The Daily Herald from Chicago, Illinois • Page 6

WA8 nearly 40 years ago that the United States government first awoke to the'necessity ot conserving the aquatic resources ot the country, and began those operations In behalf ot fishes, fishermen and fish-eaters that have now attained such gigantic proportions. Several of the states had already established their local fish or boards when In 1871 congress the Initial step toward a national fishery service by the passage ot a Joint resolution creating the office ot commissioner ot fish and fisheries. The early years of the bureau ot fisheries devoted to an Investigation ot the condition ot the fisheries of the Atlantic coast, Oreat Lakes, and other sections; to studies ot the Interior and coastal waters and their Inhabitants, and to exploration ot the off-shore fishing banks. The cultivation of useful fishes was soon taken up throughout the country and attained large proportions. The natural expansion ot the work was materially augmented from time to time by acts ot congress, and in a comparatively short time the operations came to have a very wide scope.

From year to year, as the importance ot the has become increasingly evident, additional hatcheries have been built, the capacity rf existing hatcheries bos been enlarged, the ot the operations haa been extended, and new kinds of fishes have been added to the output. Today there is scarcely a phase of aquicuV tiire, of the fishing Industry, or ot biological aad physical science as connected with the streams wu centered at ilx lubhatchertes tn 190. At onfr of principal species handled is the Atlantic, sat luon, at tour the shad, at three the yellow perch, at two the white perch, and at one striped bail. In recent years the bureau operated a shad hatchery on the Delaware rlv- or, and has detailed the steamer Fish Hawk tor ihad hatching In Maine, New Jersey, North Carolina and Florida. The central station, la -Washington, IB operated largely tor expertmea- tal and exhibition purposes.

In order to counteract the effects ot the very exhausting fisheries of the Great Lakes, the government has maintained hatcheries many years, and now operates six belonging to the United States and two belonging to the state ot Michigan. The fishes, to which attention Is gtveri are those which enter most largely Into the catch of the fishermen, namely, the whiteOsh, Cisco, lake trout, and pike perch, the annual output ot which now exceeds one and ft TfUAL MHMG Ofi that does not come within the purview ot the bureau. It Is conceived to be the better policy to expend a small amount of public money in making fish so abundant that they can be caught without restriction and serve as cheap food for tho people at large, rather than to expend a much larger sum tn preventing people from catching tho tow fish that still remain after Venerations of improvidence. Public or government fish-culture In America exceeds In extent and importance that of all other countries combined, Howfever, the neglect of some of the states to provide tho minimum protection to certain species Inhabiting Interstate and International waters has not only negatived the fish-cultural work of the and ot the states themselves, but has practically Inhibited It by preventing tho possibility of securing an adequate supply of eggs, thus making desirable and necessary the pla-. olng of interstate and International waters under the Jurisdiction of the tfcnerol government At the end ot the flrsv ten years of the bureau's existence, the fishes that were being regularly cultivated were shad, carp, ohtnook Atlantic salmon, land-locked salmon, rainbow trout, brook trout and whtteflsh, in addition to which tho propagation of several others had been undertaken experimentally.

The list now Is six times as long and the annual output Is ten Umea the aggregate for the ten- year period ending in 1881. The main energies are devoted to the important commercial fishes--shad, Whiteflsh, lake trout, Pacific salmons, white perch, yellow perch, ccd, flatfish and the lobster, which are hatched In lots of many millions annually. More widely popular, however, are the distributions of the flahes ot the Interior waters which are generally classed as game fishes. Although representing only about 10 per cent of the output of the hatcheries, this feature of the work Is very. Important, for it supplies choice kinds ot Och for lakes and ponda, and for fishing preserves and private pomU and streams in all parts of tho United States.

