New England Farmer from Boston, Massachusetts • 1

A FAMILY NEWSPAPER FOR I THE FARM, FIELD AND FIRESIDE. V0LU3IE XIX. BOSTON, SATURDAY MORNING, JULY 2, 1864. NUMBER 27. right into the ground again "Seems so you Fine-Wooled Sheep in Illinois.

The editor of the Praiiie Farmer says that in a trip through Du Page and Kane counties he scarcely saw a farm but had its small or large flock of sheep. Barns costing twenty-five hundred dollars were not uncommon. certainty, it will not do to breed from a grade bull because, although he may be a fine animal to all appearance, he might, and probably would, mark many of his progeny with the bad stain of blood in his composition and the chances of producing a fine animal would be much less with such a bull and the same cow than with one puie bred. Good cows, raised in this way, will answer our destroy multitudes of them in autumn and spring. I have often noticed the tree sparrow and the chipping sparrow picking them off the trees and for weeks about the last of October and the last ot April and fore part of May, the pine finches and the common yellow birds frequent the apple trees in small parties, and Beem to derive a large part of their food, especially the pine finches, from these insects.

When the buds are opening in successive stages of the egg and the' reptile form in a few hours. After these, they burst forth at an instant into full growth and perfection in their wing-form. In this they enjoyed their span of being, as much as we do years feasted, sported, revelled in delights fed on the living fragrance that poured itself out at a thousand openings at once before them enjoyed their loves, laid the foundation for their succeeding progeny, and after a life thus happily filled up, sunk in an easy dissolution. With what joy in their pleasures did I PUBLISHED EVEKZ BATU8DA7, BY NOURSE, EATON TOLMAN, No. 102 Washington Street.

SIMON BROWN, Agricultural Editor. RUSSELL P. EATON, General Editor. TERMS Weekly, One Tear $2.00 Six Months 1.00 Ethly, One Tear 1.00 J9" for full particulars, gee third page. Subscribers will observe the date on the labels with Which their papers are addressed.

This date is the time to which the subscription is paid. When a new payment is made, this date will be Immediately altered, so that THE RETURN OF THE BIRDS. BT WIILIAM CDLLEN BRYANT. I hear, from many a little throat, A warble interrupted long; I hear the robin's flute-like note, The bluebird's slenderer song. Brown meadows and the russet hill, Not yet the haunt of grazing herds, And thickets by the glimmering rill Are all alive with birds.

0 Choir of Spring, why come so soon On leafless grove and herbless lawn Warm He the yellow beams of noon; Yet winter is not gone. For frost shall sheet the pools again Again the blustering East shall blow, Whirl a white tempest through the glen, And load the pines with snow. Yet, haply, from the region where, Waked by an earlier spring than here, Tbe blossomed wild-plum scents the air, Ye come in baste and fear. For there is heard the bugle-blast. The booming gun the jarring dram.

And on their chargers, spurring fast, Armed warriors go and come. There mighty hosts have pitched the camp In valleys that were yours lilt then, And Earth has shuddered to the tramp Of half a million men. In groves where once ye used to sing. In orchards where ye had your birth, A thousand glittering axes awing To smite the trees to earth. Ye love the fields by plowman trod But there, when sprouts the beechen Bpra The soldier only breaks the sod To hide the slain away.

Stay, then, beneath our ruder sky Heed not the storm-clouds rising black, Nor yelling winds that with them fly Nor let them fright you back, Back to the stifling battle -cloud, To burning towns that blot the dhy, And trains of mounting dust that shroud The armies on their way. Stay, for a tint of green shall creep Soon o'er the orchard's grassy lioor, And from its bed the crocus peep Beside the housewife's door. Here build, and dread no harsher sound, To scare you from the sheltering tree, Than winds that stir the branches round And murmur of the bee. And we will pray, that ere again The flowers ot" autumn bloom and die, Our generals and their strong-armed men Slay lay their weapons by. Then may ye warble, unafraid, Where hands that wear the fetter now, Free as your wings shall ply the spade.

And guide the peaceful plow. Then, as our conquering hosts return, What shouts of jubilee shall break From placid vale and mountain stem And shore of mighty lake And midland plain and ocean-strand Shall thunder "Glory to tbe brave, Peace to the torn and bleeding land, And freedom to the slave Atlantic Monthly for July. never would learn." "Well, it's all loose here. and bent out there," replied the boy, as we went out of hearing of what else he had to say, and out of sight of the old black implement in his hand. On the next farm a man and two boys were mow ing the shortest and probably the youngest was on the lead.

Their scytheB and their ha is looked new. We heard nothing of their conversation, but everything indicated that they were starting right that their tools were good, the iron sharp, and the boys full of courage and ambition. This courage and this ambition should be kept alive, if possible, during this season. They are worth more than good tools cost more than pretty frequent holidays cost more than kindness, more than pleasant words cost. We see it stated that a farmer in Illinois kept up the courage of his boys by giving two of them, one ten, the other twelve years of age twelve dollars, telling them playfully, to "go and buy out" a neighbor who had a large flock of fine-wooled sheep.

The boys bought four ewes. This was three years ago. With this spring's increase, the flock and the wool they have produced is estimated at nearly 300. The Prairie Farmer, who tells this story, says that in all that section small boys are en thusiastic sheep raisers, talk precociously of diseases, and discuss earnestly the relative qualities of different breeds, grades of wool, We commend the example of these parents. EXTRACTS AND REPLIES.

