The Billings Gazette from Billings, Montana • 8

THE BILLINGS GAZETTE Sunday, Sept. 3, 1933. Page Eight. lodiaos Who FoeSlat Gester aed Old of Dozeii Air Alive to Tell' of FislM Still Kh Trooper THEY CAN TELL OF CUSTER FIGHT Maey of Waaraoirs Who Too Fart im Battl Wir Viry Yoeeg feg" By DR. THOMAS B.

MARQUIS. THE INDIAN WARRIORS who fought in the Custer battle of 1876 are not all dead. To the rnivtrirv a eoodlv number of them are yet living and enjoying the old-age rehearmgs of past ok mes Srs at Custer field seeking information about that battle manifest astomshment FocXnillv manifest incredulity, when told of this condition. Regularly though, a few lnent s'Tthougmf ul computation clarifies the situation in this regard The tragic event oc- ITS FRONTIER history to the contrary notwithstanding, Montana, as a state, has had singularly few legal executions. When a 45-year-old barber was hanged in Chofceau last week, he became the second man to pay with his life for a murder in Teton county, and the first to suffer the extreme penalty in the state since 1929.

The crime annals of Yellowstone county equal those of Teton in their infrequent references to capital punishment. Only two men have been put to death here since territorial days. Both were hanged and, judging from the stiffly formal but unilluminating official records, both justly deserved the hempen noose. The first hanging of record was that of William C. Brooks, a Negro wife slayer.

That was in 1899. The last time the noose was cuirea ot )tdi dgu. irmc. on-a on thon urnnlr! bp 77 now. That AAJC WAJ-CT WUU V.

i-w mat mie anu i iuic Tt" 1, oo nMr than that en vory run Trvr veteran xiiuittii. vanuuo uco a ca isnt so very oia 101 vcwri aii orivanrori tvmn that of the Indian fVio sn ki pr narticiuanis in me unmc "-'b an a5c mun. ru es 0 enl tmeni into the Sr require the recruit to be not under age 21 iuicsj rprtain number of soldier fighters and ar ticipants. The 1 st of them were al number of Ind narticn Tfie participants, ine called into use it iook tne nie oi a iviexican, uuan ueuae, wnu fatally shot a police officer in 1917 and went to the gallows the fol- ne tha da7t-her7nny woGld be a higher ration of the Indians 1 livin- assuming that white men and Indians have the same ability to attain extreme old age. it aolea that Indians of the old-age type average higher in longevity.

This gives them an-SiVr XntaYe toward becoming the last survivors of that conflict long ago when the Little Big XvTas in its wild state. Moreover, the Indians in the battle outnumbered the soldiers ten to or a higher ration. Wherefore, if all participants were of the same age at that Mme and if al had the same degree of impetus' to longevity, there would remain alive 10 times he wants. The lowing spring, of the information visitor's heart has to be right, and as many Indians as soldiers. there are today living about 80 old cavpnth cav- Indians who fought as warriors the old Indian has to know it is At the right is Blackbird, at present the high priest or medicine man chief of the Northern Cheyenne tribe, at prayer on Custer battlefield in 1928.

At the left is Big Beaver, a Cheyenne veteran of the Custer battle, standing at the slab where he saw a soldier shoot himself to death, June 25, 1876. alrv regiment of that time are still right. It may take some years for him to find out that this is the case. dwelling among mankind. Several of the Crook soldiers of 1876 are not yet dead.

Among these are James For-ristell, of Bozeman. Various old Crow Indians who were allied with Crook mav also be Included in the list of From the records it appears that Yellowstone county has had an aversion toward death sentences since its creation. Even in its turbulent formative stage there were comparatively few killings; formal executions were still more rare. Many Opposed Hanging. Thus there Was considerable opposition to the lethal punishment meted out to the Negro Brooks.

Nearly a year elapsed from the time he was convicted until the sentence was carried out. In the interim every legal device was used to forestaU the inevitable. With Cuellae it was different. He was convicted of a particularly needless and brutal murder. He barely escaped lynching the night of the against Custer, with the same number old women and a much larger number of their people who were not then quite old enough to take active part in important affairs, but who were old enough to know what was being done and now remember well what was done.

Praise Veracity of Indians. Another mistaken connection Is that old Indians have not common sense enough to be relied upon as informants concerning past events, or that they commonly are untruthful present survivors. A sprinkling 01 Then he will talk. During my earlier associations with them various old Indians intimated to me that the Custer fight was not much as a real fight. They indicated simply that it was an affair wherein warriors could not find much ground for boasting of exploits.

