The American Settler from London, Greater London, England • Page 7

APBIL 33, 1892, AMERICAN SETTLOR. naturae, only while in possession. A cfaarao- teristic of the commob law is that every role may be modified by circumstance. From time to tune, the Courts have denied the application of this role to 6sh in a pond, birds in an aviary, rabbits in a warren, and deer in a park. An exception peculiarly applicable to the discussion are pigeons which return to their box.

Wherever their flight, such pigeons may be reclaimed by the only to identification. Domesticity, in the animal tenedom, must be a relative question the march of time. Events could place a drove of wild cattle or a herd of untamed horses under the qnasi-dominion of a man or government. The ursine seals of the Pribyloff and Commander Islands are analogous, in legal condition, to pigeons living in a cot," or a herd of buffaloes in Yellowstone Park. Should the latter wander away, they would remain, in a sense, the property of the United States.

So with the ursine or fur seal of the Alaskan seas. We have a right of property in the species which may be exercised to prevent their destruction by poachers. The killing of the seals is carefully regulated by the American companies. No females are destroyed. A certain number of young bachelor seals, whose skins are of a superior quality, are killed annually.

Thin takes place between April and September while the species are at home. Tben the ursine seal is beyond the danger of merciless and irresponsible poaching. The trouble arises during their migratory expeditions for food, when they are recklessly slaughtered (male and female) by lawless depredators. Thus are our efforts to protect the gravid female made vain. Our jurisdiction over Uhe Behring Sea is certainly sufficient to stop an injury to our this crime against nature." Nor would it matter, under this theory, whether the Behring Sea is to be treated by the United States as a mare clausum.

The character is denied by Lord Salisbury to that great stretch of waters." Our contention is in the affirmative. The Marquis asserts that the paramount ard exclusive jurisdiction of the United States extends only to the distance of a marine league from the shores of Alaska. He assumes that this is au established Doctrine of International Law. In the 'st place, is there a system of Interua tionaliaw? Its existence is denied by Home writers of no mean ability. Law is the mandate of a superior to an inferior.

It implies command and a power to enforce obedience Nevertheless that time has developed a scheme of International Relations may be 'admitted. It is the result of centuries ot convention, expressed and stipulation and prescription. All things considered, it may be doubted whether three-mile limit has been definitely aettled. If determined at all," a great authority remarks' it was upon an ae- snmption which has ceased to hold 1 It is perhaps generally admitted that the sea cannot be subjected to appropriation in effect, however, this applies more strictly to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Gulf of Mexico (although the Mahommedan Powers once assumed sovereignty over the flrst and Spain over the last.) Again, it is almost universally conceded that portions of the sea are affected by proprietary rights on the part of countries whose shores are washed by its waters. At one time, the right of Sweden to the Gulf Bothnia was practically acknowledged, of the Turks to the Archipelago, of England to St.

George.s Channel, the North Sea, the seas outside Ireland, and the Ocean north of Scotland, of Holland to the Zuyder Zee, and of Denmark to the Belts and the Sound. Denmark and Norway once shared the Baltic between them. The Adriatic was then treated part of the dominion of Venice and the shores alone. Tfee fiaSery rights subjects in the waters been disputed by other Governments. By Imperial Ukaae this sovereignty was proclaimed to-the" v.orld in 1821.

This title was duly transferred to the United States by the treaty of purchase. I regret that space does not permit a more elaborate exposition of the case for the United States. 1 am able barely to suggest propositions that should be unfolded in all their logical bearings. The argument could be strengthened by a larger analysis, an extension of analogies and accumulated illustration. JOHN CAMERON SIMONDS, (of Chicago, U.S.A.) PROTECTION UNDERLYING POLITICAL OBJECTS.

The Committee on Militia of the House of Representatives report that within 40 days after the outbreak of war between the United States Great Britain, the wide region of the Northwest might be captured by the Canadian Militia, moving into it an army of 100,000 men "if dunderhead who wrote the report, should, some think be offered the Prize Cake." The interpolation of the word the reader as idiotic but it is said to be the object of certain army and nivy officers and of leading Protectionist newspapers to draw harrowing pictures of the defenceless position of theUuited States. On this issue, the Parties are to a certain extent divided, the Republicans as Liguriau Sea as belonging to Genoa. England has asserted a right of property over the waters within lines drawn from Orfordness to Foreland, from Beachy Head to Dunuose Point. The Privy Council affirmed a jurisdiction over the Bay of Conception in Newfoundland. The Queen's Bench decided (see BeM's Crown Cases 86) that the whole of the Bristol Channel between Somerset Glamorgan is British territory.

