Courier-Post from Camden, New Jersey • 8

yettm certain that the savages had not learned the game from the white men. Uo was equally well convinced that the African cat' paw" had not spread from hand to harid across tho Sahara, up tha bank. of the the heart of Africa, or from the east, Indeed, he said 'ho could find no traces among African savages of Influence from the ancient or modern poople to the north or oast of the gjat African pliVoau. To him the presence of the game suggests serins of most Interesting af 111 Ion, although he I not yet prepared to give hla Mm' An Inspection of BMbRafes and Peatbf Rotes and a Liftfe Socmd Reason. in' Applied to the Question BY CriARLLvS E.

WGODRUTF M.D. (frnhirles ajrt. dfiiiuuu to jet soldiers strong enough to curry the gun and ammunition while in Itnssia nearly all arc able soldiers. Now the English are able to survive simply becauso they have the intelligence to avoid tho causes of death. Thus in oie end of Europe tho most intelligent are Leing selected for survival, in the other the most robust though lacking in jntelli- gence, It is, the rule which has guided our development since man was' created; increasing Jnteljigenco selects for survival the more frail, ho are not burdened with unnecessary bone and muscle.

The nlleged deterioration of the English na-tion is the normal evolution and not tho disaster which sociologists are so prone to think. It is part and parecj of the high growth of democratic civilization in Great Britain, which is impossible in Kussiii, where there is not sufficient intelligence. The social organization of these frailer but brainier English types is therefore wholly unsuited for. the robust but stupid Mtijik, and the men who arc trying to graft these forms upon the Russian organism arc merely doing harm. The far-reaching sociologic effects of the reduction of the birth rate are therefore evident.

It is bound up with reduction of death rate, survival of the most intelligent, loss of physical robustness, and growth of higher civilization and democracy. Five births to a family arc ample in this country, and will supply all unavoidable losses, but it would have roused race extinction a thousand years ago. A family of only two or three, of course, means' extinction of those lines. The average family is now about four, and if they oil survive it means doubling of population each generation, which in a few centuries would not leave standing room in the United States. In another two or three centuries, if our death losses continue to diminish at present rates, the-birth rate will drop naturally to a fraction over two children per family.

C. E. W. persneo tfurvlvnl Is the proor being the fittest, for survival of course. If future man is to bo much frailer than present man, it will be a natural process.

Present types are much -different from tho powerful bruto of prehistory and keep themselves alive by intelligent forethought. They are fitter than the stupid man of great physical strength, and are driving him to the wall. The relations Vf the birth rate and death rate, arc then intimate and profound in (ho sfriTjrglr, for existence, in which there is a constant tendency to overpopulation. A reduction of the birth rate invariably follows a reduction of the death rate. If it did not do bo, famines and wars would bo perpetual.

The same journal which gives a highly sensational account of the terrific reduction in the birth rato will in another column describe the owf ul famines in far-away lands involving millions of people who have no forethought, and whoso birth rate Is held up as something desir- able. The fiociologic importance of, the matter needs no comment, but it is well to call attention to the two classes of peoples produced by tho two methods of unrestricted and restricted families. It might be said that each method tends to survival of the race, of course, only the survivors arc vastly in type. The best illustrations are probably tho Kus-sian peasants and English or French. The former have huge families in which the infantile death rate is tremendous because they live under very unsanitary conditions which none except the most vigorous children can survive.

All the weaklings are killed off, and the survivors are those remarkablo men who, when, drafted into the array are able to accomplish such marvels of endurance. On the other hand, the English baby, no matter how frail, is saved, no matter, how sick, it is cured and grows up. The nation is known to be far less robust, so far as muscle and brute force arc concerned, than it was a couple of ilies are not necessarily good at all indeed, soino are feeble and perish. The woman who is able to bring three, strong babies to maturity is likely to leave posterity, while she who produces ten may raise but three feeble ones and doom the line to extinction. The human race at least in its civilized branches is thus gradually becoming confined to the lines of small families.