Work on American Ornithology. Where, and at what price, can I procure a cheap but correct worn on American urnitnoiogy. y. Monson, June ii, loo. Remarks.

No where. The only works on Ameri can Ornithology, that are correct and nearly complete, are NuttalPs, Wilson's and Audubon's. The two former are very rare, and Audubon's, being in several large volumes, is quite expensive. The almost absolute necessity of expensive illustrations, prevent the possibility of a low priced work on this subject, though cheapness may depend on other circumstances than price. An Excellent Alderney Cow.

Having noticed in your last paper an account of a fine cow in HoiNstnn, I thought 1 would like to tell you of a full blood Jersey. I bought her of Mr. Thomas Drew, formerly of Worcester, when she was five weeks old. one had her tirst call when she was two years old, and would make l1' pounds of butter in a day. She brought her second calf when she was four years old and made in one week eleven pounds and ten ounces or nutter.

nau ner tnira cait tne unru day of last April. She is now five years old, weighs only 700 pounds, and made last week 15 li pounds of butter. J. W. Moksb.

Northbridge Centre, June 15, 1864. Remarks The delicate, deer-like appearance, and the rich milk of the Jersey cows, seem to fit them especially for the gentleman's lawn and the private fam ily, yet Mr. Flint says, in his treatise on Dairy Farm ing, that "one or two good Alderncys with a herd of fifteen or twenty ordinary cows will make a great dif ference in the quality of the milk and butter of the whole establishment." Making Sugar Keeping Stock. As there have been some biir sugar stories told in the Farmer, I would like to tell what has been doue in this town. There have been made.this last spring, by ten farmers within one mile of me.

twentv-thrce thousand pounds of sugar. You may think we live in the woods and on sugar, bat the same persons have wintered twelve hundred sheep, one hundred aad eighty-two head of cattle, and thirty-fire horses. anrewsoury, re, June loot. v. urates, Remarks- These facts im scarcely, more credits- ble to the "ten farmers" of Shrewsbury, than the man ner of the announcement is to friend Graves.

It does our poor old eyes good it does the younger and brighter eyes of the printers good, to see now and then a fautless manuscript one in which the writing is neat and distinct, the words and lines properly sep arated by liberal blanks, the capital letters and marks of punctuation just as they should be on the printed page, and last of alt without a superfluous word. We know where Shrewsbury is have seen her mountains and something of her farms, and hope Mr. Graves will favor the readers of the Farmer with some further no tice of the industry of his neighbors. Have not the experience of these ten farmers who produce 2300 pounds of sugar, keep 120 sheep, 18 cattle and 3H horses, on an average, to each farm, elicited some facts which, if published, would encourage and benefit, pos sibly, some of their less prosperous brother farmers That Check-Rein. If the neighbors of the man who still persists in the use of the check-rein, will tie tin his arms and nut him on the double-quick over some twelve or fifteen miles of a hilly road, he will learn to appre iate the disadvantages under which a horse travels with his head fastened in an unnatural position.

s. p. h. Substitute for Butter TJsed by a Workman at the Portsmouth Navy Yard. As my knowledge of botany has lain nnnsed of late 1 will not undertake to describe the plant that he says produces the fruit which is about the size of first picking of the baldwin apple.

It arrives at maturity about August 10th, when it is picked, laid on plates and punctured, when there exudes a which, when mixed with a small quantity of milk and sugar, acquires the consistency of butter. It can then be worked into balls the same as butter. Many who have ujed if prefer it to butler. My informant says he has used that kept three months and found it sweet and good. The first plant was given to him by a naval officer who arrived at Portsmouth from some foreign Btation.

Seabrook June, 1864. s. P. x. Remarks.

At first thought we supposed our correspondent was slyly recommending good large baked apples; if that is not the case, will he please brush up his botany a little, or jog the elbow of his navy-yard friend who is so quietly dodging the present high prices of "ball butter," that a little further information may be imparted as to this wonderful plant from some "foreign station." Small Cows. I saw a breed of cattle a few day which, as milkers, are preferred to any others by those who like small feeders. They do not give as much milk as some larger cows, but the quantity is large for their si2e. The cow that I saw did not exceed in size a yeaning of the native breed. Her "points" were all first-rate, the only disproportion being her bag.

which was too large for her convenience. s. P. m. Seabrook, X.

June, 1064. Remarks. We publish the foregoing as a specimen of that imlefiniteness which greatly mars many agri cultural communications. Whether our correspondent has been smitten by a little fawn-like Jersey, or by some diminutive Irish, Kerry, Norman, or Canadian breed, Is more than can be gathered from his statements. Large Calf.

Seeing several notices in your paper of large calves, I send you the following for publication, if yon consider it worthy of notice: I have a four-year-old cow which dropped a calf April 27th, which weighed at its birth 124 pound. When it was six week four days old It weighed 289 pound, the gain lieing over 3 pounds per day. B. Barrett, of Bolton, considering it too valuable a calf to be slaughtered, purchased it at the above mentioned age, for 29, to be raised. Jajus Bakkbtt.

Bolton, June 20, 1864. A Countt Premium. Among the premium to be awarded at the State Fair of the Wisconsin Agricultural Society, to be held in Janesville, Sept. 26-30, 1864, ia a prize banner, worth $100, for the largest and most creditable contribution to the exhibition made by the citizens of any one county, exclusive of Rock county, in which the fair ia to be held. Toe judgea will be required to base their decision upon such circumstances of population, remoteness from the locality of the Fair, amount, quality, aa will insure equal advantage to all the counties in competition.

