Guardian from London, Greater London, England • Page 22

THE ia, 1893; and fifty years after his death he has been reckoned as the typical corrupt ecclesiastic, a man lost to all sense 6f shame, to whom virtue was a mockery and honesty a jest man who in order to increase his influence over his royal pupil deliberately planned his corruption. For four or Ave generations no ono has attempted to say a word in favour of thoAbbo' Dubois, and the world has boon content to accept the verdict'of St. Simon, who described his onomy in words that bito into tho live man's floslu and loavo his memory fostering vice contondod in him for mastory. Avarice, dobauohory, and ambition woro his gods perfidy, flattery, and servility wore his means An odour of falseness exhaled from ovory poro He owed his elevation to his vices. As procoptor, ho corrupted the morals of his pupil i us Minister, ho dobasod his fathorland and sold it to England, its prince of tho Church, ho died from tho result of his debauches, blasphoming God." At Ifwt, however, tho inevitable whitewashes has arisen.

Mr. I'orkiiiH in tho work boforo us aspiros to show that Dubois was a muoli-malignod man, and if not'oxactly a saint was. by no moans the of iniquity ho has boon represented. Ho was of very umblo origin and ho also gave personal offonco to St. Simon.

This was quite enough to mako him scorn a "demon of hell" to the groat memoirist, and his imago has accordingly boon absurdly distorted. This is Mr. Perkins's contention, and on the whole we think ho is able to'justify it. If Dubois whilo tutor to tho young Duko of Orleans had in reality corrupted tho morals of his pupil, tho-fact must havo boon known to tho Duko's mother, the Princess Palatine, Yet sho never complained of tho tutor's conduct, but on tho contrary wrote to I assure you of my gratitude for your endeavours to mako an upright man of my sou." No doubt when sho wrote thin, and much irioro in tho samo voiit, tho Princess was on very friondly terms with Dubois, and ill may therefore bo argued that sho was takon in" by the supplo and crafty But if this had been tho caso, the Princess, when she quarrelled with Dubois, would, if sho could, havo exposed him. Yot, whilo she denounced him as a rogue, a trickster, and a traitor, who had sold his country, sho novor com plained of his conduct towards her son; because," says Mr.

Porkbis, she bout of all tho world know that thoro was nothing of which to complain." Mr. Perkins adds furthor testimony in regard to The''admirers of. Fdnolou justly claim for him tho purest imputation of tho time in which ho lived. Ho was procoptor of tho Duko of Burgundy, and in a position where ho must havo known Dubois's character thoroughly." Ho would havo recommended no. ono for an ecclesiastical proferment whom ho thought to bo an evil liver.

In KliU ho urged Dubois's appointment as Prior of Brides. Twonty years later wo find him writing The Abbe Dubois, formerly procoptor of tho Duke of Orleans, lias been my friend for very many Wo have dwelt specially on that part of Mr. Perkins's work which deals with the Abbe" Dubois, ft must not bo supposed, howovor, that his work is nothing but a study of tho Abbo. His whitewashing is merely an episode in an elaborate study of tho Regency and of tho period which preceded it. It is dniy because tho view pro other saint.

Professor Hales has discovered that on one occasion management of the organs which these causes affeot. ItwasliliA this St. Eligius positively refused to take an oath demanded of Bcffe lecture for the present year. Canon Knox Little replies tl him by his master, King Dagobert, and at length con- Mrs; Humphry Ward's article in the July number of the satnfl vinoed the King that, at least in his case, an oath was review, and estimates the meaning and tValue-Mt is not averv naturally be serious the religion which she is anxious to have taught needless. Hence an oath by St.