The fishes moat In demand for these purposes are the land-locked salmon, the different specleo of trout, the grayling, the basses, thu crapploa, tho sunflshea, and the catflshes, but various othora also are handled. Fish-cultural stations are established by special act ot congress, and their location and construction are determined after a careful of the available sites In a given state. The usual buildings are the hatchery proper, a residence for the superintendent and his and necessary outbuildings. At some stations there may also be power house, foreman's or flah-culturUt'e dwelling, mess hall and stable. The only permanent marine hatcheries are In Maine and Massachusetts, where the cod poHock, flatfish, and lobsters are hatched in Immense numbers.

Other sea fishes that have In previous years been nrtlflolally propagated and may again come under the hand of the flsh-culturlKt are the haddock, the souppaug the sheepaheod, the sea bass, the mackerel and the squeteague, some of which were hatched on the steamer Fish Hawk, In Chesapeake bay and Florida. The fish-cultural work on tho eastern coast -as A Corner in Ancestors By ELEANOR LEXINGTON Manning Family Manning is from an old Norse word a brave or vaV lant man, and one of the first forms of the name was Mannin; another orthography was Mannyng. One'historian gives a Saxon origin for the family, which he calls "ancient anld noble," according to him, Manting was the name of a town In Saxony, and from thence the, family of Great Britain sprung. Others make Mannheim, Germany, the cradle of the family, arid begin Its history with Ranulph, or Rudolph de Manning, Count Palatine, who, having married Elgida, aunt to King Harold I. of England, had a grant of land in Ke'nt His name is also written de Mannheim--Rudolph of Mannheim.

His place In Kent was Downs Codr't, "3fclA I' HATCHERY. CEVV J1AKMG AflLANr Of AHAO ATA STATION AND 3QRTMG THE half billions. Under arrangement with the Canadian authorities, two egg-collecUon stations for whiteflsh, clsco, and lake trout are maintained at points In Ontario, While surveying a new "bank" on the coast of Alaska, the government steamer Albatross in 20 mlnutos made the experimental catch of cod and halibut shown In one of our illustrations. As a result of explorations of the Albatross on the Pacific coast, fisheries of great Importance have been established there. The hatcheries on the rivers and lakes ot the 'Pacific coast ore devoted almost exclusively to the salmons.

In California, where the bureau established a salmon hatchery as early as 1872, there Is one central or main at Baird, on the McCloud river, with Important collecting stations on two other tributaries of the Sacramento. In Oregon a central hatchery at Oregon City, on the Willamette river, has three subhatcheries on tributaries ot the Columbia, in Oregon and Washington, and three subhatcheries on tributaries of the Rogue river, Oregon, in addition to sev- -era! egg-collecting station. The Interests of the large salmon fisheries of the Pugot Sound region are safeguarded by a hatchery on Baker lake, on the Skagit river, A significant feature of artificial propagation on the Pacific seaboard Is that in the Columbia basin the hatching of the acclimatized shad has begun on a small scale, and In the Sacramento basin tho cultivation of the acclimatized striped boss bos commenced under conditions which indicate that morb eggs of this species may be obtained in California than in any of the states to which tho fish Is native. The hatcheries In the interior regions constitute the most numerous class, and their output reaches the largest number of people. Their operations are addressed chiefly to the so-called "game" fishes, which, while caught mostly by anglers, nevertheless constitute an important element of the food supply.

At these stations large numbers of fish are reared to the fingerllng or yearling sizes before being released; for this purpose more or less extensive pond areas are required. The fish-cultural work of the federal government has now attained a magnitude that cannot readily be comprehended, and is increasing at an exceedingly rapid raid. Especially marked has been the increase in the hatchery product during the past ten yean, owing in part to the extension of operations at existing stations, and in part to greater efficiency of methods and appliances. The work during the fiscal year 1909 reached larger proportions than ever before, over three billion fish being produced and planted. While the bureau does not lay undue stress on mere numbers' and considers the 'vitality 1 of the fish and the conditions under which they are planted' es of paramount importance, the foregoing figures are certainly very suggestive and as a further statement of the magnitude of the fish-cultural work.