The award will be made to the Agricultural Society of the auccessful county The Ccrbast Worm. A correspondent of the Sural Kern Yorker recommends the following wash as death to the worm, but not injurious to the leaves: Take one ox. carbonate of ammonia 1 os. nitre. IMssolve in one quart of soft soap; mix the whole thoroughly in nine gallons of rain water.

"There can now be found in Northern Illinois as good sheep as are to be found in Vermont. In fact, the celebrated sheep that carried off the great prize at the Hamburg fair last year, have been outdone in yield of wool by sheep owned by Mr. Kelley, who has just sheared a part of his flock, intending to take them to the great exhibition in Ohio in September next, the rules requiring that they should be sheared on the 3d day of May. The sheep are those that were shown at the Illinois State Fair, at Decatur, lust fall, and received the first prizes as best pen of ewe lambs, best pen of yearling ewes, and best pen old ewes, and sweepstakes of nine ewes and one buck the buck being a lamb of 13 months old." Tenant Farming. The ambition of the Amer ican farmer is to own the land he cultivates.

He scorns the position of tenant, and if obliged to rent a farm for a few years, seldom thinks of making any considerable outlay for improvements, especially for those of a permanent character. In England, where long leases are taken, large sums are expended by the tenant for such purposes. An instance of very liberal improvements made by a tenant is mentioned by a late Scotch paper in an obituary notice of Thomas Logan, of Wood- end: Mr. Logan entered on a new lease of the farm. formerly leased by his father, at Whitsunday, 1859.

During the first vear he limed 700 acres at a total cost of 3500; in the same year he drained fiOO acres, the drains 3 feet deep and 30 feet apart, at a cost of 2020. When to Cut Wheat. A club of ten farmers in Chester county, Pennsylvania, made experiments in cutting wheat. Their conclusion was that the best time to cut wheat was "when the grain can be pressed between the thumb and finger, and leave nothing but the husk and a thick pulp, without any fluid around its edges." The reason and the rule are thus stated by a Gettysburg farmer in the Germatitoton Telegraph Wheat is composed of gluten, starch and bran. Gluten is the nourishing quality of the grain, makes the flour stick together in the hands of the baker, and gives weight to the grain and there is the greatest quantity of gluten in the grain just when the straw is yellow two or three joints from the ground, the head turns downward, and you can squeeze a grain between your fingers without getting any milk from it.

Every day the wheat stands alter this tinge of its ripeness, the gluten decreases in quantity and the bran increases in thickness. New Code of Maine Laws. By a law of this State any person who shall, to the acceptance of the Selectmen, place a trough by the roadside, into which a stream of water shall be constantly kept running, is entitled to an annual deduction of $3 from the amount of his yearly taxes. And by another law, towns and cities are authorized to give bounties to farmers and other citizens who shall plant out and protect shade trees by the road-side. New York State Fair.

We have received from B. P. Johnson, Secretary of the New York State Agricultural Society, the Premium List and Regulations of the Show to be held in Rochester, Sept 20-23, 1864. As usual, the premiums are must liberal and comprehensive. Wool Growers' Convention will be held Wednesday, Sept.

21. The American Pomological Society will also hold its tenth session, in the same city, the week pre vious, Sept. 13. Liability in Respect to Contagious Diseases. A New York court has lately awarded $5000 damages against the Harlem Railroad Com pany for turning out their horses infected with farcy and glanders, in a meadow adjoining the stable of the plaintiff (Wilks) whereby hia horses took the disease and many of them died.

For the New England Farmer. BREEDS AND MANAGEMENT OF STOCK. Read before the Concord Firmer. Club by Jons B. Moons.

The term breed, as I understand it, applies only to the distinct families of animals who have been bred without admixture of blood with other ani-mal, for so long a period of time as to have their various points become so fixed and permanent as to render it certain that the offspring bred from the male and female of such stock will always show the same points possessed by the family to which it belongs and if an individual animal said to belong to any one of the different breeds should produce an offspring not having the pointa belonging to that breed, it would be sufficient cause fof saying that the animal was not of pure blood. The following distinct families of animals are among the number usually designated as pure bred animals, namely Durham, or Short Horns, Hereford, Herons, Jerseys and Aijrshires. The term Native Breed, which we so often hear ued, is true in only one sense, that is, that the animals to which it is applied are born here, and the term native could be applied with just as much propriety to the Devons, or any pure-blooded animals who have been bred in this country, through many generations, as if they were also born here, and in some instances their parents before them. Perhaps the term grade would.be a better name for all animals not of pure blood, and I will venture to say, that no animal can be found in this vicinity, called native, but that has more or less of blood in in veins of one or more of the breeds before named. And if you examine the best authorities upon breeds and breeding you will find that those classes of cattle that I have named have been bred fur special purposes, and in each case with a particular object in view.

Thus the Durham and Hereford for beef certainly excel all other breeds; the Devona fur beef, dairy and working oxen. As working oxen they excel. The Ayrahires snd Jerseys for the dairy, in which they excel all the before-named breeds, and neither of the families combine all the qualities required for beef, work and the dairy. It is of secondary importance to ns to raise beef and working oxen, compared with animals capable of producing large quantities of good milk, which we sell in the form of milk or of newly-churned butter. Of the above-named breeds we find that there are only two familiea now prominent enough to call your attention to as dairy stock, namely the Jerseys and Ayrshires, and for the improvement in animals for the dairy we must rely upon these two breeds.