Lake Michigan and and Cnesapeake Bays are correctly regarded as the property of the United States. To-day it is admitted that the Strait of Mussina belongs to Italy, the Bos- phorus and irdenelles to Turkey. Hudson's Bay and the Irish are now said to b'j parts of the British territory the Caspian Sea of Russia while the Black Sea is subject to the joint jurisdiction of Turkey and Russia. The Baltic is recognized as a closed sea and subservient to the powers surrounding it, when at peace with each other. The sovereignty any country may have over the high seas is the outcome of treaty, directly or indirectly.

It is true of every instance above enumerated. If there was ever validity in any one title, it makes for our jurisdiction over the Behring Sea. Invalidate our claim, resting on a like basis, and you annihilate all the others. Iu fact, Russia was the undisputed possessor of the Behriug Sen, as against the world, at the time she sold Alaska to the United States (Secretary Fish to the contrary notwithstanding). It stretched between two parts of her territory, and its stormy waves lashed her urging large increases in armaments, especially of the Navy and of coast and frontier de- fences while the Democrats ing such an expenditure to be a waste, a scheme to get the money out of the Treasury, a policy forced upon the Protectionist advocates to the detriment of sound finance.

The chief source of revenue is from the duties on imports, imposed not for purposes of revenue I but as dictated by the policy of Protection. When the accumulations in the Treasury pro- duced stringency from the lock-up in theMoney outcry for increased lation, the effort of the Protectiooist was to get the money out, which the high duties brought in. The course adopted was to establish a Pension roll so comprehensive that the uou- effective warriors became a charge on the country far greater than the effective armaments of any other Power. The Republican Party has introduced the formula in all its National Convention "professions of principles" that the undying thanks of the Republic are due to the soldiers and sailors of the war; and by a gracious anofnatural movement towards the Grand National Army, that expression took the Pension form which produced the abnormal drain from the Treasury. By thus depleting the surcharged hoards in the vaults, a vast bribe could be offered to the Warrior" the majority who figured on the roll were pure dead-beats," entered to the disgust of the fighting meu of the Northern Army but the object was to prevent what Cleveland soaght, and intended to do if be got the chance, to rid the nation of a burden indirectly imposed for the benefit of the manufacturers For a comprehension of American politics this underlying truth should be kept in view, as it modifies th3 action of the two great Parties, and then the reason becomes obvious why the advocates of Protection favor great and increasing armaments.

It also in- cidently brings out the design of the war- crif raised when a' dispute arises even with little Cuili, or over the Behriug Sea, or the ill- feeling against Canada, and the increasing armaments along the frontier. Democrats of theCieveland type condemn all this as humbug intended to cover the selfish policy of the Protectionists. They assert that only by an extreme of goading by Americans could any nation be brought into conflict with the United States, that any war in which the Republic could be engagedwould be one of its own making, forced on the enemy that armaments for the United States are as utterly out of place as is armour for any of its citizens who had no one, the world over, to fight. For an American to go clad in steel would be a sight to m--ike the angels weep and this is so clear to the Nations 1 comprehension, that nothing but these ridiculous tirades turned out by such papers as tht; New York Tribune whijh are read in Europe where tho veiled eaning is not understood, could produce any there, but here. But every nation has it swashbucklers its bevy of boys of the Walter Scott kind its orators who dilate on the strength, prowess, glory of the nation and fire the enthusiasm ol all their hearers, just ab the enthusiasm is fired in novels, which may be a harmless excitement so long as it is under the complete control of the National common sense But it might have become dangerous when the Protectionists imposed their policy on the nation, for then a very powerful clique actuated by money making motives got control of the (jroverument, their object being tu builcTup their private fortunes at the common expense.

During recent years the politics of the country have been colored by this and the inclination Mr. Cleveland, while President and after, has sought to give to the Democratic Party is antagonism to that clique, the to over-ride and submerge its pojicy in the interests of the community, kept well in tbind on this side, much that appeals inexplicable to a European in American affairs is explained; btit this fufthW Met should also be understood. Mr. Cleveland (and we instance him merely as a leader, for there are thousands of other able meu at work on the same idea) sought to drive his Party into a square honest position of antagonism. But it is no light task to drive half a nation into such a position.