There were vague generalities conveying the impression that the white men appeared to be drunk, conducted themselves in was 15 years old. That day he was herding the Cheyenne ponies on the valley just below the camp. While performing this duty he and two other youths were fishing. At the best interpreted thus: "They threw themselves away." Indian Tells of Finding Whisky. Bobtailed Horse accompanied me upon Custer battlefield for an hour or two during the celebration period event have been pointed out to him by them, so he now is a good informant.

When Blackbird went with me the first time, in 1928, I stopped the car when we arrived just east of the monument. He got out and went Gibson's men that summer are yei with us to tell of their stirring experiences. Among these Gibbon men are William H. White and Henry G. Rice.

Mr. White then was close to ncrp 25. and he now Is close to age 82 or carelses in statements, either or Vwalking briskly toward the edge of the Custer battlefield guide. Mr. and attended by such circumstances as plainly indicate a heart regardless of social duty," the defendant was to be adjudged guilty of first degree murder.

Again, referring to the attempt of the defense to show the crime was done on the spur of the moment. Judge Loud admonished the jurors to remember "premeditation can be as quick as thought." The men who sat In Judgment were C. D. Prather, C. C.

Steers, D. P. Sullivan, Jacob Dahlstrom, A. G. Redding, George Lacey, John Partington, Robert Steele, Henry Colwell, George Gamble, John A.

Miller and John McCann. They agreed with Judge Loud's logic and the evidence of the prosecution. Foreman Redding read the verdict condemning Brooks to the hangman. The defense moved for a new trial. That was denied.

Then began the long proceedings of an appeal. Brooks languished in the county jail. He became by turn morose and sullen, violently blasphemous and devoutly religious. In at least one of his tantrums it became necessary to bind and gag him. On another occasion a Jailer turned a fire hose into the cell of the raging prisoner.

Both treatments were effective. Whether Brooks had become deranged under the strain, or was feigning insanity his action availed him nothing. He was examined by alienists. Two pronounced him sane. Another was not so certain of his mental status.

both of which deficiencies render their stories not worthy of credit unless fully corroborated. But my crime. A mob later tried to take him from the county Jail. The police officer was Enos Nelson, a young patrolman whose courage the ridge just above the large group of marble slabs below the monument. I supposed he was going to tell us something of special significance there, so I started to follow him.

But opinion is that the old Indian warrior veterans average higher than the a foolish manner, fired their shots into the air or among themselves or anywhere else except toward the surrounding Indians. Such vague generalities did not seem worthy of serious consideration. It was not until some time later that my mind interpreted their seeming fancies into what truly was the case. The first person who told me clearly in 1926. He said that he was asleep in his tepee when the soldiers came, and his sister awakened him.

The people had been getting ready to move down the Little Big Horn, but the coming of the soldiers changed their plans. He pointed out the course taken by himself and four companions in hurrying out on their ponies to meet the oncoming soldiers, who then were approaching along a ridge southeast of the battle ridge. He showed where one band of soldier horses stampeded and ran toward the river after the fight had been going on for some time. He told of old white soldier veterans in preserving memories of the past perhaps because the Indian life is less matched his integrity. The son of a pioneer family, and a brother of Dr.

C. H. Nelson, he was widely known and his murder aroused public anger to the boiling point. Rice then was age 27, and he now Is an 84-vear-old resident at Sap-'; pinion, Mont. For several years past he has been the final survivor of Lieutenant Bradley's mounted m-; fantry scouts who first discovered the j- dead on Custer's battlefield.

Many Eyewitnesses Left. Considering these conditions, it may be understood that there are yet among the Indians some dozens or 1 scores of old men who fought as young warriors at Custer's last battle. Tt. svmuld be understood further that moment of the alarm that soldiers were coming he was catching grasshoppers. He helped in herding the war ponies into camp and then he dressed himself in his best clothing, mounted his own pony and went out to see the battle.

For a time he was on the ridge northward from the battle ridge. While there he saw one soldier go running in that direction. Three or four Sioux warriors pursued the soldier, and the white man Jerked out his revolver and shot himself dead. This incident occurred close to the present north fence about the battlefield, and now there is a solitary stone slab there where a body was found north of the gulch. Big Beaver and the other youths hurried to the dead man, to get plunder.