Loy would no oath at all, a simple protestation, and we find that the phrase is only another example of Chaucer's delight in surprising us by a sly reversal of the idea which he seemed about to convey, just as in his talk of the clerks who could dance so after the school of Oxonfordo tho'," or in the crafty line in which he remarks of tho pardons and excommunications out of which tho Sommoner made his For ours wol as assoiling saveth." More than a dozen knotty points in Chaucer's toxt or biography are elucidated by Professor Hales in a like masterly fashion, and wo have good "notes" also on Gower, Wyatt and Surrey, Spenser and Milton, besides a useful clearing up of the common confusion between the ballads of Otterbourne and Chevy Chase. Thus all serious students of English literaturo will rejoice that these Folia Litterarid, which contain so much now and helpful information, are no longer scattered about like the leaves of the Sibyl, in the various magazines and periodicals to which they have been contributed during the last oight-and-twenty years. It is only to bo regretted that Professor Hales has been so badly served by his printer. Misprints abound, and some of them occur in most unlucky contexts. For instance, tho Professor points out how the otymology of tho name Palamon in tho "Knightes Tale" supports his character of the whole-hearted lover.

"Is in fact equivalent to but jraAaKmfr is used meta- iVTn slier phorioally to denote a and what I suggest is that this ZTn TT i Is less tho meaning of A as borno by tho 'servant' of ll A Leppmgton summui tho Lady Ewing." So our toxt, and with tho alterations of less to "just" and "Lady Ewing" to "Lady Emily" the sentence is worthy of its author. As it stands it is not a little puzzling. soiited of is not tho ordinary ono that wo havo given it so much prominence, Mr. Perkins's hook is called France under the This, however, IN somewhat of a misnomer, because at it is devoted to Louis XIV. and his doings.

On tho least half whole, Mr. Perkins takos a very just view of tho Great Monarch. Ho lully admits his pettiness, his' lack of personal courage, his pomposity, his 'narrow-mindedness, and his extravagance, but ho does this without producing a caricature. Thoro was a great deal of wig, high-pooled shoes, gold and strutting about Louis XIV. Hut this was not all.

"Tho King had in addition both character and determination. Ho kept his word. Ho never doHortod iii subordinate merely because ho had failed. In his own foolish and deplorable way he sincerely tried to do his best for his people, and though his own morals were by no moans irreproachable, nothing in the nature of tho wholosalo profligacy of tho Regent or of Louis XV. can be charged against him.

Taken as a whole, Mr. Perkins's book may bo pronounced an excellent pioco of historical work. lucre matter for commentators, his authors' texts, and tho infer Folia LUtnt'ttritit Kssayn and Notes on Fnglish Literature. Hy John IIales. (Moolo'y.) Professor Hales's Folia Litleraria strike a note of their own which gives them an important plaoo in the concert of modern criticism.

Wo have clover writors in abundance, almost in superabundance, who are good enough to jditce the poems of this or that author for a new light." lint in tlie multiplicity of these new lights knowledge is not perceptibly increased. They are but so many new turns of th kaleidoscope which often iii tho ond. comes' back to somo oh position from which it started. There is always a need for this illuminating criticism. Each generation demands a fresh inter prolatiou of the ancient masterpieces, and tho interpretation which makes thorn most useful to a particular ago is not roachot at the first essay.

Of such-help Professor Hales himself is not sparing, witness his excellent dissertations on "Tho Revival of Hallad Poetry in tho lOlghtconth Century," and on the literary forces at work from 1700 to 'I MOO. Hut his msthotio criticism's are mostly conveyed in a few weighty sentences rather than diffused over tho whole of a long magazine article, and very oftou thoy arise out of tho discussion of some particular point which airier critics lightly pass by as It Is this profound knowledge miitloit wliioh he brings to bear on them, which give their peculiar value to Hales's essays. His book is wol indexed, and it deserves to bo, for almost every section marks a doflnjlo acquisition to scholarship. Perhaps the easiest oxamplos to lake aro some questions of chronology. "Havolok tho Daiio" is usually ascribed to a date about .1280, but it contains in two different places the phrase "fro Dovoro into Rokosborw" (as who should say from of Grests' to tho Land's End and tho critic links himself the question why John of Groats' house should be represented Ivy a'castle well on the Scotch side of tho border.