The benefit is in-: (olculnble, for it is the means by hich raco survival is to occur in the higher races, and is now being actually' accomplished. The resulting types will 1k somewhat feebler than prior ones, but that is an advantage also. Feeble children are now raised which invariably A Yea A mong th Canibal Pigmies i3tX- 'v-i 3 upuiiiib conclusions. Total Eclipse of the Sun on Jan. 13 TOTAL eclipse of the sun occurs Jan.

.1.1, and will bo visible In Central fAsla. Inasmuch as there Is a dlf-J ferenee between tho civil and tho astronomical day, some confusion may arise from tho conflicting dates on which the eclipse will occur. The astronomical clay begins at noon, the civil day at midnight, twelve hour earlier. Hence, according to the one system tho ocllpae will occur on Jan. 13, and according to the other on Jan, 11.

49 SO yo 0 90 169 tip Mo. The shadow track begins on the banks of the Don, In Southorn Russia, whore the sun rises as totality Is ending. It passes over the northern part of th Caspian Sea, where totality begins at sunrise, and then over the Aral Sea and through Russian Turkestan, Samarkand being the principal town on the shadow track. Then It passes through the Pamirs and Into Central Aria, through tho desert of Gobi, ending finally on the River Amur, where totality commences at sunset. The Hamburg Observatory has Bent an expedition to Samarkand, whero It will probably Join forces Ti'tth thii BRlrnnnmrni r9 the KArva tnrv at kond.

nearly due north of Samarkand, recently established by the Russian Government The Bureau do longitudes, under the direction of M. Stefanik of the Meudon Observatory, Paris, and Mr. Hansky of Pulkova, In charge of a Russian expedition, will also occupy a position at Samarkand. According to Mr. Lynn of the British Astronomical Association the most favorable station for observing the'ecllpse would be Andljan, which Is to the northeast of Samarkand and is the terminus of the Russian Central Asiatic Railway.

The Swedish traveler Dr. Sven Hedln vlsltod It twice on his famous Tibetan expedition. On the outward Journey, after passing Samarkand to Tashkend, where he had his chronomoters regulated at the observatory, he returned southward as far as Chernyayeva, to take the train In Its course from Samarkand to Andlshan. The route, he says, lay through the fertile valley of Ferghana, among orchards, gardens, and fields, sometimes along the banks of a river, with hills and mountains to the south, so that no doubt a convenient position could be found for observing. Since his Journey a new line of railway haa been opened from Orenberg to Tiohkcnd, which renders it of course easier to reach Samarkand romi Europe.

Andlshan, in Western Turkestan, Is only on the margin of that dreary region, and even In Winter It appears feasible as another place for a 'possible eclipse expedition. Several months ago the writer made every possible effort to Join one of these expeditions. jh members of the British Astronomical Association were not Interested. On Inquiry the Russian representatives In this country refused to take any responsibility if the writer ventured Into Western Turkestan. She must do so at her own risk, which was, of course, out of the question.

Attention was then turned to Tsair-Osu, In Mongolia, the next most favorable site. According to Information received from the Secretary of State, who lived In China twenty-three years. It would require a month to Journey from Peking to Tsalr-Osu. The desert of Gobi had to be crossed, and th Journey made on horseback, an armed escort- bclns necossary, as this region Is also under Russian government. Added to this, January Is one of the coldest month In this region, the thermometer never being above xero.