Big Beaver got his revolver. He told me that a Cheyenne scalped the head. But to get back to William C. complex and less likely to produce confusion of thought. Furthermore, for truthfulness in narrative, I rate old Indians en masse as high as old soldiers en masse.

Many an old and specifically about suicidal acts by Custer soldiers was an old woman, Kate Bighead. During the time of her first positive declarations to me Brooks, who went down in history as the first man to die on the scaffold here. Brooks harbored a grudge against his wife, Jennie. Whether real or thpsp old men are matched by an soldier gets into the habit of allowing his fancy full play when he gets to recounting his experiences. Anyhow, in matters pertaining to the Custer battle or similar matters my procedure in arriving at conclusions has been the opposite of the proced equal number of old women who there as vountr women.

In ad- fancied, it drove him to shoot her to death In their home the night of Nov. 18, 1898. it developed at once that he had an- other purpose. At the edge of the ridge, and as he stood looking over the scene toward the river, he lifted his right hand and in low tones began a Cheyenne prayer that lasted about half a minute. At its end he came back to me and said "I prayed for all of the dead men, Indians and soldiers the same." Reveal Camp Locations.

Big Beaver, Limpy and Blackbird all showed me the precise locations of the various Indian camp circles at the time of the battle. All three of them showed me where the entire body of Indians had camped through six days preceding the battle, at the site just south from where the present Busby road Joins the main highway, six or seven miles south of Custer battlefield. Both Big Beaver and Limpy, as we came from Busby over the divide, traced out for me his having found whisky in the canteen of a dead soldier. He drank the whisky, and it mado him vomit. The junior Chief Little Wolf and Pine, two other old Cheyennes, also went with me to the battlefield during the 1926 celebration time.

They accompanied me during a forenoon and again during that afternoon, for an hour or so each time. Little Wolf I' ditlon, since the great encampment of 1 Indians was made up of families, It I. may be understood that there are concerning that matter there were present two old men, Shoulderblade and White Moon. Neither of them at that time corroborated nor denied her statements. I had been reading the orthodox writings on the Custer battle, and my mind had become filled with ideas of those soldiers "fighting to the last man and the last cartridge." Therefore, the old woman's emphatic story stunned me.

But I He was arrested. The law moved with speed in putting him to trial. The' fight for his life opened Jan. 16, but instead of taking the scalp with him he hung it upon a clump of ure usually followed by such investigators. The prevalent course, in case of unadjustable difference between Indian story and white man story, has been to accept the white man story 1899, and lasted through 15 court days.

The trial foreshadowed the battle that was to follow. Both sides re now among those Indians 'b number of both men and women i' who then were children or were grown up almost into adults. These now would be between 60 and 70 years old, with many more years to 1 come for them. So it seems probable did not express doubt or dissent, as the standard of measurement in truth. If the Indian story does not sagebrush there and left it.

Limpy, an old Cheyenne who was a 19-year-old active warrior at the battle, accompanied me from his home on the Rosebud to the battlefield in 1928. We camped three nights in my tent and rambled over the entire camp and battle areas during the days. He told me freely of groove precisely with that of the white man, it is decided that the Indian is mistaken or is falsifying. But that for some years yet mere win be available veteran Indians who can tll something as eyewitnesses of the along the way the course of travel taken by the Indians there in 1876. Both of them pointed out the place my system of rating has become that of measuring the white man by the Indian standard.

If some one or another white man tells me something out of accord with the old Indian narrative of the Custer battle it com simply listened and Jotted down notes. That is the only proper way to obtain true stories from old Indians or from anybody else never openly challenge any statement. In many instances, if you keep mum and think about the matter long enough you will discover that what seemed a mistake or a falsehood is wholly true. Suicides Are Confirmed. A few days later Shoulderblade told me clearly about the suicides.

On preceding occasions he had conveyed intimations, but it was not until after where they camped at the forks of terrific encounter where Custer fell. My close acquaintance with Custer I battle Indian veterans has been i among our Northern Cheyennes now living on the Tongue River reserva-: tion. In 1922, when I first dwelt I among them, the list of Custer battle Reno creek, and where Limpy and all the other warriors rode up South had been a warrior participant there, while Pine had been a 15-year-old youth observer. They pointed out the same course of Custer soldier approach along the far-out ridge, which course was pointed out the next day by four old Sioux warrior veterans whose recountings I followed. Little Wolf died in 1927.