I do not mean to ssy there are no good milkers in the other breeds, but they are exceptions to the general rule, such not being the fixed habit of these breeds. Some may think it would be better to raise a breed of our own, or, in other words, a pure American breed from our native stock, so called, thinking that such a breed would be better adapted to our pastures and climate than the pure bred cattle we now have. It is evident that it would be the work of two or three generations of men, at least, to produce such a breed but premising that such is the fact, then the most feasible way for us to breed cattle for milking purposes ia to adopt one or both of these breed, or, in other words, take advantage of the improvements made for the last hundred years in the Jersey and Ayrshire cattle for making that improvement. Aa it would take a long time to raise a sufficient number of pure bred animals to stock all oar farms, perhaps the best way would be to select good-shaped, medium-sized eows of our common stock, who have a thin, aoft-handling skin, a broad and capscioua odder, with medium-sized teats, and heifer, tbe product of each a ere, will be likely to be a good milker, although that will not always follow. To raise good milking stock with any purposes lor milking, and tor which thev would be as good, probably, as pure bred animals.

Any one breeding pure blooded stook should confine himself to one breed, as in a stock of cattle all of one blood there would be no danger of accidental admixture of blood, and they will look better for neing all nearly alike. It may be urged that we should have a breed of cattle that, alter they were worn out for milking purposes, would be as valuable for beef as the Durham. Ihe Durhams, as a whole, are not, good milkers, although some families of them are much better than others but you will find mat tnose who do give a lair quantity of milk are inclined to go dry five or six month each year. A Durham cow that will make 600 pounds of oeet aner she is laid aside tor milk, wili be worth about $25 for the purpose of turning out to fat in tne spring ot the year. Mv idea is that an Ayr shire or Jersey cow, that will make 550 pounds of oeei alter being done with for milk, will give dairy nine months ot the year, two quarts of milk a day at least more than the Durham.

If they give only one quurt of milk a day more, in nine months it would, at two and a half cents a quart, amount to jfo.ou, which, calling seven years the average number of years that cows are usually milked, would amount to $47.60, and the difference in value of the two cows for fattening would be only from $2 to $5, leaving from $42 to $45 in favor of the milker. The next thing after procuring a good calf is to raise it properly. Much depends on this, as it ia a well established fact that no animal, half-starved for the first two or three years of its life, will ever come to the standard of perfection of the breed to wnicn it belongs, so -that good feeding from the time of dropping the calf up to the time of the heifer coming into milk, is necessary for the uer- fect development of the animal. I do not mean by this that I would have an animal pampered, but that they should be well fed and kept in a thriving condition all the time, and in the winter more particularly, and that they should always be kept from vermin, which are often allowed to in crease to such an extent as to almost eat the verv life out of our young cattle. Then they should be sheltered from the storms in cold weather, for they will suffer from being exposed to the cold rains, and then left in the yard or put in a cold oarn, where it will take them many hours longer to become dry and comfortable.

Some persons say it is no matter, it will make them tough and hardv to stay out in the cold storms. But what would be thought of a man who would keep his children out all day in a drenching rain, and then let them dry their clothing on their backs in a cold room at night for the purpose of making them hardy? Children would probably soon die under such treatment; but animals, having more tenacity of life, survive, but do not attain to such perfection under that treatment as they would it properly sheltered I do not know but the idea ot poor keeping is encournged by many of the statements in regard to cattle made to the various agricultural societies for the last few years. The substance of some of them is pretty much as follows: A gentleman enters a fine fat ox or cow for premium, and in his statement says that the animal was kept on poor; hay, without any grain during the winter, and summered in the pasture with very short, poor feed or of a cow, giving an enormous quantity of milk that she has been kept on very poor feed, and a little corn fodder once a day to eat. Can any sensible person pretend than an animal can he fattened, or made to give a large quantity of milk, without good and nutritious food Men that make such statements instead of receiving premiums should have their statements sent to the grand jury, for them to inquire into the mat-ter, and see if they would not be proper subjects to be indicted, under the statute, for cruelty to animals! A uniform kind treatment, regularity in feed ing, good shelter, cleanliness and a plenty of nu tritious rood fed to them in comfortable stalls, in the winter, good pasturage in the summer, with an abundance of good water at all times, is what I suppose would be called good management. If I were called upon to state some of the points for which Jersey cattle are noted, I should say, gentleness, quietness, both in the pasture and in the barn, a constant and regular flow of milk, many of them milking the whole year (which 1 verv very much doubt the profit or utility of) but think it would be better to let them go dry from six to eight weeks.

It not only gives them time to recruit themselves, but their calves are much stronger for it. They are also noted for the richness of their milk, the fine yellow color of their cream and butter, and for its fine flavor. Fnr the AVir England Firmer. HORSE HOE CORN--FOTATOES. Mr.

Editor: The farmer seems to have his full share of all the improvements of the day, and the last invention is the "horse hoe," which looks like a thing of great utility, and far surpassing the cultivator or horse plow, the latter the only implement known to me when a boy for working among the corn and potatoes. All that seems to be needed now to complete the farmer's list, is a perfect potato-digger, a corn-husker, an apple-gatherer and a sheep-shearing machine. It may not be too much to expect perhaps, that the time will come when a flock of sheep may he driven, full run, single file, through a machine, and all come out sheared from tip to lip. Genius, muchinery and horte power, have immeasurably lightened the labors of the farmer, and his hard work has almost become a pastime. An regard to billing corn, or scarcely making the form of a hill, is it necessary Will not this farmer's "horse hoe" do nearly all the work See the corn roots diverging from every point, like so many guys, to hold it erect against heavy winds.