Many of these Democrats are themselves manufacturers, deeply interested in the position held by the clique Cleveland would submerge. When vast commercial affairs become intermixed with politics as in England during the Corn Laws fight, it requires time for the work that is to range Parties and prevent a drift into issues. Taken broadly, however, the Democrats oppose Protection, and as a consequence oppose the charges the Republicans have imposed and would impose on the Treasury to get the money out which their selfish proceedings must always tend to accumulate. The Democrats are therefore opposed to these useless armaments but they have to be circumspect in their op-vsition, for they dare not as a Party, 1 u.i i i ny popular cry, which might touch a sympathetic chord in the American mind. They could not, for instance, afford as a Party to throw mud at the President when he is said to be stripped for action in some National quarrel, and thus affairs are made to run along grooves by unseen agencies which may present a contradictory appearance, though the real instigation may come from the hidden the Treasury, and high import charges become necessary for revenue purposes.

von Bieiehroder, the Britinfe many others. Alter of his wife, I ve nfferaj rainier, us upon the faculty salary of $12,000. ow the temperance leader in 1 80 correspondent of the New York that Mr rT April 8 i8 has United States Minister to Ohili, has been offered the post of Minister to Prance 6r the Pari8 The retirement of Eear-Admiral L. A. Kim- Admiral Ghemrdi tie United States Nav 7- Ad fa 1W aJB a lnted Naval Academy from Illinois 1846, soon a Secretary George Bancroft KimbeT 1 dUrin Polk 8 SnTft mn active 89rvioe de i a an aB the of States squadron at Apia daring the te-rible coupleof years ago he Farragut TJnfted CHAT.

Mrs. Beecher is annoyed by a story that her husband has been appearing at seances lately, and ascribes the reports to a sister of Mr. Beecher, an Advent Spiritualist. Mr. Beecher, she says, had no belief in such things.

A Jersey colonial copper coin of 1787, ridiculing George Washington as the New Cseiar," has jast been found by Hilliary E. Skeen, in the debris of the old Edelman store and Mansion, Pottstown. During the extensive demolitions of old houses in the City of London of late years, the idea has constantly been suggested that the wreckers could not fail have found lost coins and treasures of various kinds, either hidden in recesses or under planked floors but although the wreckers deny having met such pood fortune, it is confessed that in the refuse brought from London to Sittingbourne, occasional treasures are extracted. A large heap of this rubbish, a portion of which is converted into bricks has been accumulating on one of the wharves attached to a brickfield, and a few days ago some boys accidentally came across two or three coins, which, after having the dirt removed, proved to be sovereigns. A more extended search then took place, in which rumbers of men, women, and children eagerly joined.

The total sum recovered amounted to about £130, which was equally shared among the searchers. The throwing of a shoe is a relic of an Anglo- Saxon custom. In those ear'." days the bride's father delivered her shoe to tbe husound, who touched her with it on tho forehead to deaoto his authority over her. This custom, says tho Boston Glohe, was probably founded upon a possible of Ruth, iv, 7. Mrs.

Patsy Sears, who lives in Howard county, Indiana, is said to be 108 years old, although she declares herself to be two years older. She did not learn to rc.ad until she was over 80 years of age, and has since read the Bible through seven times, and Josephus's History of the Jews once. She has been a zealous Baptist over one hundred yours and an incessant smoker for over ninety years. Her eyesight remains a.3 clear as ever, her teeth are unimpaired, and she is in possession of her mental faculties. A correspondent of the New York Tribune arguments against the cruel practice of docking horses' tails might meet with more consideration in this Christian laud if the dames who countenance the practice were instructed as to the origin of the custom.

During tne time Warren Hastings was Governor of Ind over a century ago, the English were first by encountering this cruel fashion, originated by the savage Tartars in iho Thi- betian Mountains. So repulsive did it seem to our good Anglo-Saxons that they not only refused to buy horses thus deformed, but actually paid the mountaineers a bounty to induce them to forego the practice. And now, 0 world of inconsistency, it is England which has persuaded the gentle A'aericnn to take ur, as the height of fashion, this rude and barbarous long since discarded by those mountain savages, bball we be obliged to import a missionary from the faviiges to buy us off An example of the cunning of galls was observed at Tiicnma, when sevrrnl on a bunch I of logs that had been in thj water ior long time, with I the submerged sides thick with barnacles. One was I a big gray fellow, who seemed to the caotain. He walked to a particular log, sto on one side of it close to the water, and then uttered peculiar cries.

The other gulls came and perched on the same side of the log, which, under their coraSined weight, rolled over several inches. The gulls, step by stop, kept the log rolling until the barnacles showed above tbe The birds picked eagerly this food, and the log was not abandoned until every barnacle had been picked. Professor Jebb, M.P., has gone to be Unitsd. States to lecture at the Hopkins University on The Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry." Lady Brassey has just'returned from America, and left Park-line for Normajjburst last Monday. Lord Brasiey is expected to reacti London about the 19th inst.