Pine is still living on Rosebud creek above Busby. It is presumable that not all of those four old Sioux warriors are dead. Hundreds of white people visitors were on the battle field during those times of my association with those old warriors. It was impossible to avoid telling these white people of the'identity of Bobtailed Horse, Little Wolf and Pine. The interruptions by the white visitors hindered fully satisfactory communication with the old warriors, but the occasions were transformed into a course profitable to those Indians.

There were clam-orings for snapshot pictures of them. Reno creek to find the Crook soldiers and to fight them. Both of them indicated where had been their trail in going from this Reno creek camp monly strikes me that this white man should change his talk so that it would sound more like the genuine truth. Of course, the peculiar Indian fancies as to spirit interference in sorted to every strategy at their command. Public interest mounted as the fight warmed.

As the climax, W. M. Johnston, now one of Montana's leading lawyers, arose and made an impassioned plea for the supreme penalty. That address made him the county's first "hanging prosecutor." The instructions to the Jury delivered by Judge C. H.

Loud covered 41 specifications. Fearful of overlooking the most minute detail, the jurist prepared and read a voluminous review of the law covering the case. He pointed out that "malice, which is a necessary ingredient of the crime of murder, includes not only anger, hatred and revenge, but every other unjustifiable motive" and that a "heart regardless of social duty and further bent upon mischief, indicates malice. Hence malice is implied from any deliberate and cool act against another, however sudden, and shows Air Workers Show Large Gain in U. S.

Washington, Sept. 2. (U.R) Approximately 500 more persons were employed by American-operated airlines on July 1, 1933, than on the same date in 1932, according to the aeronautics branch of the department of commerce. The 1933 total was 5,997 employes. Of this number, 575 were pilots and 192 copilots, while 2,236 were mechanics, 1,613 other hangar and field personnel, and 1,381 office employes.

Gasoline consumed by scheduled airlines during the first half of 1933 totaled 12,589,547 gallons, the department noted, a substantial increase over the 1932 figures. Oil consumed by these planes also showed an increase, jumping from 317,656 gallons for the first six month of 1932 to 470,184 gallons for the 1933 period. All of these increases were made in spite of the fact that at the end of the period this year there were only 544 planes in operation as compared with 580 on July 1, 1932. site to the east side of the Little Big many features of the bloody affair. But he manifested one certain queer taboo he refused to accompany me among the group of marble slabs just below the monument where is the special Custer marker with many others.

We sat on the running-board of my car 20 or 30 feet east of the monument while he recounted to me many pertinent incidents of the battle. My proposition to go among the slabs just below us was rejected positively, with the sole accompanying sign talk explanation: "To go there would make me ashamed, so I must stay away." Blackbird was my companion on the battlefield for a few hours in Horn above the road junction. Various students of the Custer battle have come from a long dis tance and have spent much time in he had been present at the time of the old woman's narrative that he let out to me his full knowledge of that matter. After that, with me as the initiator of the subject, other old warriors, one after another, talked freely with me on that basis. What had been vague references now became something mutually understood.

trying to locate the course of travel taken by Custer over the divide from Busby to the Little Big Horn. There human affairs should be deducted from their stories. But when this sort of mental conception is not involved there regularly is no proper occasion for deducting anything from their statements. This full accrediting does not apply to their dealings with strangers or transient interviewers. In such fleeting contacts there may be wrong impressions conveyed by various ways.

The old Indian narrator may sense that the recipient of his narrative is incredulous, and so a truthful story is deemed not obligatory. Or, the interperter may trans has been much wranging in print concerning this matter. One certain book uses up a hundred or more small-type pages in presenting argu It seemed then that the stories of 1928 and again in 1931. He was but a boy, 11 years old, in the battle camp of 1876. In present times he is the medicine man chief of the veteran warriors xnen living uuui-l bered about 25.

Every year since then there has been one or more deaths among them. At this writing the numbr is reduced to 10. The present i youngest one who was an active war-' rior in 1876 is Wooden Leg. At that time he was age 18, so he now is age 75. Limpy, the next youngest, was age 19 at the battle, so he now is age 76.

Both of these old warriors I maintain bodily vigor that may carry them through another decade or i longer. The oldest present Cheyenne warrior at the- Custer battle is Bob-l tailed Horse. He was age 26 at the I battle. Now he is extremely feeble at age almost 84. His special dis-t tinction among all old Indians is that he was one of a group of five Indians who first rode out and met the Custer soldiers, to check them while other Indians were getting ready to come.