Tito answer, is that for some years from :i.2i).1. onwards was in English hands, tit first as a pledge, after 1200 as a possession. Hence tho old date for Havolok" is found to bo Impossible, and a new date, in tho last docadc of tho century, is supported by an array of proofs which, even as a mere marshalling of inductive evidence, are "'of gonuiuo interest, and ono of which helps to tho hotter understanding of the poem. So, again, tho. linos in tho description of tho" Merchant in Chauoor's Prologue "Ho wolde tho so woro kopto for anything Hotwlxto Middloburgh and provoke the question why Middloburgh should bo chosen for special Tho answer lies in (he fact that for four years from JilHt Middloburgh was tho of-tho woolstaplo which had previously boon at Calais and wits restored to fflutt town in 1888.

Here, then, wo havo-a fresh coullrination of tho which for Independent roiiNons is now generally assigned as that oMho Prologue." One more example of'Professor Hales's acumen may ho permitted. It is said of tho Prioress in tho Prologue "Her grofctcMto olih wan but by Siu'iit Loy and critics have wondered in vain why the gontlo lady should prefer to wweur by St; St. Eligius, rather than by any The Festival Hall of Osorlcon II. in the Or eat Temple of liuhastis. By Edward Navillo.

(Kogan time ago wo invited attention to an important memoir of tho Egypt Exploration Fund on tho ruins of Toll Bastah, near Zagazig, iu tho Delta, on tho sito of tho ancient Bubastis. Bubastis is colobratod by Horodotus, and tho modern discoveries described in tho memoir correspond accurately with his account. But it has also a special placo in history. It gives tho title to tho Twenty- second Dynasty of Egyptian Kings, who are called Bubastitos. Tho founder of this was probably tho horeditary commander of a foreign Shishak, whom we know in the Biblo as tho successful plunderer of Jorusalom in the roign of Rehohoam.

Bubastis was his native city, and wo might expect to find in its sculpturos and hieroglyphics somo memorial of his victories. This, howovor, is not tho caso. It was in the ancient capital of Thebes in Upper Egypt that he raised his monumonts. Probably ho had to live chiefly thoro to consolidate his power and subduo tho resistance offered by tho elder family to tho usurper. It was loft to his successors Osorkon I.

and Osorkon II. to adorn tho birthplace of their race, as a consequence perhaps of tho transforonco of political precedence from Upper Egypt to tho Dolta. But it was not merely a transforonco of political life it was a transference also of religious worship. If Thebes gave way to it followed also that the great god Amon was desortod for tho goddoss Bast. Sho is accordingly the principal ilguro in tho later Bubastito sculpturos.

Known by hor lion-head, sho is continually receiving offerings from the king or bestowing Tits upon It would seem that Osorkon I. found the tomplo in ruins, that ho began to reconstruct it, that Osorkon II. completed tho work and inaugurated it by a special festival in honour of tho local divinity. Tho whole ceremonial of this special festival is depicted at great length on tho doorway of a festival hall, which tho king probably built or rebuilt for tho occasion. was too extensive a matter to bo inoludod in tho gonoral account of tho subject of tho present memoir.

Wo have said that Osorkon II. rebuilt tho hall, for in truth it was originally built long before Tho whole temple is, in fact, as Mr. Navillo says, a palimpsest. Begun under tho old Empire, subsequent monarchs erased thoir predecessors' names to substitute thoir own. This was done to such an extent by tho groat Itamosos II.

that but for a fow omissions and nogligoncos of his workmen, wo should feel inclined to attribute to him the honour of tho foundation of Bubastis." After his timo, howovor, it foil into ruins, till the two Osorkons undertook its rehabilitation under different auspices, assigning to Bast tho prominenco which had formerly been given to Anion. Whon, after long ages of intorrnont, it was again unearthed by Mr. Navillo, it may be seen in a -photograph in this hopoless heap of huge granite blocks. But tho blocks wore covered with writing and figures, winch by degrees furnished a clue to thoir arrange mont. Patient measurement of tho angles did tho rest; and at last it became ovidont.

that tho inscriptions covered tho walls of a largo gateway which led from tho first hall into tho second. The rostorod gateway is figurod in a sories of beautiful plates which show us oxactly how tho festival procession was arranged upon it, Tho several compartmonts of this procession ure sot forth on a largor sealo in a number of other engravings, each ono of. which is carefully described in tho lottorpress. It is a noblo volume, splendidly got up, and worthily dedicated "in gratitudo and affection to tho memory of a lady who has dono much in tho recovery and popularisation of Egyptian Blaudford Edwarcta. MAGAZINES FOR SEPTEMBER.