This made the trip to Mongolia Impracticable, and, very unwillingly, all hope of seeing the total ecllrse was relinquished. MART PROCTOR. New York by Night iHE remarkable double-page half-tone Illustration In the Pictorial Section to-day scores another photographic triumph. Photography at right has hitherto been attempted only on ft small scale and applied to purely local Or isumieu ic-uiuno, to iwur a tjsnoramlo view of thl tmm haa for TUB TlUEfl nature, showing whole sections of what is In many respects the world'a greatest city. Tho difficulty In silhouetting the dark outline of the buildings against an equally dark sky, the ncces-.

slty of overcoming the effect of light halation, giving clear definition so that each building may bt readily' recognized, will be at once apparent to the veriest tyro In photography and almost totally Ihex-pllcablo to those unacquainted with the art. The upper picture Is really the more remarkable of the two when one considers the fog or hare whloh nearly always obtains after dark at the lower end of, Manhattan Island: yet practically every building from Rowling Green to Brooklyn Bridge la clearly discernible, while tho sign on the buildings In the foreground can eaally read. The lower picture, taken almost In the heart of the financial district, from the building of the American Tract Society, afford a unique view of the huge skyscraper, the streets below more than anything else resombllng deep canyon. The two picture combined cannot but Impress one with the faot that day and night are alike Incidents In the busy Ufa of the great city. In Justice to the readers of This Times and to all concerned In the production of thl Interesting plo-ture.

It Is only fair top say that the ploture presented Just as It appears on the specially prepared photographic negatives which tt was nectssarjr to jse; aside from th process of photoengraving no mechanical mean have been ued to produce any artificial Illuminating effecta. Paper Made from Grass A MONO the materials that have been substituted for rag In tho making of paper I esparto grass, which was formerly obtained for thl purpose from Ppaln, but la now largely Imported by Jliillnh ti ivd American manufacturers from the north of Africa. It I ft very hardy plant, flourishing (ln desert where other Veuolnlile )lfo Is un.tble to exist, and the NtiggcKllon ha recently leon made thnt by. cultivating esparto grnss In the Snhnrn. that great region of deserts might be partially reclaimed mid turned Into eource Of profit for mankind.

lilt lO much popular attention lina hcen given to the diminishing birth rntu in civilized races thnt it is astound-in there lias been so little paid as to its real cn a natural hw rrhioh ha: been openuive in all Fpeeios of or man induced, whenever the eon-'iitioss of existoac demanded it. In the struggle lo. eiislenoa there-are thousands of factors de-lrnuining eurvival, and the number of offspring rom one pair of parents is strictly regulated by thoe factors. In tho long run, a species remain stationary numerically or diminish, for it mnnot increase to overrun the earth. Hence the death rate is exactly equal to the birth rate us a rule, and there is a death for every birth.

It may bo' stated in other terms? Xo matter how -many offspring there are, nor how long the parents live, nor how often they produce, all the offspring perish except two on nn average, and these two take the place of the parents to keep species numerically steady. It is evident thnt if new enemies of the young r.ppcar, the specie? will perish unless more off-ipring arc produced, and there is a survival or lection of the types breeding the most. This rocess goes on until we reach such cases as the fish which produce millions of eggs to enable two individuals to survive. On the other hand" it frequently happens that sheltered breeding places are -elected where there are no enemies and all the offspring arc raised. Those which produce the least number are In-tter able to produce good ones, and if the animal must feed and protect the young, the drain is too great if many offspring are produced.

There is then a selection or survival of those which are the most vigorous that is, those having the fewest offspring. In time thjs pro- I 1 M'IMilliJ III Ull llllll I 11. 'Ujny sealiinN, for instance, hiy but one egg a year. These are the rules operative also in the case of mail, who is an animal after all and under the influence of the natural laws which determine M'nhul as a species. There v.ns a lime when he was struggling jpr existence in a tar tmiereni way man ne now dm-.

He could not give much care to his chilli. en, and when' they contracted diseases he imply watched them die, for he was ignorant of the ways of curing them. The infantile death fate was enormous, as it is at present among ravages. Kacc survival was not possible unless the birth rate was also enormous indeed, the species survived because each woman was yearly fruitful until she died of exhaustion. Forty was old age in those days, partly because of this excessive fecunditv.