It may be of Intereet and there the Mannings have' been a power ever since. Simon de Manning, called a grandson of Ranulph, was the first of the English barons to take up- the cross and go to the holy wars. He was a companion of Richard Cour de Lion, and knighted oa the battlefield; we can easily see where the cross of the coat-of-arms illustrated, comes from. At Downe Court, this arms Is seen graven upon tombstones of the-Mannings. By the thirteenth century the family was well represented over a score of countries, and towns bear their names--Manningham, Yorkshire, and Mannington, Xorfolk.

In the "new world," the Mannings have always been weli represented. In 1634, William of Kent made a home at Cambridge, about the sama time we "find John, and Thomas at Ipswich; another and George at Boston. In 1SS2 Nicholas at Salem, and 1676 Jeffrey Manning in New Jersey. The story of a' forefather who' "ran away" should come in, right here, but details are lacking to make the story complete, and where he ran from or what he ran for must be left to the Imagination. Samuel of BlUerica.

grandson of William of Cambridge, had become founders of families in Connecticut, Vermont and New York, and his grandsons were Ohio pioneers. In 1635 Thomas and John Manning, born In-England, were living lu Virginia. Stephen Manaering (not Manning, although this may have been the correct spoiling). In 1677 confessed with "We have bin notoriously actors In late horrid rebellion, set on foot by Nathaniel Bacon." We confess ourselves traitors, and will never, no never, do so again, is the sum and substance of the'confession, although not exactly thus worded. In Spotsylvanla county, Virginia, Andrew and James Manning were living, about 1770, and inj Princep Anne county, Heary K.

Manning. The family was prominent In South Carolina, where there Is a town, Manning, in Clarendon county. Thomas Manning was one of the council of safety, S. 1775. The family had Its war record, and one to be proud of.

Representatives are found in all colonial wars. Benjamin, Daniel, David, Thomas and Samuel were among the number. Dlah, (where did he pick up this name?) of Connecticut, was a drummer of Washington's Life Guards. Lieut. Lawrence Manning of the continental army was father of Richard Irvine Manning, Governor of South Carolina, where he was born at Hickory Clarendon county.

Gov. Manning tertalned Lafayette upon his second-j, visit, and his wife Is recorded as the wife, sister, niece, aunt and mother, and foster-mother of a governor. As scholars the Mannings- have few equals, and many have been bright and shining literary lights. The first "popular" history of England was written by Robert Manning, in the time of Edward whom he calls "Edward of Inglond." 1 The eoat-of-arms illustrated is blazoned: Gules, a cross-nory, between four trefoils, slipped or. Crest: An eagle's head, sable, between two ostrich feathers, Argent, issuing from a ducal coronet, or.

Motto: Per Ardua Stabilis--steady In difficulties. SHAD HATCHZXY to record that the aggregate output ot the hatcheries from 18T2 to 109 was about 28 billion, of which, over 13 billion represents tha work of the past six years. In making his original plans for the systematic investigation of the waters of the United States 'and the biological and physical problems they present. Commissioner Balrd Insisted that to study only the food-fishes would be of little importance, and that useful conclusions must needs rest upon a broad foundation' of Investigations purely scientific in character. The life history of species of economic value should be understood from beginning to end, but no less requisite Is It to know the histories of the animals and plants upon which they feed or upon which their tod It nourished; the history of their enemies and friends and the friends and foes of their enemies and friends, as well ns the currents, temperatures, and other physical phenomena of the waters In relation to migration, reproduction and growth.

In pursuance of this policy the bureau has secured the services ot many prominent men of science, and much of the progress In the artificial propagation of fishes, In the investigation of fishery problems, and In the extension of knowledge of, our aquatic resources has been due men eminent aa zoologists who have been associated with the work temporarily. Their services have been the services of' specialists for problemu, and through them the bureau has not only been able to give to the public the practical results of applied science, but contributed to pure science valuable knowledge ot all forms of aquatic life. The Importance to the fishing Interests ot the work of the bureau in connection with the economic fisheries Is widely appreciated and freely acknowledged. The.statistical inquiries of the Bureau afford the only adequate basis tor determining the condition and trend of the fisheries and the results of legislation, protection, and cultivation. Among the special matters In which the bureau has benefited the fisheries the following may be mentioned: By bringing to the attention of American fishermen new methods and new apparatus, new fisheries have sometimes been established and new fields exploited.