Hoeing deep and hilling high, must cut off many roots, and the holes that are made leave a fine escape for the water, without doing aa much good as if the land was level. YV hat can we say of potatoes, with their long, clinging roots tbe umbilical cord, connecting the potato with the vine, (tough as a whip-lash the little brush-like roots around the vine, to give growth to the top, while the combined powers of earth and atmosphere contrive to give us our mother earth best esculent vegetable Is hoe ing deep and hilling high the belter practice for this crop? While we doubt it to some extent. we would beg to ask the practical farmer what is best. He ought to know. It would be a simple test to hill, half hill, and barely add a little fresh earth in weeding the third row, and at digging time the experiment would be fairly tested.

These suggestions mar be of no avail to yonr readers, yet cultivation of these two most important crops, cannot be too well understood. I trust they may elicit a reply from some of your thousands of readers that till the soil. Brooklyn, L. 1864. H.

Poor. Remarks. Excellent suggestions. We hope some of our progressive farmers will give ns their views on the subject of hilling, with reasons for and against. For the Hem gnglamd Farmer.

THE APPLE THEE APH13. Mr. Editor: The apple tree aphis mentioned by your correspondent J. J. Watson, of Wash ington, Vu, in the Farmer of June 18th, is not a new thing under tne sun.

It baa been known here for a long time i and though somewhat inju- ious to the apple trees, has not caused any such painful evils as your correspondent fears. Ihe; insect ia moat noticed late in autumn and early in spring, being more con ceiled in summer by the abundant foliage of the trees. It ia most seen in summer on young sprouts growing from the hedges and limbs of neglected trees, where the wood ia new and tender, and new leaves are continually putting forth. I write to speak of the enemies of this insect. The greatest preventive of iu increase ia the protection of tbe birds, many kind of which fired extensively upon it- Borne ol oar seed -eating birds, the sparrows and bnches, which most people suppose do but little good, or harm, to the farmer, are very fund of them, and May, they may be seen clinging to the extremities of the small branches, often head downwards, searching for and devouring the aphis.

At these times I have found hundreds at a time in their stomachs on dissecting them, and rarely much other food. Many kinds of warblers destroy them in great numbers, particularly the yellow-crowned warbler or myrtle bird, the Nashville warbler and the blue yellow-backed warbler, which are so beneficial to our trees in May, when a variety of destructive insects are swarming among the opening blossons and tender leaves, upon which these species and many others exclusively feed. j. a. A.

Springfield, June 20, 1864. For the New England Farmer. THE DROUGHT. Hampden county, particularly that part in the vicinity of Springfield, is now (June 21st,) suffering extremely from a protracted drought. There has been but a small supply of rain here during the whole spring, and fur the last twenty days, hardly enough has fallen to lay the dust consequently all kinds of vegetation are beginning to suffer badly.

Gardens, corn and potato fields are becoming hard pinched for moisture. The grass of the pastures and mowing lands is already drying up, and farmers are beginning to mow to save what little there is. Unless relief comes immediately, there will not be more than half a crop of hay, in many cases much less; and abundant rains at this late hour cannot make good the in jury, farmers ore becoming much alarmed, not knowing what they will do for pasturage tor their stock. Happily, I trust, this excessive drought does not yet extend over a very large tract, Berkshire county, I believe, being tolerably well watered thus far; and not far to the north crops do not yet appear to suffer much. The papers gen erally speak favorably of the grass crop at a distance all about us.

J. a. a. Springfield, June 21, 1864. DEATH OF DISTINGUISHED AGRICULTURISTS.

Within a few weeks past several men, whose names have long been familiar to the readers of agricutural papers, have departed this life. Brig. Gen. James S. Wadsworth fell at the bead of his division May 6th.

He was President of the New York State Agricultural Society in 1JS42 and lo4d. Was a man ot great wealth and equal benevolence. Lived on one of the most beautiful farms on the Genesee River. Dr. Eva Pugil President of the Pennsylva nia Agricultural College, has also been taken from Like many other distinguished scientific men, he was from the humbler walks of life having been originally a blacksmith.

He devoted all his spare time and earnings to the improvement of his mind. He was ot length enabled to go to Europe to complete his chemical studies. After he had spent some time in several of the most cel ebrated laboratories on the Continent, he spent two years with Mr. Lawes on his experimental farm at Rohamsted, engaged in investigations in regard to the absorption of atmospheric nitrogen by plants. Returning to this country he was elected President of the Agricultural College of his native Mate, and soon gave it a character pos sessed by no similar institution in this country.

He was a man ot unbounded energy and perse verance, and thoroughly acquainted with the sci ence and practice of agriculture. His loss is irre parable. Charles rS. La VERT, president of the Mary land Agricultural College, died at his residence, at Riversdale, May 1 2th. He was a large and suc cessful farmer, prominent in every agricultural im provement, and his loss will be severely felt, not only in his own State, but throughout the whole country.

KEV. U. E. UOODMCH, ot Utica, N. well known for his experiments on potatoes, and for the urn her ot excellent seedlings he has pro duced, died at Utica, May 11th, aged 62 years.