It is presumable that among the Bioux the ratio of surviving Custer battle warriors is about the same as among these Cheyennes. Since there were involved about seven times as manv Sioux as Cheyennes, it is ap- an abandoned and malignant heart." Jury Convicts Negro. the old woman and Shoulderblade had been such as among us are told, by "a white house spokesman" or by "one close to the president," when our chief executive wants to feel out what the public likes, and he afterward may repudiate it or openly confirm it, as prudence mav direct In the event the Jury found this "thing was done with a wicked mind late erroneously. Or, the interviewer may feel that he already knows, and As the go-between, I required each operator of a camera to give the veteran a coin. Various people got themselves snapshotted with these red men who had been in the fight.

There was no slacking in the matter of giving coins. Bobtailed Horse received about three dollars and Little Wolf and Pine together obtained a fund amounting to seven or eight dollars. Big Beaver Tells of Fight. Big Beaver went with me from Tongue river to the battlefield in 1927. We camped together three nights in my tent while we spent the day hours in going over the entirs scene.

At the time of the battle he Looking Bookward Northern Cheyenne tribe, or the high priest and keeper of the sacred tepee of the old-time Cheyenne religion. Although he was not a warrior at the battle, he is naturally very bright and can speak some English, so he can impart his ideas readily. Through all of the years since then he often has come from his home on the Rosebud to spend a night or a few nights encamped at Hardin, Crow Ageney or Lodge Grass. He has listened with interest to the stories of older men, and the main features of the past ments to prove that he followed the Indians over a certain course. Did that writer ask any of the old Indians! No, he did not Indians do not know anything.

How silly! Any one of those old Cheyennes and scores of the younges ones can guide an inquirer accurately along every ridge, gulch or gully where went that trail of 1876. In many other matters of a similar nature the students have omitted the Indians as informants. Some of these veterans are, as stated, still alive and able to impart Information. Furthermore, in regard to matters concerning which old Indians he simply wants to test the credibility of the Indian Informant. Such interviewer does not deserve truthful results, and commonly he does not get them.

Like to Talk About Fight. "Will the old Indians talk about the Custer battle?" is a question fre him. Shoulderblade happened to be absent from camp at the time of the great battle. The old woman rode out on her horse and saw the conflict, but she was not a warrior. So if I had disputed their narrations in this regard the genuine veteran warriors probably would have composed me with, "Shoulderblade was not there," or "old woman stories are Reviews and Comments on Current Reading By MRS.

ANNE LOWALL quently put to me. Yes, they like to talk about it if they find the right sort of listener. In this regard they are not far different from what we are. They do not care to talk to every flippant visitor who supposes that a mere request will bring to him all not to be believed," and thereafter they would have evaded discussion of this special matter. But, although parent that among those tribes in present times there is a total of seven times as many veterans of the Little Big Horn conflict as the Cheyennes now can count.

Since the Cheyennes I now can number 10 of them, it seems that, all of the tribes considered. should be expected to know best, the old Cheyennes may be looked upon Pipiimeetoe Party Closes I had doubts, I was careful not to express them. Consequently, after a Beartooth Gamp? Semmeir time the old men spontaneously opened the subject, then went further into it, until finally it became fully revealed. It may be said, then, that it took MURDER IN BERMUDA Willoughby Sharp Published by Claude Kendall 252 Pages $2.00 DESPITE the grousings of disgruntled, though still avid, mystery story fans in regard to the much maligned monotony of plot in that strata of fiction, it continues to remain the perennially favorite type. This new title from the "who-killed-cock-robin" division, while conforming in the large to the prescribed pattern for novels of this ilk, seems distinctly original in that the backdrop to its milieu is new and different, i money, it is some time before they One would naturally suppose that associate this death with the original he WORLD of as the most reliable informants.

This superiority results from a combination of old-time conditions and present conditions. In the old times the Cheyenne tribe roamed in this region 10 years before the Custer battle. They often had crossed that divide and on various occasions they had encamped right where they were when Custer came. Through the years following the fighting days they have been dwelling on their reservation about 25 miles east of the battlefield, and during these years many of them have traveled to and from past the scene dozens of times. They know those hills and that bat TAMPS me two or three years to learn that the gestures and intimations of the old men indicated Custer soldier suicides.