President Harrison returned last Sunday to Washington, from Chesapeike Bay, where he has been enjoying a few days shooting. The funeral of the late Mr. Brinsley Riuhards, Berlin Correspondent of the Time.s. took place at Berlin, April 9, and was attended by trie chief members of the English colouy The English and American Prees was represented by the Berlin correspondents of the leading journals. Tbe service at St.

George's English Church was attended by Mr. Phelps (the American Minister), Mr. JacksoB (Secreta'ry'of Legation), Herr A Maine paper gives these as specimens of nts on their childr For boys mens names bestowed by parents on their children durkfc the last few months. Zera, Ithama, Shubael, Love, Freeze, Dallas, Vermum, Nahum and DanT- 7 glrl8 have 0rHla Eazilia Statira, Azu- Zoa, Manna, Filena, and Raspberry. Sonoma- rh 8 9 in are peculiar.

For instanoe- Ooolbroth, Youngbaby, Lovely, Law, Look, Sensa- bongh Obmforth, Snekforth, Skeetop, Segar, a tele from Montreal states that Mr. William Edgar, general passenger agent for the Grand Trunk Rail ray Company, died on Tuesday from influenza. Mr. Edgar, who was 51 years of age, was a native of Birkenhead. He has been connected wfth Oanadian railways for the last 31 years, and has during a considerable portion of that time held a prominent position in connexion with the Grand Trunk Company MISCELLANEOUS.

The ship Great Admiral arrived in Boston from Melbourne with 6,840 bales of wool, said to be the largest cargo of wool ever landed' at that port by a sailing vessel. During last week sixteen Atlantic steamers landed at Liverpool 5,391 cattle and quarters of beef, being an increase of 2.35<> cattle and 10,675 quarters of beef aa compared with the previous week. The arrivals during the first three months of the year comprised 50,167 (iattle, 2,831 sheep, and 215.173 quarters of beef. This shows an increase of 9,443 cattle and 1,677 quarters of beef as compared with the arrivals in the first quarter of 1891. PBIOES OF BRITISH following are the average prices of British corn for the week ending Apr.

16, as received fioro the and oincers of 30s. barley, 26s. oats, 20s. 7d. per imperial qr.

Corresponding week last year Id. birlor, 28a. 8d. 18s. Od.

The weekly return of tha isew York Associated Banks, dated Apr 16. chows tbe following aggregate averages Ijoans and disoouute $490 880 Ci 0 Specie Circulation 5 Netdepositn Lajral tendorw 45960.000 The chaagiB, with tbe previous return are as INCREASE. Doll. Loam and diaoounts 1,160,600 Circulation 100,000 DBCREAUB Doli. Net deposits 390000 Letal tntioVrg 2,280,060 The shipments of specie to Europe amounted to Gold 14,705 'l-9r 8621,358 AMEEICAN HUMOUR.

A PATIENT TO BE Specialist your husband is suffering from temporary aberration, due to overwork. The form of his mania is quite common. he insists that he ia a millionaire. Eminent Specialist. And wants to pay me for my advici.

We'll have to humour him, you Harper Bazar. POLITICAL We will cure all the ills of the body politic the candidate exclaimed ia the course of his speech. Is that the reason you have all the ward healers in the city working for a man on the front bo: eh New York Sun. At one of the grammar schools in Buffalo the the fourth-grade pupils were, not long sinew, reading the story of an important battle during the rebellion. The tost read Both sides fought with dogged pertinacity." When this point was reached a boy in one of the back s-ats raised his band and calmly inquired What kind of weapons are Buffalo Express.

OUR ELASTIC i-ustomer I wish to select a vase." Floor W.ilker Yes, madam. James, show the lady to the crockery department." Second I wish to select a vawz." Floor madam. George, show the lady to tho bric-a-brac Nea- Weekly. ENTERPRISE NOT "bout climate, wo oven trying to grow tea in Californy Mr. Do am sorry to hear that, very sorry." so?" Mr.

De Easte You might possibly succeed in raising a few ounces, and then the Government would slap on a tariff of five dollars a pound Puck. AN APPROPRIATE KEY. Band Master Quick We must play Hail to the Do you all know It New Performer Hit in?" major ceneral-Iv New Tcrk Weety. Representative Jerry Simpson is reported igtbe displeased because on tho diagram of seftts outside the tfio House of Representatives name appears as Jeremiah Simpson. Representative Tom L.

Johnson, of Cleveland, is equally displeased because he figures on the diagram as ''Thomas." These statesmen, being both self-made men, artiihokejj of their own fortunes, as Mrs. Partington used to Saw naturally object to having a.nv.d.udi*h (iftiikitqf touch 88" put on their New York World..