FACTS BEARING ON CATTLE BREEDING. The Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture gives the following abstract of some remarks made by Prof. Agassiz at a meeting of the Board last December. Whatever may be thought of the practical truth of the theory advanced, if it shall lead to greater caution as to the use of inferior males either first or last, it can do no harm in that direction at least. 'After expressing some sound sentiments with regard to the connection between science and practice, and showing how tbe two ought to be connected in the business of agricultural education, he presented an elaborate view of the laws of reproduction, and their connection with the breeding ot farm animals, as an illustration ot the vast importance of profound science in guiding the farmer to his work.

He had found by experiment that the process of fecundation was governed by some extraordinary laws. The common turtle, for iu stance, does not commence to breed until it is 7 years old. At the second year, connection between the male and female takes place, without any apparent result. The third year connection takes place, and still no eggs. And so on until the 7th year of the life of the female, when she commences bringing forth maternal eggs.

At this time the eggs in the ovaries present various sizes, as if they bad been impregnated at the different periods. Certain very curious facts in the reproduction of other animals, go to show that the impregnation of an ovum may take place a long time previous to its development, and that it probably only requires the stimulus of future connection with the male, to bring it into existence. He had experi mented with a jxewiounaiana oiicn, oy coupling her with a water-dog, and the progeny were partly water-dog. partly Newfoundland, and the re mainder a mixture of both. Future connection of the same bitch with a greyhound produced a litter tike the former, with hardly a trace of the greyhound.

He had bred rabbits with the laws established by this experiment, and had at last so impregnated a white rabbit with the gray rabbit, that connection of this white rabbit with a black male invariably produced gray. A fact stated by Mr. Chapin, of Milford, that a hen turkey would lay two or three successive litters of eggs, having been impregnated only for the first litter, was new to Prof. Agassiz. It was undoubtedly with a knowledge of these laws of reproduction, perhaps pro-founder than that which we possess, that the Jewish code declared that if a widow having children marry again, the children of ner second husband shall be heirs of the first.

These laws, established by these experiments. should govern us in the breeding of our animals, and should make us careful in a selection of males for the first impregnation of females, as upon this depends tbe future value of the female in producing the type which the breeder may design. The lecturer threw much light on the subject of breeding and rearing cattle, and clears up many points which have always been troublesome to the breeder. In conclusion. Prof.

Agassis dwelt upon the in fluence which soil and climate exercise in devel oping the animal system. Large frames, great oony structures, grow on nmesione sons, smauer bones on granite formations. He thought this ought to be taken into consideration in selecting animals for any locality. And he was moreover satisfied that a breed of animals could, if confined to any given spot, grow into conformity with that spot. 1 be irotessor connnned these newt with great distinctness by reference to the animals which rep resent the diflerent cantons of GT Coal oil dropped upon the neat of caterpillars when the varmints" are inside ia said to be a safe, sore, and speedy means of accomplishing their destruction.

attend the first and the succeeding broods through the full period of their joyful lives! With what enthusiastic transport did I address to each of these yet happy creatures Anacreon's gratulation to the cicada Blissful Insect what can be, In happiness, compared to thee Fed with nourishment divine, The dewy morning's sweetest wine. Nature wails upon thee still, And thy fragrant cup does fill. All the fields that thou dost see All the plants belong to thee All that summer hours produce, Fertile made with ripening juice. Man for thee does sow and plow, Farmer he, and landlord thou. Thee the hinds with gladness hear.

Prophet of the ripen'd year To thee alone, of all tho earth, Life is no longer than thy mirth. Happy creature happy, thou Dost neither age nor winter know But when tbou'st drank, and dane'd, and sung Thy fill, the flowery leaves among, Sated with (he glorious feast, Thou retireBt to endless rest. While the pure, contemplative mind thus almost envies what the rude observer would treat unfeelingly, it naturally shrinks into itself on the thought that there may be, in the immense chain of many, though as invisible to us as we to the inhabitants of this little flower whose organs are not made for comprehending objects larger than a mite, or more distant than a straw's breadth to whom we may appear as much below regard as they to us. With what derision should we treat those little reasoners, could we hear them arguing for the unlimited duration of the carnation, destined for the extent of their knowledge, as well as their action And yet, among ourselves, there are reasoners who argue, on no better foundation, that the earth which we inhabit is eternal." HAVE PATIENCE WITH THE BOYS. Labor is scarce and produce is likely to be extravagantly high this season.

While farmers will be obliged to economize in the amount of hired help, they will be anxious to raise all they can. There is, therefore, danger of undue anxiety of mind and over-exertion of body. This year, if never before, let patience have her perfect work. Have patience with the new machine. If at first it does not meet your expectations, if it is harder to manage than you anticipated, and fails to do all you hoped, have patience "practice makes perfect." Especially is this old saw true in respect to the boys, for whom we would ask a large share of patience patience not only with the poor man ner in which they accomplish their tasks, but patience, and a great deal of it, with their inability to do all you would like to have them do, now that the work presses so hardly in all directions.

Just take that boy's hand in your own feel of his arm, his shoulder, chest and ribs wonderfully, fearfully, slightly made is it strange that he ac complishes so little that he so soon tires, and complains of the "hard row" that has fallen to bis lot? Will fretting or scolding harden his bones, toughen his sinews, increase his endurance, or make him love the hard work of the farm Farmers are generally careful about putting their colts to hard work before they get their growth. It is well they should be. Many a fine animal has been injured and its value greatly decreased by being used too much before its system was sufficiently developed and matured. That parents intend to be much more careful with their boys than with their horses we have no doubt. But the boys are so much longer in "the green tree," their boneB harden so much slower than those of domestic animals, that there may be danger in the present scarcity of farm help, of laying out more work than ought to be performed by the available working force of the farm, and, consequently, danger of "putting up" the boys too hard not purposely, not willingly, but from an apparent or supposed necessity.