An additional year or more elapsed before this fact was confirmed in my mind by its grooving exactly with all other conditions as the true explanation of why the white Broegiht Notable Fieds RED LODGE, Sept. 2. (Special) Close on the heels of the departing members of the international geological congress who visited this region last week, followed the Princeton geological research workers, disbandment of the fourth annual summer colony of the group at Silver Run mountain camp taking place early this week. Charles MacClintock, University of Chicago student, was the lone "survivor" of the Princeton group, leaving here Wednesday to follow the trek of the scientific expedition back to the cities of the crime detection on a tiny island with crime-and in the meantime they la- borlously chase down every possible clue, most of which prove of scant "specials," the Georgia bi-centennial 3c, the Newburgh Peace 3c, the Cen-turv of Proeress exposition lo and less than 20 square miles of area would be simplicity itself. But evidently Willoughby Sharp thought otherwise, and has proved his theory by entangling some very convincing characters in one of the most enter men came to utter disaster.

Since this conception was formed so slowly, By QUINTON JAMES. Holland is paying tribute to llfe-V boatmen in a special issue of semi- postal stamps that bear, in addition to the regular postage, a surtax which 2 is to go to the aid tle scene as you know the streets of your home town. 3c and the most recent NRA 3c. Last year there were six, including the 12 stamps in the Washington bi-centennial commemorative, ranging from half a cent to 10c. Others in 1932 were the Olympic winter games 2c, the Arbor day 2c, the Olympic summer games 3c and 5c, the William Penn 3c and the Daniel Webster 3c.

east, there to resume their studies and school activities alter another profitable summer spent in the Beartooth region. Appreciation for helpful cooperation extended to the Princeton group by Montana-Wyoming educational institutions, by government, state, county and city officials and employes, and by private citizens was expressed by Dr. W. T. Thorn, leader of the expedition, upon his departure here Monday to take up his duties in the geology department at Princeton.

I geological and paleontological studies, Thnm i exnressed himself as the Princeton body has engaged itself of sailors homes, There are four in the set. The one and a half cent deep red (plus one and a half cents surtax) depicts a I projected monu- ment in memory of the work of life-- boatmen. The 5c blue-g and red-orange (plus 3c surtax) shows avail. Welch makes a most significant discovery, and upon investigating nearly loses his life. He finds that there is a definite connection between the death of Pamela Hawkins and the kidnaping of the Marsden baby on the mainland.

His adventure at Greenleaf cottage is one of the most exciting episodes of the many with which the tale abounds, and ultimately results in establishing the motive for the crime as well as the identity of the culprit. If the reader is an astute arm-chair criminologist, he will by this time have the "who-dun it" angle tentatively solved for himself. But unless he is exceptionally so, the delicious zest of wondering why will be his to enjoy until the final chapter wherein, as all good story book sleuths should, Welch appears triumphantly with the key piece to the puzzle, which not only settles the noose about the wretched neck of taining, well-knit murder mystery complexities on the current market. A young woman, later identified as the widely headlined nurse in a New York kidnaping case, is found stabbed to death in a remote sector of the island. Certain aspects of the death lead Superintendent Welch to doubt the apparent explanation of suicide.

The deceasd, Pamela Hawkins, was slain by a dagger concealed in a bouquet of lilies flora almost as famously indigenous to Bermuda as its onions and subsequent investigation reveals this circumstance to be an important clue. An unusual influx of transients, due to the presence of two excursion boats in the harbor, complicates the problem of Welch and his associate. Inspector McNear, to a disheartening degree. Still, they manage to unearth conclusive proof that the girl it seems excusable when others signify disbelief upon first hearing what they may rate as a calumny upon those soldiers. But it also seems probable that after such incredulous ones have centered their thoughts upon the case they likewise wiU come to a conclusion that the apparent calumny is really the truth.

However, many' of the old Indians are apparently perplexed as to just what did happen to the soldiers. All during the course of the battle both soldiers and warriors were down on the ground in a pitched fight. Hence, only a few suicidal acts were seen clearly, but these acts were seen on various parts of the field. About as far as most of the old Indians will go in statements on this point is that they saw much shooting going on among the soldiers themselves, and that later they were astonished to learn that aU of the white men were dead. The old Indians have no place in their mentality for conceiving of a soldier committing suicide to avoid capture, for Indian warriors never did that.