Tho most important, though tho least agrooablo, article in the National Itevioto is Mr. Grifflth-Boscawon's account of the formal lawlessness now prevailing in Cardiganshire. Tho law is openly defied not only by individuals but by tho authorities.charged with its oxocution. Tho joint standing committoo, controlled by the county councillors, who aro members of it, decline to enforoe the payment of titho by any moans othor than moral suasion." As a natural oonsoquonoe tithe is not paid, and tho efforts of the county courts to rocovor it end only in the maiming of their oflloors. Tho only consolation in this state of things is that if the titho passes out of tho hands'of its present owners its nonpayment will havo become habitual, and the community to whoso mdifforonoo it has beou saoriflood will be tho ultimate sufferers.

For Weary Citizens," by Mr. Henry Traill, is a too woll tho indifforonce of the English electorate to tho passing of tho Homo Rulo Bill. There are also noteworthy papers on "The Immorality of Evolutionary Ethics," by Mr. W. Earl Hodgson, and on The Tuscan Nationality," by Mr, "rant Allen.

Mr. Frederick Greenwood contributes a beautiful die story conveying a much needed moral, entitled "Young Genius." "-Weariness," by Professor Michael Foster, in tho Nineteenth Century, gives a delightfully clear account of "the physical causes of that weariuoss which is always making itself felt in human life," and gives some valuable incidental hints for the to the ratepayers' children. In "A Question of Taste" the author of "Dodo" discourses very pleasantly on the art of novel- writing, and explains the change which, as he holds, it jl undergoing. The practical working of the Vatican doctrine of Infallibility is illustrated in an interesting account bv Father Clarke, S.J., of the process whiclr has resulted in the' formal condemnation of Mr. St.

George Mivart's "Happiness in Hell" by the Congregation of the Inquisition Even now, however, we do not understand whether Father Clarke regards the condemnation as infallible, since while in one place he assumes that Professor Mivart will loyally accept its "unorrine nature," in another he says that any judgment issued in tho namte of tho congregation, not in that of the Pope," even though the Pope has expressly approved it, remains altogether "outside the sphere of infallibility" and "cannot compel intense assent." In the Contempordry Review Archdeacon Farrar renews a challenge which in our judgment would have been better left unanswered. As we are bound to give the Archdeacon that favourable interpretation which he denies to High Churchmen We do not doubt that he beliovcs his on Confession and be those of the Church of England. But how ho can think so, while the Prayer-book remains what it is, is to us absolutely unintelligible. There are besides in this revieAv a numbor of papers which those who take the trouble to ht find interesting, summary of the evidence tendered to the Labour Commission was commented upon last week. In Mr.

Riohard Heath's "Agricultural Depression in East Anglia'' opinions preponderate over facts, while the last occasionally want the chapter and verse," which would enable the reader to look thorn up for would liko to hear theparson's version of the story of the vestry meeting (p. 455). Mr. Heath scolds the Church of England for her worship of the idol Property he has also made the curious discovery that the Church is "organised on aristocratic principles." It scorns the best men among the agricultural labourers are disaffected towards both Church and chapel. Wanted, a definition of the best men." The weightiest articlo in the review is, of courso, Professor Weismann's reply to Mr.

Herbert Spencer; its title, "The All-Sufficiency of Natural Selection," by no means exaggerates the drift of the writer. Mr. Andrew Lang's study in "Comparative Psychical Research" starts with the postulate that certain phenomena are incredible, however well attested, and his conclusions aro proportionately unhelpful, so far as he arrives at any. It need not bo said that Phil Robinson 'on Sunshine and Rain is readable, or that Mr. P.