But the body is not alL There is danger of discouraging their minds as well as dwarfing their bodies i of breaking their spirits as well as their backs of distorting their fancy as well as their frames. In fact, everybody knows that "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" dull of mind as well as of foot. What, then, shall tie done With Cowper, we boast, "I would not have a Blare to till my nor would we have our sons so overworked as to become as stiff and stupid, as dull and clownish as the ignorant peasantry of Europe. The history of New England, and, in fact, of all the other free States, has demonstrated that there is a happy medium between these alternatives that the day-laboring farmer may improve the mind as well as the soil that he may think as well as work. The great mission of the present age and of the present generation is by many supposed to be the abolition of slavery, and the demonstration of the true dignity of labor.

But do not the models and drawings of our national Patent Office show that at the bottom of all these efforts lies the idea of substituting machinery for slavery of doing by ingenious combinations of wood and iron, put in motion by steam and horse power, just that kind of drudgery which from time imme morial has een performed by slaves. The big water-wheel revolving in the dark basement of the factory the hissing boiler, which, like the Southern slave, ia cautiously "lodged" in an outside "cabin the patient ox and the noble horse are henceforth to be our "hewfrs of wood and drawers of water." And our sons, they are to be overseers; taskmasters, not of human sinews "bought and sold not of down-trodden, abused man, thank Heaven, but of the inanimate, soul-leas machine. The question, then, is not simply whether any given tool or machine will save money. We should consider whether it will save hard work, whether it may save the boy to the old homestead. Alas how many have been disgusted by the dull, heavy axe, the worn-out hoe, and the botched-up scythe.

And yet we art told that our manufacturers have little encouragement to make or advertise tools for boys, as the demand for them is yet very smalL A few years since we passed two farms in early hay-time. On the first farm a man and a boy were mowing in a lot near the road. We passed along leisurely. The man was Car ahead of the boy, who, was slowly and awkwardly hacking hia way along. After "mowing out" and whetting his own scythe, the man walked back somewhat impatiently, to the boy.

"Why don't you put the heel down "Stand up to your grass." "There he label Is a constant receipt tn full for the time Which the subscriber has paid. (Etlttaml WONDERS OF JULY! the opening of eRch new Month, for several years past, we have given an article referring especially to some of the peculiarities of that month as regards the eondi- tion of vegetation, -amSPm in8eCt life' which each month has to discharge, and with occasional reference to the special duties of the farmer at such particular period. In these articles we have felt more at liberty to indulge in allusions to the more recondite or hidden things of the farm than has seemed suitable in articles upon the management of the crops and general operations of the month. These operations, however, have frequently had special attention. Farmers have been too long and too well con tented with a partial knowledge of the most com Dion things around them.

They have seen their crops grow from year to year, their trees covered with fragrant flowers and luscious fruit, the sea sons roll grandly on in their appointed course, and have given little heed to the numberless interesting sources of instruction and pleasure which throng every path in rural life. In preparing those brief Monthly Essays it has been our object gradually to lead the mind of the reader to these sources, where a wise Providence has created and fixed the abode of a peopled world, all unlike that which comes to the eye without especial observation. These sources may be found in every department of nature, animal, vegetable and mineral, andjust in proportion as they are investigated and understood, will the happiness of the farmer be increased, as well as his power to protect his crops and increase his annual profits. Some of the most eminent men of the world have given the best powers of their mind to an investigation of this inner life on the farm, and by the glowing descriptions which they have written have charmed and instructed thousands of other minds. The little gnat, so small that it can be seen with the naked eye only in a strong light, was fashioned and launched into existence by the same Almighty Power that gave the elephant his colossal frame und strength, or upheaved the mountains that pierce the skies, and whose heads are covered with eternal snows.

Let us attend, for a few moments, to a look into one of these inner worlds by Sir John Hill, an English gentleman who wrote largely on Natural History and Philosophy, and who prepared a system of Botany in twenty-six folio volumes. The world which he explored was a single carnation, or gordenpink of the genus "Diantkus," which means "Flower of God" or "Divine Flower" on account of its pre-eminent beauty. He says "The fragrance of a carnation led me to enjoy it frequently and near. While inhaling the powerful sweet, I heard an extremely soft but agreeable murmuring sound.1 It was easy to know that some animal, within the covert, must be the musician, and that the little noise must come from some little body suited to produce it. I am fur nished with apparatuses of a thousand kinds for close observation.