So they attribute the pleased with results obtained by the group's studies and discoveries in the Beartooth region during the last summer. Although the prime purpose of the group is to study the origin of mountains, year after year the work An incident illustrating old-time Indian mourning ways occurred when Blackbird accompanied me the first time to Custer field. Along the midst of the battle ridge we got out of the car for him to take me down the hillside and show me where a certain young Cheyenne warrior was killed. His wife, a rugged woman 60 years old, remained in the car. She had been a nine-year-old girl in the battle camps in 1876.

As we returned I heard sobs and observed her slumped forward with her blanket over her head. I was about to hurry her, but Blackbird detained me. Soon afterward she straightened up, uncovered her head and went at wiping away the tears that had flooded her face. Blackbird and I stood at a little distance as he talked further. Then he explained to me: "Her cousin was killed in this battle." And she was weeping for the brave young warrior who had fallen on that field 51 years before that day when we were there.

THE HIND COLLECTION. The country's finest stamp collection, that of the late Arthur Hind of TJtica, N. valued variously at from 81,000,000 to $2,000,000, apparently will not be sold at auction until after the first of the year. Appraisers are now going through the collection to fix a value for each stamp and this will take considerable time. It is expected that the sale, for which a date has not been set, will take place in New York.

It has been decided that at the first session only United States stamps will be sold, along with those from the Confederate states. The next session will bring sales of Great Britain and British colonial stamps. Charles J. Phillips of New York The Hope, a hospital missionary sel. The 6c deep green (plus, 4c) has an old-fashioned lifeboat.

The 12 and a half cent deep ultramarine (plus 3 and a half cents) has a Dutch sailor with a sailors' home in the background. the last summer in evolving new theories which promise to revolutionize present methods of locating oil and mineral deposits where direct evidences of their positions are untrac-able. These theories are based on making gravitational determinations in the area and coupling them with geological evidences obtained by study and survey. In this work the Princeton expedition the last two summers has been aided by the United States coast and geodetic survey in cooperation with the Geological Society of America. Results of the group's studies along these lines are expected to yield discoveries of great practical worth both to science and commerce, Dr.

Thorn assures. The Princeton colony of the last of the scientific body in research and exploration have yielded discoveries of world-wide importance. Finds of the last summer included the only two complete fossils of armored fishes ever found in the world, dug from the strata of Bearthooth butte by a Princeton expedition under Prof. Erling Dorf and Dr. J.

S. Smiser. both of Princeton university; discovery of the only extinct volcano ever found in the Beartooth region and the finding of an Ostracoderm. an armored-back forbear of the Jelly fish. was murdered.

Suspicion points most strongly toward one George Collins, from whose stateroom on one of the self-effacing "heavy," but clears up several side-light enigmas as well. Stories of this kind might be likened to an excellent cup of coffee. Exhilarating, pungently savored, and extremely liable to keep one up late under the reading lamp, but, except for the added cream and sugar which in this instance are style and distinctive phrasecloiy not of any soldier deaths that day to the Every the liners the flowers had been taken. But before he can be arrested or even questioned his body is discovered ashore, dead from the effects of self-administered poison. In a not; ex- I'NCLE SAM'S STAMPS.

Although the last regular issue of letter stamps by the United States Is dated in the catalog as 1922-26, there have been quite a number of "specials" since that time. The 1922-26 basic issue contains in all 25 stamps, ranging from half a cent to $5. and including one or two additions and substitutions since the original printing. So far in 1933 there have been four season was the largest ever estab ana w. l.

Bennett, Mr. Hinds when Spirit having intervened to philatelic adviser, were named in the make the white men go crazy and will as the agents to sea the col- direct their bullets toward each other lection, which includes the rare Brit- or toward themselves or to fall down also found in Devonian strata of lished In the area since its inception planing his act he confesses to being MDIST COLONY WAS COW. Bangor. Maine. Sept.

2. TPi A sign posted over a country ror.d near here read: "Stop Nudist Colony Do Not Enter." The curious who disobeyed found only a cow chewing its cud. an absconder, but upon searching his especial value as food for thought, luggage the officers discover that still, you'll undoubtedly relish it to Beartooth butte and dating back to here in 1930, comprising over 60 years ago. bers. Next season Dr.

Thorn hopes Besides these material evidences to have a still larger expedition work-whicb. cast new light on the group's 1 ing in the Beartooth-Big Horn region. ish Guiana 1-cent, for which Mr. Hind is said to have paid $32,000, plus commission. dead without having been hit by any missile.

The signtalk gesture often used in reference to that feature is someone has beaten them to the the very bottom of the cup..