Chicago Tribune from Chicago, Illinois • 50

CHICA GO INDAY TRMITNE en.MB ER 23i 1931, P11T 9. trrmw.inewt, MOTOR SENDING picr. CYLINDER EQUALIZER 1. 1.. Ti.lriburate 5 s-t I VII --''C 0'71 4.774, 71 0 mows i it-otg It, (Illek: VI 0 ti i fp 12 a of ditl to.l.

blIP aliztliP 2 1 5'14' te ksirtiantli i -J12, tiao SENDING MACHINE SENDING EQUIPMENT 0 I 3 2 4 CLUTCH i di, 1 Vinntephoto-' MOTOR Ignite SENDING PICI: CYLINDER I I 1 1 I I 1 1 mi, -4'e "MIRROR 4 i I tiala f. 1 SENDING io EQUALIZER SEND TERMINAL AMP ....00 SEND TERmINAL RE. AMPLIFIE A Ls i stirn LIGHT WAVE CARRIAGE LIGITI" WAVE CAIAG RE BAND PASS FILTER t20V-2150tr BAND PASS FILTER P.EXELL P.E.CELL START KEY I SENDING .1.4. MOTOR CONTROL. MARINE PANEL I 300- COMMON EQU I PMENT -2400' mmoo to mom nom -emovo, own owe mm r000mmEmmommon, POWER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT 1 I 1 I NI I 1 1 1 START '4' KEY -r I i 0...

1 .......) ii: SENDING 2400' -I 4'1 i T- 7.7d.' i I -t, 4 I MOTOR C0I4TRol, MA RIN PANEL. 'r': II L' IN- I ii 1 i- 1...:,.. i 'I I 1,, ..1. 1 1 'i, J. -A i 414- "s--- -'1.

i -el CARRIER POWER --10' 4 marog COMMON SUPpLY 1 coNTROL. EQUIPMENT EQU I PASENT I 1 ncr I COMMON marog iijiVi3e I I 4 cl. e- coNTROL EQUIPMENT EQuiPiltENT I OS C. i 1 I 1 I 1. I I By WHITLEY NOBLE Ail.

LADDIN Vith US magic lamp L. and ring and the two fright- 1, ful genii, slaves thereto, in their best moments couldn't have done it. They lacked imagination and never operated that fast. The flashing of pictorial matter by wire across a continent miles wide in the brief space of one-six. tieth of a second is a miracle of today, Wirephoto, the new system of telephotography by which The Chicago Tribune collects pictures and photographs from far and wine in somewhat the same manner (though far more marvelously) as it collects news by telegrapb, operates with a speed approximately the same as that of light.

Photographs scanned by an uncanny electric eye are borne by electrical impulses along wires to other electric eyes in far-away cities, picked up at an amazing rate of speed, and reproduced upon pegatives to be made immediately into duplicate photographs, so that readers within the daily circulation range of newspapers participating in the Wirephoto service may see them in just a matter of minutes and hours after they are taken. No longer do and never operated that east By VIHITLY NOBLE LADDIN.NVith Ilia magic Ialllp L' iii. and ring and the two fright Cul genii, slaves thereto, in 5 their best moments couldn't Lye" done They lacked imagina- ire across a continent 11 The flashing of pictorial matter by iles my -ere lasnin ig, Pict or J.a.i 110.1.t. ieth of a second Is a mirace 'ire across a continent 3,000 railea vide in the brief space of one-six- Wirephoto, the new system )f telephotography by which The hicago Tribune collecte pleteres tad photographs from far and wide somewhat the a manner 'though far more marvelously) as it news by Pb Pperatee vith a speed approximately the earee Ls that of light- ty electric eye are borne by elec Photographs scanned by an uncan- rical impulsee along wires to other electriq eyes in far-away cities, joked up at an amazing rate oe and reproduced upon pegae ives to be made immediately into within luplicate photographs, so that read- e-s the daily circulation range )e newspapers participating in the kirephoto service may see them in 1.1s-t a matter of minutes and hours tfter they are taken. No longer do MOTOR CLOICH 1 ECEIVING MACHINE I CARR' GE 114 LIGHT I umboommosio IL.