By the introduction of cod gill nets the win- ter cod fishery of'New England was revolu-' tionlzed. In a single season shortly after the use of such nets began 6 few Cape Ann (Gloucester) fishermen took by this means over 8,000,000 pounds of large-sized fish, and as much as $50,000 has sometimes been saved annually tn the single Item of bait. By the dissemination of information regard- Ing new fishlug grounds Important fisheries have been Inaugurated. Thus when the abundance of halibut off the coast of Iceland wat made known by the bureau, a fishery was be- 1 gun which yielded from $70,000 to $100,000 an nually to the New England fishermen. Owing to the appalling mortality among the crews of the New England fishing vessels, caused In large part by the foundering of vessels at sea, the bureau many years ago undertook the introduction Into the offshore fisheries of a type of craft which would combine large carrying capacity and great sped with enhanced- safety.

By correspondence, discussion in the dally press, personal Interviews, ex- hlbtion of models and finally by the actual c6n- structlon of a full-sized schooner (the Grampus), with the.requisite qualities, the bureau was enabled to inaugurate a momentous change in the architecture of fishing vessels; so that for a long time the New England schooners have been constructed on the new lines, with a consequent minimizing of disasters and a decided Increase In efficiency. In other fisheries and regions the bureau has likewise advocated Improved types oil vessels and boats especially adapted to local coil- ditlons, and has published plans and specifications embodying the'results of studies of the fishing flotilla of the world. The results of the bureau's efforts In this line in saving life and in increasing the usefulness of the vessels, and in improving the quality ot the catch as landed, cannot estimated, but the beneficial effects may bo partly appreciated when It is stated that during the ten years ending in 1883, when the old types of vessels were in use, there were lost by foundering from the port of Gloucester alone, 82 vessels, valued at more than $400,006, with their" crews of 896 men, while during the ten years ending In 1907, the losses from this cause aggregated only a fourth as many vessels and men. Men Known By Their Teeth They Will Care for Themselves If the Month and Gums Are Kept Clean, A man Is known by tho teeth he keeps. The worst thing that can happen to our toeth Is tor them not to have enough to do--It Is the worst thing that can happen to us Spiritualized and cultured as we fcocome, we still fight the battle ot lite teeth we no longer chew our enemies' ears or throats, rti ribbed as the hills, the teeth are more absolutely under our control than almost any other structure ot the body.

them and they decay at once ft ve them prtpef attenUot i i 60 years. (1 Give children plenty of 'roughening fod to chew and they will get the pearly vigor ot the savage tooth with endurance ot the Caucasian's. 'all'the food should be ot such a character as to "give exercise and massage to the gums. Part of this can be given by'plenty of coarse food in addition to real food--not as a substitute for it--and part' by intentional and vigorous friction with the tooth brush. To brash the gums well is half the value of brushing the teeth.

Keep the" mouth and strictly clean teeth will take care of thenuerres. There are 33 distinct names 1 and labeled sorts of bacilli or "bugs in our mouths as, normal parlor boarders, but they'll behave with perfect propriety unless you give them carrion to get drubk Woods Hutohlnson as quoted In The Survey. Slaver Among His tn an; open letter whjlch Alexandre Dumas' the younger, a member of the 1 French and so a playwright, addressed to the Bishop Hume Family The Saxon monarchs of England responsible for the Humes, or the Homes, which Is another orthography, the more common one, centuries ago. Some one says It is Indeed a desirable thing to be well descended, but the glory belongs to our ancestors. The story is this: Go back to 1034, or thereabouts, and you find a clan whose official name was Cospatrick, corrupted to Gospatrlck.

