased pressure for a UN pullout. Burundi Until Wednesday, the situation in neighboring Burundi was even worse than in Rwanda. After Burundi's first Hutu president, Melchior Ndadaye, died during a failed coup Oct. 21 last year, MEXICO Chief suspect in Colosio killing clears four others The New York Times MEXICO CITY The confessed assassin of the heavily favored presidential candidate of the governing party has insisted that four other men charged with complicity had nothing to do with the crime. In testimony Wednesday, the suspected assassin, Mario Aburto Martinez, said he did not know the men whom prosecutors say spoke with him at a campaign rally March 23 in the border city of Tijuana and then helped him push past bodyguards to reach the candidate, Luis Donaldo Colosio.

"I want to declare that those whom they are accusing are innocent," Aburto, a 23-year-old factory worker, was quoted on Thursday by his lawyer as having testified. Legal experts said that Aburto's assertion that he acted alone might significantly hurt the prosecution's case. But with official accounts of the shooting raising more questions than they answer, his testimony seemed to feed widespread skepticism that the government will ever bring to justice those responsible for Colosio's death. Officials say investigators are operating on the belief that Aburto's chaotic-looking rush through the crowd, captured on videotape by agents of the Federal Attorney General's office, was part of a co-ordinated operation by at least six men. Lake Victoria Rwanda Kigali0 Tanzania Burundi Bujumbura' JM 11 fi 0 Pryr since 1977 Chronology of killings Wednesday: Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana and Burundi President Cyprian Ntaryamira were killed, along with two Burundi ministers, five Rwandan officials and the French crew when a rocket hit their plane while landing at Kigali airport.

Thursday: Eleven disarmed Belgian UN peacekeepers were shot and killed by members of Rwanda's presidential guard, and 17 Jesuit priests at a religious centre were reported to have been killed by soldiers. Rwandan Prime Minister Agathe Uwillingiyimana was shot to death after armed men abducted her from a UN compound where she had taken refuge. strife as the prime focus of political competition, although there was relative political stability. But whatever calm esixted was shattered in 1990 when 10,000 rebels of the Tutsi-dominated Rwanda Patriotic Front invaded Rwanda from neighboring Uganda. At one point, the invaders reached the capital, Kigali, before being repulsed by government troops.

The invasion prompted movement toward political reform by Habyarimana. A peace treaty was signed by Habyarimana and the Patriotic Front leader, Alex Kanyarengwe, in the northern Tan-zanian town of Arusha in August last year. But the Front blamed Habyarimana for repeated delays in forming a new government and parliament to end the civil war. A transitional government should have been formed in September, but politicians, squabbling and vying for power, failed to agree on the distribution of ministerial positions among the parties. Diplomats and aid workers say that Rwanda has been a tinderbox since late February when gunmen shot dead a government minister and vengeful mobs dragged a lead- keeping his nephew in line.

As chief minister of KwaZulu, one of the tribal homelands created under apartheid, it's Buthelezi who pays the royal salary. He also keeps a close watch on the king to ensure adherence to the official line. Dissenters, like Prince Petrus Zulu, are dealt with quickly. Petrus a relative of the king tried to mount a campaign to free the monarch from Buthelezi's grasp and died in January in a hail of bullets. It doesnt help that Zwelithini is a man of limited intellectual ability.

Mary de Haas, an anthropology lecturer at the University of Durban, describes him as "not very bright In fact, he's quite dim-witted." Bruising battles Still, Zwelithini is not without spunk. He tried to assert himself in the 1970s, but backed down after several bruising battles with Buthelezi. Last December, he implicitly criticized Inkatha for walking out of constitutional talks. Later, he retracted, but few believed he was speaking his own mind. He's also aware that he's perceived as a weakling and that his association with Buthelezi is undermining respect for the Zulu monarchy.

He may be a simple soul, says de Haas, "but he wants to do the right thing." Several factors may help him. First, KwaZulu and the other homelands will disappear with this month's elections. When that happens, Buthelezi will lose his power base and his hold over the king's paycheque. Second, the ANC has guaranteed his salary and royal status in a post-apartheid South Africa. Mandela is certain to repeat this pledge today.

The third factor is human nature. Buthelezi has humiliated him in the past, and now Zwelithini has a chance for revenge. Southam News IWESai FOR LfSS! AL COHEN'S "DOOR CRASHER" WORK JmJrtL Gas Crucial peace summit hinges on Zulu king Protestant gunmen break IRA ceasefire BELFAST Protestant gunmen attacked on the first day of an Irish Republican Army ceasefire that is intended to pressure Britain to make political concessions. No one was hurt when three gunmen fired on a taxi depot in an IRA stronghold in west Belfast Police said the gunmen escaped in a hijacked car to a nearby Protestant neighborhood. The IRA's political ally Sinn Fein said the attack Wednesday night was deliberately sectarian.

An outlawed Protestant loyalist group, the Ulster Freedom Fighters, claimed responsibility. Algeria stalks militants in France PARIS Algerian security teams have launched a campaign to abduct and in some cases kill militant Islamic fundamentalists in France, according to French counter-intelligence agents. Operating clandestinely, but backed by Algeria's military government, the agents may have been responsi- ble for the disappearance of as many as 20 fundamentalist sup- porters, according to a French in- telligence report. WHO promotes low-tech dental care GENEVA The World Health Organization said Thurs--day that a new way of treating tooth decay cleaning cavities with simple hand-held instruments and then filling them with an adhesive material has proved highly successful in trials. The United Nations health agency said the process could revolutionize dental treatment in developing countries because it doesn't require drills, water or electricity.