I 1 REC.PICT.CYLINDER I CLUTCH CONTROL AMPLIFIER RECTIFIER REC MAUL IAP v4-it K.E 38 Newspapers Linked in 101000-Mile Circuit Wirephoto, materialization of a ten year old dream and result of three or four years of careful planning, begins operating now, today, tomorrow, not later, acording to schedule, than the new year. The Tribune and 37 other newspapers in 24 cities are joined in the network of Wirephoto circuit, which RECEIVING MOTOR CONTROL PANEL 0 mrlparnemotr, 4.t Nerve center of Wirephoto, the switchboard. The three panels (left to right) are the talking circuit, receiving bay, and sending bay. stretches from coast to coast and from as far north as Minneapolis to as far south as Miami, for the purpose of supplying each other with the important news pictures of the day. No small undertaking has been the organizing by the Associated Press of this modern magic service.

At beginning its great expense loomed as a possible obstacle to realization. It was necessary to obtain guarantors among the member newspapers of the Associated Press to underwrite the cost of purchase and installation of equipment. The Triband the New York Daily News were quick to act in the matter of underwriting the huge expense involved. Also among original guarantors of the project were newspapers in Baltimore, Washington, Buffalo, Detroit, Cleveland, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Los Angeles, Oklahoma City, Oakland, San Francisco, Kansas City, .,4 ,.1 Diagrammatical layout of Wirephoto equipment, showing among the various units the sending and receiving machines, switchboard, and power plant.

This equipment occupies 240 square feet of floor space. 1 Diagrammatical key to the receiving and sending bays shown in the illustration of the switchboard at the left. Minneapolis, Denver, Da Ils Milwaukee, Omaha, Dayton, Miami, Atlanta, and Syracuse. Two Chicago afternoon newspapers subscribed at a later date, or, in other words, after equipment for Wirephoto had been ordered. The Tribune is the only morning newspaper in Chicago participating in this new telephotograph service.

In the office of each newspaper taking the service, except in cities in which the Associated Press main. tains central offices, is located the equipment for sending and receiving photographs and pictures by wire. In those cities in which there are central Associated Press offices the equipment is in the central office. The equipment room in each case occupies 240 square feet of floor space. RECEIVING EQUIPMENT Pressing of a Button Starts Wirephoto Day The Wirephoto day begins in each of the 24 equipment rooms over the country with the pressing of a button which sets in motion a power plant, a unit of the equipment which includes a sending and a receiving machine and a bay or switchboard for each.

The panel contains alsq a talking circuit with loud-- speaker over which any point in the circuit may talk to the others. The TEST ISC. A portion of picture an inch wide and I I inches deep can be transmitted in one minute. power plant's function is to supply an absolutely constant source of voltage to the sending and receiving machines, as no commercial source of electricity is steady enough for the purpose. The power plants consist of special generators, regulators, and storage batteries, the last named indicated on the key to the sending and receiving bays shown on this page by the abbreviation G.T.Bats.

The generators are the source of power; the storage batteries and regulators keep the generators steady. The operator, having started his A leased wire I 0.000 miles long links The Chicago Tribune with newspapers in 23 other cities in Wirephoto system of the Associated Press1 which taps most important news source centers of the nation. power plant, adjusts the sensitive machinery by meter readings and tunes the light valve mechanism by the receiving machine, making the tension on a little ribbon vibrate at a natural frequency of 1,200 cycles a second. This operation requires less than five minutes. Then the control station in New York opens the talking circuit.

All points report that they ready, and each lists what pictures it has for sending. What pictures will be transmitted first and the order of sending all pictures of the day are decided by the control station, though from time to time throughout the day changes may be made in the order of sending for the purpose of pushing especially important pictures ahead of others that may have been scheduled earlier. Before a station sending a picture begins the actual sending it transmits for a few seconds Into each receiving station an amount of power corresponding to the lightest and the darkest parts of the picture in question. Each point adjusts Its power to the receiving equipment at the value of those two knowing that the receiving machine, when adjusted to receive the two extremes of light and darkness in print, will handle normally all intervening shades. Then comes the signal from the bay of the sending stationthree interruptions of powerand operators at receiving points press a button on the receiving machine.