The name means a father count. Comptes or count abrevlated to and Patrick, meaning father. The Copatrlcks or Cospatrtcks had large land hold- Ings, and the Hume branch, descend- Sd from the Saxon kings so "they Representatives were at the ibattle of Hastings, in the Saxon ranks. One Cospatrick fled to Scotland. He was earl of Northumberland, and In Scotland became earl of Dunbar, and Baron Hume of Home, and from him descend the present line of Humes.

The unreasonable person who wants more romance than this for a back: ground would want well, he would probably want the earth. Is it not enough to say that the Humes were at once time one of the most powerful of the Scottish nobility? As to descent from kings and the, like, we must ask, before growing too proud, were tb.e kings noble, and ts a drop or two of their blood worth having? Hume Castle, Berwickshire, Scotland, is one seat of the family. For a long time the castle was held against Cromwell's forces. The governor being summoned to' surrender, replied that he knew not Cromwell, and as for his castle, It was built upon a rock. It would be pleasanter to skip or Ignore the sequel, that four days later the castle was surrendered.

One of the greatest of historians, and most subtle of metaphysicians, David Hume, was the son of Joseph the laird of Wlnewells, Ber- wickshire, and nephew of a Scottish peer, earl of Hume or Home, of noble house of Douglas. David's mother was daughter of Sir David Falconer. George Hume, born in Berwick, 11597, came to America In 1721, and settled in Culpepper county, Virginia. He was a surveyor, and the one who taught Washington the business. George Hume's eldest brother, Sir 'Francis Hume, had come over previously with Gov.

Spotswood. whose cousin he is called-. George, the pilgrim, had six and his wife was Elizabeth Proctor. George, married Jane Stanton, and they had eight olive branches. The Humes made marriages with the Sharps, Barnes, Colvins, Duncans and Crlglers.

William Hume, son of George and Elizabeth, married Susan Elzephan, Miss Granville and Susan, Baker. Not all at once, let this be distinctly understood, but one after the other, with appropriate Intervals between marriages. More than a score of Hume orthographies are found In the records. fit Autun, on the subject ot the I trade in thanking that prelate for hit efforts to suppress the latter, he writes that he has only to go back 'two or three generations to find negre slaves among his ancestors, and adds, "There may be relatives "of mine who even now are forming part of the cargoes of slave vessels." Chance for Choice. M'TeS, sir, shot the leopard on the "Which Housework Not During the 30 Popular.

years the- demand for servants has doubled, while the supply has increased only by half the last decade only by five per cent. In 1870 there was one to- every 12; even in' the recent crisis, when the cities were filled with unemployed, tho demand still outran the supply. And yet, during the 30 years past, the number of self -supporting women -that Is, pie actual Jabor market-- has more than Forty years ago a thrown upon her own re- HUME For example: Hum, Heum, Hwme, Howm, Hwm, Hleum, Hieume, Hiewm, Hiewme, Hewme, Hoom, Houm. Early forms are de Houme and de Home or Hume. The name, however spelled, hal been owned by these, or by many, of whom It may be said: "A good name Is better than riches, and loving favor Is more than gold and silver," and many, if not most of the Humes are cast In noble mold.

Their words and actions ring The coat-of-arms Illustrated Is: Vert, a lion rampant, argent. Crest: A lion's head, erased, or. Motto: True to the end. Viae la Fine, another version, is translated, Aim at the end. The arms of the Hume Family elation of America Is quarterly, the arms illustrated for first quarter The crests are the lion and the unicorn.

The supporters, lions, and the motto, True to the end. Above these a spread eagle, with the legend: Aqulla Non Captat Muscas. Sir Andrew Hume, 1707, quartered the Humes of Berwick (the arms Illustrated), the Pepdtss of Dunglass; the Polwarths of Polwarth; and the St. Clalrs of '-East Lothian. sources would tend to select housework for a living; In fact, one woman in two did so select.

Thirty years ago only every third woman domestic service. Ten years agv one in four rapped at the The other three applied-- wfcorat Every one knows; at the shojkV factory, the zlne; Wireless Power, The wireless transmission of trical power is now attracting the tention of scientists, and Inventors..