I instantly distended the lower part of the flower, and placing it in a full light, could discover troops of little insects frisking and capering with wild jollity among the narrow pe destals that supported its leaves, and the little threads that occupied its centre. I was not cruel enough to pull out any one of them but adapting a microscope to take in, at one view, the whole base of the flower, I gave myself an opportunity of contemplating what they were about, and this for many days together, without giving them the least disturbance. Under the microscope, the base of the flower extended itself to a vast plain the slender stems of the leaves became trunks of so many stately cedars; the threads in the middle seemed columns of massy structure, supporting at the top their several ornaments and the narrow spaces between were enlarged into walks, parterres and terraces. On the polished bottom of these, brighter than Parian marble, walked in pairs, alone, or in larger companies, the winged inhabitants: these, from little dusky flies, for such only the naked eye would have shown them, were raised to glorious, glittering animals, stained with living purple, and with a glossy gold that have made all the labors of the loom contemptible in the comparison. I could, at leisure, as they walked together, admire their elegant limbs, their velvet shoulders, and their silken wings their backs vieing with the empyrean in its hue and their eyes, each formed of a thousand others, outglittering the little planes in a brilliant I could observe them here, singling out their favorite females, courting them with the music of their buzzing wings, with little songs formed for their little organs, leading them from walk to walk among the perfumed shades, and pointing out to their taste the drop of liquid nectar just bursting from some vein within the living trunk here were the pei fumed groves, the more than myrtle shades of the poet's fancy realized here the happy lovers spent their days in joyful dalliance in the triumph of their little hearts, skipt after one another from stem to stem among the painted trees, or winged their short flight to the close shadow of some broader leaf, to revel undisturbed in the heights of all felicity.

Nature, the God of -nature, has proportioned the period of existence of every creature to the means of its support. Duration, perhaps, is as much a comparative quality as magnitude and these atoms of being, as they appear to us, may have or gans that lengthen minutes, to their perception, into years. In a flower destined to remain but a few days, length of life, according to our ideas, could not be given to its inhabitant but it may be according to theirs. I saw, tn the course of observation of this new world, several succeeding generations of the creatures it was peopled with they passed, under my eye, through the several AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETX. In conformity with a resolution adopted at the last meeting of this National Association, the un dersigned give notice that its tenth Bession will commence in Corinthian Hall, in the cit of Rochester, N.

on Tuesday, Sept. 13, 1864, at 12 o'clock, noon, and will continue several days. All horticultural, pomological, agricultural and other kindred institutions in the United States and the British Provinces, are invited to send del egations, as large as they may deem expedient and all other persons interested in the cultivation of fruits, are invited to be present and take seats in the Convention. The great annual fair of the Xew York State Agricultural Society will be held at Rochester on the following week, so that the delegates who de sire to do so, can attend both meetings, and those who contribute collections of fruits to the romo-logical Society can afterwards exhibit them at the State Fair. Throughout a large portion of the country, the prospects of the fruit crop are very encouraging, and as the Fruit Growers' Society of Western Xew York will place its entire collection at the disposal of the American Pomological Society, a display of extraordinary interest may reasonably be expected.

Among the prominent subjects which will come before the Society at this session will be the revision of the Society's Catalogue of Fruitsr The special committee appointed for this purpose are now, with the various State and local committees, actively engaged in collecting such information as will aid in determining what varieties are best adapted to the different sections and districts of our country, and this information, in the form of reports, will be submitted to the action of the Convention. All the States and Territories are urgently invited to be present, by delegation, at this meeting, that the amicable and social relations which have heretofore existed between the members of the Society may be fostered and perpetuated, and the result of its deliberations, so beneficial to the country at large, he generally and widely diffused. Members and delegates are requested to contribute specimens of the fruits of their respective districts, and to communicate in regard to them whatever may aid in promoting tbe objects of the Society and the science of American Pomology. Each contributor is requested to come prepared with a complete list of his collection, and to present the same with his fruits, that a report of all the varieties may be submitted to the meeting aa soon as practicable. All persons desirous of becoming members can remit the admission fee to Thomas P.

James, Treasurer, Philadelphia; or to the President at Boston, who will furnish them with Transactions of the Society. Life-membership, ten dollars biennial, two dollars. Packages of fruits may be addressed as follows "American Pomological Society, care of James Vick, Rochester, N. Marshall P. Wilder, President, James Vick, Secretary.

Agricultural Education. In a full and interesting discussion on this subject, before tbe council of the Royal Agricultural Society, we note that Dr. Voelcker took a position decidedly adverse to the connection of Farms with Agricultural Schools. It was the great rock upon which many establishments had split. He waa convinced that the practical education which was given on the farm to the tenant-farmers' sons was much better acquired at home than upon a farm attached to a school.

The farm, moreover, waa an expense which fell heavily upon schools, and without it he believed, with some little care, schools could be made self-supporting. What was needed was a good education in the el ements of natural science and in its chief branch es it should be provided these schools, this would be a very useful addition to the general plan of instruction but anything like providing the means of giving what was usually called practical instruction on the farm he was convinced would in the end turn out a failure, and entail a great expenditure of money upon the managers of the institution." All this may he entirely true in England, and stitl wholly inapplicable here and yet it is of in terest as coming from one who has had much actual experience, and whose opinions are at least worthy of careful consideration. Country Gentleman. Summer Drink. A "Practical Farmer recommends in the Germantown Telegraph the following as a refreshing beverage, and one that may be safely drank in the hottest weather: Take of the best white Jamaica ginger root, carefully bruised, two ounces cream of tartar one ounce water, six quarts, to be boiled for about five minutes, then strained to the strained liquor add one pound of sugar, and again place it over the fire keep it well stirred till the sugar perfectly dissolved, and then pour it into an earthen veelf into which you haTe previously put two drachms of tartaric acid, and tbe nnd of one lemon, and let it remain till the heat reduced to a lukewarm temperature then add a tablespoonful of yeast, stirring them we together, and bottle for use.

The corks must be well secured. Tbe drink will be ia high perfeettoti four or fivt days..