A second or two later a button on the sending machine is pressed, starting at the same instant receiving machines on the circuit. the machine, taken to the darkroom and opened, and the negative removed and developed. If the picture is the maximum size of eleven by seventeen inches its transmission has a taken just seventeen minutes, for the recording light, one one hundredth of an inch wide at its maximum, puts its imprint upon the negative on the cylinder, which is revolving at the rate of 100 times a minute, at the rate of an inch a minute. In other words, a portion of a picture one inch wide and eleven inches deep can be transmitted in a minute, the transmission itself being carried out, as pointed out before, with the approximate speed of light. In tests to ascertain the Lest type of film for reception of plc-, lures by wire, ordinary film was expo5ed in seven stages varying from correct exposure to 70 per tent of correct.

Above is the result, showing (left to right) loss of detail at successive stages of underexposure. A special Wirephoto film was evolved which at 70 per cent of correct exposure shows little detrimental effect. r7.4-;17?7 (Associated Press photos.) PhCEIV IN'iGrrMM FUSES, LAMPS, FUSES, LAMPS, RES. 3c RETS. RES.

REM AMHECIPANEL CARRIER AMR TEST MSC PANEL JKS. JKS. TER M. AMP. TERM.

AMR CARRIER RE. AMP. MOTOR COMM MOTOR CONTROL MOTOR CONTROL PANEL PANEL 110110111110 BAND PASS NITER eAND PASS I UGHT VALYE EQL0 G.T. BATS. G.T.

BATS. 13ATS. G.T. BATS. 00-.

19 ee 1 .0., At 1,,, i I e' 1 1 0,,, ..:,,.1:: ..,,:7 1 ve '1 RECEIVING K. 0. MOOR RECEIVING EQUIPMENT I 7::77,71 CTONTROL 1 1 '0 1-- t- ..,11.: Ifv PANEL ee- 4P -eete. $:. ee A --eon, ommEmaDo-dokoo -1 CLUTCH TEST I CONTROL eeeWeeee A :,.....:1,.:.

MACHINE 1 1 4 I 1.,:. 0, oof -e ee ee .1) et 1 .1 i kc i CARR' GC I I l' i) 1 e. (,...:.:., i feLIGHT 01 eee VALVE I BAND PASS. Rec eler AMPLIFIER ti LOW PASS 1 LIGPTVALVE esTER 4 ye EOUALgER RECTIFIER FILTER EIIMINAL 0 1 120072600e le 1 -i' MP 1 i' 1 4 'V I ot ..:,::,1 5 4 I se 4-' .1 leeee, e- ,1 4:7.,,4 A. 't" ..,,,.0 1, 4 4 MOTOR REC.PICT CYLINDER I I 1 eeeeee CLUTCH' I I ekeee Diagrammatical layout of Wirephoto equipment, showing among the ,..4 '4 various units the sending and receivitig machines, switchboard, and 4 power This equipment occupies 240 square feet 'of floor space.

1s, A i i '7 ee rf lc-7 tri--77- i 1.1 ReL.C.Mitelti OM i ,4, 114: i i i 1 4 iilli rew 7" 1 ent, 1 t. 1 al -t'' 4: li 4 ee A ier 1 1 FUSES, LAMPS, FUSES, LAMPS, RES. 3c RETS. RES. A RETS.

AMP- RECEPANEL CARRIER AMP 1 3, 1-- 1 ri i .1.::1, 4::41.:1 ce ee.4.e.i.e. TEST 4 1 I I ,1 MISC. PANEL K- 5'. 's ttt- 40- i-, ,,1 iioloarmlo 11 -JKS. 4 7 0 4' 3, 1 1, i i.

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4, 7 CV.r.:'.1::::.......',i.,..2,,:: 3 ei, 1 I r) MOTOR CONTROL MOTOCO ff NTROL tures In tests to ascrtin ea best type of film for reception of 1 1: by wire, ordinary film was ex posed in, seven PANEL PANEL 4 1: :7 'eNRIMIIIIIIIMgcrge, 4. -tee. ee -1111111111 111 otailley.i'WtaliA- u.s-INALIII41 la Allk varying from correct ploesr tsoent of detail ef underexposure. A Wirepn' oto film was evolved which i I 1: i 1. 1.11 6440 PASS, NITER eANDPAS5 -I LIGHT- VALVE Ni I.

1 oolatso um, at 70 per ent of correct, effect. (Associated Press photos.) e- iy 1 --N c): 1 GI BATS. GI BATS. 1 eee fee eree ei eve. 1 eee.

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.......1..,.., ei ei. i tatee lee eekee G.T. BATS. GT. BATS.