The woman wore herself out in child bearing, and yet but a fraction over twr children survived. Man has increased very slowly on the average since glacial times. The brain of primitive man increased in size from the survival of the most 'intelligent in owls generation during this awful early struggle with severe environment, ami then civilization gradually arose by reason of increased brain. Men were able to raie children which formerly perished and then legan thnt burden of children vircii bn been wholly ignored in the disi usmoih tho dozens of methods which grew up to limit tyMecessnry fecundity. Sociologic works are full descriptions of these ms.toins, and we need ml detail them hete.

In a work which I hope uubiish soon, I have token up the ancient of infanticide, and all the other means of killing off the surplus and have shown that tliev all followed from dire necessity in brutal times when cruelty was not cruelly as wo look upon it. There is also clear evidence that if man is to advance there must be a struggle for exigence a universal biologic law. There cannot be a struggle and selection of the Fittest there overcrowding. And this overcrowding, then now, resulted from the exeesMve birth rate. The true significance of the discovery of Mnllhiift has never been realized for it is a natural law.

Men id way exit in larger numbers thnn the food supply, ml death of the snrpliH is incxiUble. Modern industrialism is Imsed on the fact that there is a huge unemployed mii- to be called on when needed. The time soon come when killing was too repugnant and limitation of the fomily followed a matter of coure. The birth rate began to diminUh soon as man had intelligence enough to discover how to accomplish it. It is only ithin recent years that the facts have received notice, ji'nd they have produced an alarm Miieli it truly ridiculous, for it is a process so old thnt it origin is lost in prehistory.

Within very recent times the infnntde death rote has been diminished by" medical discoveries that it is lunger necessilry to produce half the children needed but ft century ago. The phenomenon bus therefore been accentuated in the hist fiftv ctr, and it is solely due to the reduced death rite. The prorrfs nt prcient identically the i.v.o a in tho secbinh above mentioned. Child 1 1 'in is au roru and largo fam Congo Pijjmle Compared With an American Indian. rtelglan Government In the Congo Free State, and ha been largely auppresscd In the regions dominated by the white man.

continued the explorer, the prac- tlce was evident among the more remote plmy peoples. Prof. Starr1 friend had not henrd from him during the last lx month of his explorations, and It was feared that he had fallen a victim to the Inhuman practice. Ho ald. however, that wniie he hod faced serious situation among the pigmies, he had not been In grave danger.

Some of the reports of the practices of the cannibals, In hi opinion! had been misconstrued. There was the story, for example, that parents eat their children and children may eat their parent. I would not put It In that way," remarked Prof. Storr. "When children or old people die, the survivors eat their flesh.

Cannlballm in times of famine I not peculiar to the African savage, but Is found among many peoplea. On the other hand, the African pigmy does not aeom to hasten or cause the death of a child to gratify hi Inhuman taste." Explorer have remarked that they have found few old people among th African plgmle. and the Inference haa been drawn that th pged fall victims of the stronger among their fellows. Prof. Starr admitted that life among these cannibal people may thus be an example of the survival of the fittest." Prof.

Starr explored many 'f the tributaries of the Congo Itlver. He was the aeeond white man to ascend one. of these the Olku Ulver The extent of hi travela suggested the question: How far ha clvlllxatlon actually advanced on the great rlateau of the Congo? Steamboat ply tho navigable waters of the stream to the very heart of the continent. Itnllrond encircle the mile of rapid and cascade. The growth or the country, a described In th Statistics, hn been nmaxlng.

On the other hand. Prof. Starr described the scenery of the Upper Congo as long vista of tropical forest, broken occasionally by a trading post of the white men, In 1.400 mile of watercourse he found ISO European. Several usually live together In one of the settlements, surrounded by thousand of black men. Hippopotami and leopards ar numeroua.