G. Hamerton has something to tell concerning the Foundations of Art Criticism which is worth listening to he observes, by the way, that the New Criticism has but two ideas to live upon: ono is a narrow notion of technique, and the other is a jealous hatred of intellectual influences in the graphic arts." Professor Shield Nicholson writes on Indian Currency. The Fortnightly opens with an article in which Mr. W. H- Grenfell criticises a recent speech of the Prime Minister's on the currency.

For the late member for Hereford, who has proved the sincerity of his convictions, the bimetallic controversy has not merely to do with problems of finance, it is intimately bound up with the honour of England as well as with her interests. Next comes "Immortality and Resurrection," which we hail as the nearest approach to truly uusectarian teaching" it has been our fortune to encounter; Mr. Grant Allen's paper being couched in studied offence to tho feelings of all believers in a hereafter, without distinction of creed. When he says I am morely stating the conclusions of science he reminds one of tho old definition of orthodoxy, an excellent jest which wants being evidently "what I believe," while "what I can 't understand" is unscientific. The purport of Mr.

W. Bevan Lewis's Origins of Crime" can hardly be stated with exactitude in a few words, the writer having grappled too seriously with statistics to enable him to generalise without careful limitations on the whole, however, the moral of the facts would seem to be that alcoholism, if not so clearly a principal causo of insanity as it was once supposed to be, is a causo of crime, directly and indirectly, to an extent far beyond what is popularly supposod. In "The Military and the Magistrates," Mr. George Irving handles the constitutional aspect of tho question, with reference to Hull in the past and Ulster in the future: wo wish he had said something of the which the law has always recognised as it has not recognised the regular" forces, and which would be quite strong enough to put down a mere riot. His quotation from Hallam should have been supplemented by tho statement that tho preamble to tho Mutiny Bill no longer affirms tho necessity of preserving "the balance of power" as a reason for keeping up a standing army.

Tho phrase was struck out some years ago. "England's Right to tho Suez Canal Shares," in the opinion of Mr. Cope Whitehouse, would seem to be nil, the Khedive Ismail having sold (it is argued) what did not belong to him. Several other papers help to make up a very readable number of the Fortnightly. The Netvlery Mouse Magazine has a paper on The Medical Diaconato" by tho Rev.

Dr. Belcher. The learned writer advocates tho admission to the diaconato of those who havo obtained a legal qualification to practise as physicians, with permission, so long as they remain deacons, to retain their practice; and argues that to do this is not contrary to the statute whioh forbids any one in holy orders to ongage in or carry on any trade or dealing for gain or profit" (1 and 2 c. 106, s. 29), because tho fees received by a physician are only is forbidden by his collogo to recover them at law.

It is suggested also that the clause in question, oven if it does debar the deacon from receiving fees as a physician, is probably repealed in this particular by tho Medical Act, 21 and 22 c. '90. The subject is interesting, and undoubtedly there is nothing u.ncanonical or inappropriate in what Dr. Belcher proposes; but we fear that the number of admissions to holy orders would not be appreciably increased if that proposal were carried into effect, as we suppose it might be anytime at the pleasure of any Bishop. Another very interesting paper is that on "Tho Fortunes of Lambeth Palace," by Mr.

W. Connor Sydney. The Dead Cities of Flanders effectively draws the contrast between the present arid past of Bruges, Dammo, Sluys, and other places once famous now utterly dead or dying in that once-thriving and populous distriot. Dr. W.

Wood gives a third of his "Pictures from Ceylon," after somewhat long interval, describing, on this occasion, tho Maldives, a numerous group of coral islands and their inhabitants. Sir John Gilbert" is a paper giving, with twelve illustrations, somo account of that clover artist's lifo and labours. "Lady Anno Barnard," tho authoress of the ballad of "Auld Robin Gray," is worthily commemorated in a short article. Tho New Review, as usual, is up to date. Amid all the din and stir of politics and the confused voices of politicians, one thing is certain, that the labour question is of great and overwhelming importance, and that the ooal war, now raging, is one.