A .0. 1,7 441 :7, ,2,1, f- 4- 't4N FRANCISCO DES WOO (II, ..1 TC RH It 8 a 64,10 or- viAsSA1.141mcalt4,Tgoti AL CUP i .1. ...1.: 1 I I 1 f. lb, A I Jt i' 'kg i s- le. 1 Diagrammatical key to the re- AE-LEI -1 4 3 1 i rn.

os 4. in the illustration of the switch- ceiving and sending bays shown board at the left. 5,:,,:. A in DALLAS Nerve center of Wirephoto, the switchboard. The three panels (left I ,,,,...1 4 I I 1 to right) are the talking circuit, receiving bay, and sending bay.

Minneapolis, Denver, Dallee, Milwau- eee meet ee, 'i' eeeeeee- "ee.ge'efeee'ee'ee-eeee,,ee''.eeee;::e:eee kee, Omaha, Dayton, Miami, Atlanta, e--: i eefeee stretches from coast to coast and .1 afternoon Two racuse ca eee- y. hig 1' 4 4 tLi' from as far north as Minneapolis to and e-i te ee I eeeee e.e-"e:.,-:" as far south as Miami, for the pur- newspapers subscribed at a late! date, .7 I pose of supplying each other with or, in other words, after equipment 1 AN 4 Aleased wire 10,000 miles long links The Chicago Tribune with news- for Wirephoto had, been The 4.j.e4;-?e,.....,. the important news pictures of the Tribune Is the only morning news- papers in 23 other cities in Wirephoto system of the Associated Press, day. No small undertaking has been the in Chicago participating in which taps most important news source centers of the nation this new telephotograph service. ee 0 organizing by the Associated Press of this modern magic service At eeeeeee e' te In the office of each newspaper eeeeeee, eeee ee power plant adjusts the sensitive the machine 0,,, beginning its great expense taking service taken to the darkroom ese -e A .1 ee, tak the except in cities In 'i- 11 -1 i 1 machinery by meter readings and and opened, and the negative re- I et 4,, 4 1 ea tion E-- tiA.A.,,.,.., loomed as a possible obstacle to real- which the Associated Press main.

..7 0.6.,- tunes the light valve mechanism by moved and developed. If the picture -1, eeee, eeeere, eeeee It was necessary to obtain tains central offices, is located the the receiving machine, making the is the maximum size of eleven by guarantors among the member news- equipment for sending and receiving ee ei e. ve tension on a little ribbon vibrate at seventeen inches its transmission ha ieeeeeeeereeetee 33 Newspapers Linked papers of the Associated Press to photographs and pictures by wire. a natural frequency of 1,200 cycles a taken just seventeen minutes, for ee In those cities in which there are This operation requires less the recording light, one one -hun- in Circuit underwrite the cost of purchase and I installation of equipment. The Trib- central Associated Press offices the A portion of picture an inch than five minutes.

Then the control dredth of an inch wide at its maxi. 1 Wirephoto, materialization of a and the New York Daily News were equipment is in the central office. wide and I I inches deep can be station in New York opens the talk- mum, puts its Imprint upon the 777 rT 71e 7 ten year old dream and result of quick to act in the matter of under :7774 FAI, The equipment room in each case transmitted in one minute. ing circuit All points report that ative on the cylinder, which is re- ee occupies 240 square feet of floor et three or four years of careful plan- writing the huge expense Involved. they are ready, and each lists whet volving at the rate of 100 times a eeeeeee 0.

-ewe eee space. i 70 1 0- 1, 1 I. ning, begins operating now, today, to Also among original guarantors of power plant function is to supply pictures It has for What minute, at the rate of an inch a min ee eel; ewe an absolutely copstant source of volt- pictures will be transmitted first and In other words a. portion of a ee ext ee-eele morrow, not later. acording to sched- the project were newspapers in Balti- eee eeeee.

ef 4 and Se other newspapers in 24 cities Cleveland Philadelphia, ee tie, than the new year. The Tribune more, Washington, Buffalo, Detroit, Pressing of a Button age to the sending and receiving ma- the order of sending all pictures of picture one inch wide and eleven A- eeeeseeleer, lee e-eeeeee, ee; Louis, Starts Wirephoto Day chines as no commercial source of the day are decided by the control inches deep can be transmitted in a ..7., i are joined in the network Les Angeles, Oklahoma City, Oak- electricity is steady enough for the station, though from time to time minute, the transmission itself being of Wirephoto circuit which land, San Francisco, Kansas City, The Wirephoto day begins in each purpose The Power Plants consist throughout. the day changes may be carried out, as pointed out .......1 e.e.'..e.:::.:::e...,::::,.: of the 24 equipment rooms over the of special generators regulators and made in the order of sending for the with the approximate speed of light. or- country with the pressing of a but storage batteries the last named in- purpose of pushing especially I le eeee I.Veleee ete ee--, 1- eke-tepee. ::,..1 't 14'44 t' ton which sets in motion a power dicated on the key to the sending tent pictures ahead of others that 'r T.