Herd of wild elephant are encountered, but are grndunlly being decimated. The herd of to-W aro of young elephants, most of the old on having been killed for their Ivory. Soon after he reached the Congo prof. Starr saw the native playing a gama which resembles th American rCe paw." With loops of string they arranged designs on thetr finger. Some of these were quite Intricate, and the game was afterward Identified In a hundred different form.

t'thnnlogtst build their theories of possible relationship between people or th mingling of races by tracing famlllnr game through th centuries, or the variation In a central Idea of a game In widely separated nation. They hav found many uncivil-' ed peoples r'aylng "cat's paw In varUm part of the world. Tho discovery by Prof. Starr of "cat's paw" among the savage In the heart of Africa was therefore an Important one. The most Important point regarding "rat's paw" mong the vn-e of Africa ens the feet thnt It Could r.cl trarei to any Influnnc.

Prof. f) C) Pi! Prof. Starr and His Photographer, Prof. Starr with a Single Qom panion Visits and Studies the An thropophagi of Central Africa Dtcarf Tribes Play Cats-Cradle and Eat Human Flesh. SOrilC In cast on Darkest Africa by Frederick Starr of tho Unlvcrlty of Clilengo, vho him returnrd to Nfw York aftor year upcnt In Iho etudy of the wivnKe.

tribe of the Cotigo Krfo Slats. He tells cf the runnlbHl plg- nil wlio live tr thn hoHrt of tlin tronlrnt JunRks. Allliough Itn declines (o diacuKK th political nit nation In A Men, ho relates many )itllii which show th tn-onrnt ifindltlooti In thut vt rrjiintorlnl rnuilre. which linn nrouiil the cupidity of nations, cnunoil nertmifl rhnrRm to hn made Hlnst Klnif Ieopoll of Hidsluin, itcvrlfipecl cmnplieHt tons In tlm Unlt-l Sintin inny Involved, ntitJ offered nn outlet for Amerlcmi cnpltal. Not the lenut Interesttnf fenture of Prof.

Htnrr'ii Interview with reporter of Tim Nkw Yonit Tivbh noK IiIm doncrlptlon of game re-ieml)llii? "cnt'n cmdle," which he found In general UNO inmiK th African Ravage. Prof. Slnrr oecuplea the Chair of Anthropology at the t'lilvrrnlly of Chicago. He anlled from New York on Hfpt. IS, to luventlgnle the plginlea of Cen.

tnil Africa, ninl travpled miles In all. ntcom- imnlcd only by Manunl (lonxalcx. a alxteen-yoar-olil Mexican. Itrochlng the Congo Itlver, he Journeyed up the ulrenrn ft dlalnnce of l.tiOl) nilte. Twenty eight wivnge lrllea were vlnltert, chiefly In the natun ami Kscal dlatrlcte, whern the Bmnllejtt of tho Jlc-iiiIps nn found.

1 Miiny misleading statement have hmn irmdn nhmit th height of plginlea." Prof, fltarr enld. Tlmro are a rnroher of trlboa of Utile llnck men, nnd they vary In aire. I ahnuld say the avcrnee iirlght In four Many are amaller, aotne Wo initwl also dlHlliigulHh lrturen thrt and jlho more fnnilllar type of' African nogro. The two Typct Of Plamlea. They Art Thre Feat Tall.

ore lint only dlntlnct, hut belong lo different penplea. The pigmy la aomevvhnt lighter than the larger negro. Tho dwarf live by hunting; the larger negroes by agriculture. The pigmy race la nun-It the older of the two, They repreaent a. survival In tin face of encroachment by the aavagna of tho other type." i "Could a romparlaon of the Iwo peopled be niada by citing tlie Mound Hullder of thl country aide by aide, with tho American ludlim?" a comparison were pnestble," replied Prof.

Starr. I should any that the pigmies bear the same relation to the larger African anveae a the American Indlnn of the plain type -any the troiuoldie to the tvhlte men." Alihoush ciuuUbttllsm has been IrrbWMUm by Uia.