Marijuana dealers strike in Denmark COPENHAGEN It may not compare with the furious demonstrations of the French farmers or the epic battles of the British miners, but the Danish purveyors of cannabis are on strike. Although cannabis is available widely in Copenhagen, and the street sellers of the drug want to bring their customers Openly out in support of the home-grown product. Dealers launched their protest against government drugs policy on April 6. They want growing their own cannabis to be legalized, and have urged customers to join a mass protest Cats carry the plague, disease centre warns ATLANTA Cats that roam newly suburbanized areas in the southwestern United States are a growing source of human plague, federal health officials warned Thursday. Since 1977, domestic cats have been identified as carriers in at least 15 cases, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention reported.

Cats can pick up the disease from infected fleas or rodents and pass it on when they bite, scratch or lick humans. And if an infected cat has mouth lesions, even its breath can transmit the plague bacteria. Bridge over Mekong joins Laos, Thailand NONG KHAI, Thailand The first international bridge over the Mekong river opens today between Thailand and Laos. Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej will cut the ribbon on the Australian-financed bridge, which rises in Tibet in southwest China, then snakes 4,000 kilometres through Myanmar, Thailand and Indochina. Built at a cost of $29.4 million U.S., the Mittaphap (Friendship) Bridge could one day form part of a non-stop route on an Asian superhighway from Singapore to China's Yunan province.

Paris transport strike sparks huge traffic jams PARIS Paris and surrounding areas experienced huge traffic jams today as a strike disrupted buses, subways and the express suburban train network, police said. Backups tied up almost 300 kilometres of roadways as commuters tried to drive to work. The capital's main belt-ways were almost entirely paralysed, police said. Citizen news services 3:30 p.m., CNN Zhirinovsky: Russia's Renegade: A documentary on the leader of Russia's Liberal Democratic Party. 8 p.m., CBC Inside the Vatican With Sir Peter Ustinov: Peter Ustinov leads a tour of the riches and treasures found in the Vatican.

(Part 5 of 5) 8 p.m., TVO Return to the Warsaw Ghetto: In April 1993, three Ontario families returned to Warsaw to observe the 50th anniversary of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. 8 p.m., NBC lives in Hazard: Los Angeles gang members discuss why they joined gangs. By Ronald Sullivan The New York Times NEW YORK President Juvenal Habyarimana of Rwanda, who was reported killed on Wednesday when his airplane crashed while returning from a conference of African leaders, assumed power over the small Central African country 21 years ago. A former army officer, the 57-year-old Habyarimana rose through the ranks to become head of the national guard and the country's police. In 1973, he led a bloodless military coup that established him in power for life.

Habyarimana was born to an aristocratic Hutu family and studied medicine before entering military school in 1960. Graduating in 1961, he rose to become army chief of staff in 1963, and entered the government in 1965. Habyarimana became a confidant of President Gregoire Kayibanda, who appointed him a major general in January 1973. But in July of that year, Habyarimana ousted the president, saying he had failed to take adequate steps to end tribal and regional conflicts. The initial years of Habyarimana's leadership were marked by considerable development and economic progress.

But he also faced repeated attempts to overthrow his government, mostly by rebel invaders from adjoining Uganda. Much of the strife in Rwanda centres on a long-standing rivalry between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes. Habyarimana's power was based on his support of a Hutu elite that had controlled most segments of the government since 1959, when the Hutu defeated the Tutsi minority in a civil war. I Habyarimana excelled at strengthening ties to the West and attracting foreign aid and investment at a time when several African leaders were being accused of running corrupt and inefficient governments. He was re-elected in 1989 for a third five-year term as the only candidate.

In 1990, he sought to break with the past by authorizing a multiparty political system in what was largely a feudal society. But his efforts to reach a peaceful settlement were not successful. Ring 800 400 Ring $4000 $2000 Ring $9000 $4500 Laurier 230-8280 7 645832 Thurs. 10-5; Frl. Sat.

10-5 I Engagements Anniversaries Birthdays Gifts Competitively Priced Full Trade-up Policy Expert Service diamond Solitoiresm3 Engagement .87 cts Engagement 1.66 cts Engagement JE JEWELLE By Peter Maser Citizen Africa correspondent DURBAN, South Africa He never completed high school, and those who have met him say he's not too bright. Yet, the success of a critical peace summit in South Africa today may well depend on King Goodwill Zwelithini, the Lion of the Zulu nation and the current head of the royal Zulu house. The summit, aimed at calming the violence in NatalKwaZulu, will involve four men, three of whom are well known: President F.W. de Klerk, ANC leader Nelson Mandela and Inkatha Freedom Party leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi. Then there's Zwelithini, a quiet, bearded man in his mid-40s who has a palace and five wives.

He was installed as the eighth monarch of the Zulu nation in 1971, and is supposed to represent the interests of all his 8.5 million subjects. In practice, he's become a puppet of Inkatha in its struggle against the ANC. Inkatha claims to represent all Zulus, but polls suggest as many as two-thirds back the ANC. Buthelezi's trump card The man pulling Inkatha's strings is Buthelezi, chief minister of Kwazulu and Zwelithini's uncle. Buthelezi is a man with a problem.

Formerly, he was courted by world leaders. Some saw him as the first black president of a democratic South Africa. But all that changed with Mandela's release from prison in 1990. Almost overnight, Buthelezi saw his status reduced to that of a regional leader. Increasingly, he became isolated and conservative, playing heavily on ethnic identity and Zulu nationalism.

Earlier this year, he played his trump card, enlisting Zwelithini as a mouthpiece for his demands that Natal become a sovereign Zulu kingdom. Buthelezi has several means of COMPUTER SAT. APR. 8 9 slide mi italics. 1 per STATIONS New Expanded Location Canada's Largest Selection of Wrought Iron Cast Aluminum 155 BANK ST.

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