4 Iti- 1.4'2:i!1..A4:7'..,,,,,:lttiq?:4,Ze4.1V;;;,:::,t. 414, F. 'CI', plant a unit of the equipment which and receiving bays shown on this may have been scheduled earlier. ---'eee e. ee- i.e.e eeeee.

44 includes a sending and a receiving page by the abbreviation G.T.Bats. Before a station sending a picture '1: 'T et .1 machine a or switch- The generators are the source of begins the actual sending it trans ,.1.:, t' s' The panel contains power; the storage batteries and alsq a talking circuit with loud 4,41 speaker over which any point in the steady board for each regulators mits for a few seconds Into each re generators ceiving station an amount of power circuit may talk to the others The corresponding to the lightest and the ek.eek.-e.-..e,:-ei::,:,,..:::-...e::o.,,.,eeetee.,,eeAeee.et:eete r3 1 .1 4'' .1..., 17., 1 The operator, having started his darkest parts of the Picture In (Luce- eee eke 'lion Each point adjusts djusts Ito power 'It NZ.r.' 'T. el H. :.4 :1,.. to the receiving equipment at, the 'e A''' .1 value of those two -limit.

knowing eeeelteeeleee. eeepeee e-e t--;" 4 4.1 1: 3 f': ..:.,..4 A ....1 that the receiving machine, when ad btaohftaejyriusieorgeetfbecetidetghlivatenoingnsd, rg, sending machine two No a ill is per ''')! 4'4 Then-comes- the from the .5 'It' -three in ee eee eireeeeeee eees -e-Teeteeee -i. -I W. 4 -y- '4'1' 14: i. fa eeieeeeee eee ee 4::: :4,0 1..:: '')Y ls, 'A A ..1 r.i',.',.-'', 1,,,, handle normally intervening 4: iN ee it eee.

:e.e.e.,:y shade .7 is i AA 'A terruptions of power-and operators es. e. 1 N- -t ii c. 1 ,4:: I button onnd on S' 0, tV -a, -'''''''7''''. If 0 17- i.4 s.

.64: Iktfiliiivrof mq, 440.i.,Ve.egm, er 1" 4 '1 4- F'''1, 141,. 4 7. 4 :1.:: 7'. "1- wo later a button on the sending .1 -A. 7i 1 l'-': ''--416 3 machine Is pressed starting at the le te' 2 le ee t': ee.

1 .,..4. same instant receiving machines on e--. e---- i circuit. the crcut I e. e-- ee 4 1 1 ij 1 1 4.

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4 'i 5' .,,,.1., 1 i'2- 1 4' -7 i if k-' 1 obstacles of time and distance compel news photographs to trail hours and days behind the actual news. Side by side with the day's grist of news, important stories of eventful happenings, accounts of vital and startling occurrences, flash on parallel wires the last-minute photographs that illustrate the news. Speeding trains and specially chartered planes, photograph vehicles of yesterday, are snaillike by comparison. ibstacles of time and distance compel clews photographs to trail hours and lays behind the actual news Side 'oy side with the day's grist of news, Important stories of eventful happen- rigs, accounts of vital and startling occurrences, flash on parallel wires the last-minute photographs that il- tustrate the news. Speeding trains and specially chartered planes pho- vehicles of yesterday, are snaillike by comparison.

More Than 60 Pictures The Average for a Day The operation achieved on the sending machine at the time the receiving machines are getting the pictures is much the same as that described in the preceding paragraphs, though in the reverse. Upon the cylinder of the sending machine is placed not a negative but a positive print of a picture or photograph. The cylinder turns at a hundred revolutions a minute, the print being scanned in strips of one one hundredth of an inch by means of a light beam focused first on a light valve aperture similar to the light valve used in sound picture work. The valve chops the beam at a frequency of 2,400 cycles, passing a pulsating which is turned through ninety, degrees of focus sharply on the surface of the picture. Since the light reflected trom the picture surface is proportional to the tone density of the surface, the pulsating beam is modulated with the tone values of the picture before reflection to a photocell.

The light valve, an aperture one one-hundredth of an inch square, is partly covered by two duralurain ribbons connected to form a loop: A magnetic field' at right angles to the plane of the ribbons and a 2,400 cycle current through the ribbons furnish shutter action. As the ribbons vibrate on their inward swing the aperture is closed, and on their outward swing the aperture is opened. A. single-tube amplifier furnishes regulation just passing the power to the line. The principle of operation at the recelying points is similar to that of the sending light valve except that only one ribbon is More Than 60 Pictures the Average for a Day The operation achieved on the sending machine at the time the re- ceiving machines are getting the pic tures is much the same as that de- scribed in the preceding paragraphs, though in the reverse Vp on the cylinder of the eending machine is placed not a negative but a pesitive print of a picture or olhuetioc beam focused first on a light valve aperture similar to the valve ny slin adermtiunruntse.attbae hpurni dnrt db erienyg- scanned in strips of, one one hun- dredth of an inch by rneans of a light used in sound picture, work.

The cvya valve of 274h000pcs the cycles eam a a pulsating bean which is turned through ninety degrees of focus sharply on the sur face of the picture. Since the light reflected rom the picture surface is proportional to the tone density of the surface the pul sating beam is modulated with the lu tone aes of the picture befo: re re fieetion to a pbotocell. The light an aperture one one-hundredth of an inch square, is partly covered by two deralumin ribbons to form a loop: A magnetic field' at right angles to the plane of the ribbons and a 2,400 cycle current through the ribbons furnish shutter action As the ribbons vibrate on their inward swing the aperture is closed, and on their outward swing 21.1'..Z,...',:::,:'...,;!,i!.1:'.-. .1.:: VV J.1 If. VVV 4 :4 :1 I Negative on a Cylinder Receives Incoming Picture A cylinder on the receiving machine at every station, eighteen inches long and twelve inches has been loaded, with a negative upon which can be received a picture of any dimensions up to eleven by seventeen inches.

negative, fastened to the cylinder, is in a lightproof container. The negative then is exposed to a light from a lamp focused through an aperture one one-hundredth of an inch wide. befOre which is a ribbon which admits little or much light according to the strength of the current caused by the picture on the sending machine4 In case the portion of the in, coming picture is very black the aperture which admits light to the negative is nearly closed; where very light, the aperture is nearly open. At the end of the picture, the receiving machine automatically cuts off. The cylinder is removed from on Negative a Cylinder Receives Incoming Picture cylinder on the receIVITIg mi.

chine; at every 'station, eighteen inches long and twelve inches around, a. en loaded with. a negative le 3 upon which can be received a picture of any dimensions up to 'eleven loY eventeen inches. -T negative, fastened to the clinder is in a lightproof container The negative then is exposed to a light from a lamp focused through an aperture i Lt 4114 Three views of Wirephoto sending AHere the electric eye," which converts tones of pictures into electrical impulses for transmission by wire, has moved at an inch a minute most of the way across the cylinder upon which prints are mounted for sending. BApproximately the same stage of sending as shown in figure but photographed from a different Machine from above.

In the foreground, driving motor and clutch. At the right of motor and clutch are, at bottom; switches for turning on motor and light beam. Above them, in order, a rheostat for controling light intensity, a meter indicating light intensity, a starting button, and an auxiliary button for emergency stops. .7 I --ii Wirephoto receiving machine shown from three angles. XReception beginning.

'The receiving equipment the hood in foregriiund, moving to leff across no carria4e'aCan inch a minute, will expose the negative within the tightproof cylinder: aching the machine is the power plant, which supplies an absolutely constant flow of current for She transmission equipment. YA closeup showing the cylinder in which the negative is ciontained. ZHere the incoming picture has been recorded on within the cylinder, and the operator is removing the cyllider. This goes to the darkroom, whsre it is unlatched and the regve is removed and developed. Meanwhile another cylinder containing a mega- 4 Whus electric eyes tbe various points in the circuit transmit or receive average sized picture a normal rate of sixty-odd or more in a sixteen-hour day five Is put On the.