The Inter Ocean from Chicago, Illinois • Page 25

i Part Fourth. iv.ru curia Pages 25 to 20 A A A A A A A. A A. A IK i 1 1 titi VOI. XTX NO.

334. CHICAGO, BTJUDAT, rUBRIJAIir 22, 189 lTWlTY-HEGnT PAGES. WHOLE NO. 7.0S7. VTflE ST.

CLAIR TUNNEL. A ft Rapid Progress of the Great Boring to Connect This Country and Working Under an Air Pressure Orer Twenty Pounds to the Square Inch. of Great Engineering: Achievement hich Will Probably Be Dupli- cated Soon. RECIPROCITY BY TUNNEL. The Grand Trunk Railway tunnel under the river Bt Clair, near Lake Huron, la a wonderful engineering achievement It la an important link in the commercial union-of the r.

-1 a 1 VUiKil Duties auu uanaua. At wui greatly leciutat in a tram oyer ui several thousand I i IT 1837 the company abandoned these sxperi-inental borings, and decided to reeommenoe work Inland from large hafts. On each aide of the rirer bnck-walled shaft were rank, twenty-three feet in diameter. The Canadian hole, at a depth of ninety-eight feet, was decided to be impraottoeble. The American waeaunk fifty-eight feet and turned into' a ventilator.

Then the aucceMful plan waa da-vised, namely, to nae ahielda from cutting. Large and costly plants were ereoted for the tunnel machinery, in Ontario some 1,900 feet from the river, in Michigan, about 1,800 feet back. In each plant waa included, three boiler, a pair of hoi ting ventilating en- with a blower capable of eubio eet a minute, a hydrauiio pump, a drilling machine, a bolt-tore wing machine, a planing machine, with extra bed and table, a water pump, two electrie light dynamo and engine, a carpenter hop, blacksmith shop, and a map nine shop. The permanent plant are a small pumping house in Michigan, and in Ontario a bnok engine and boiler house, containing at present four boiler, four electrie miies 01 runway in uiv urauu -irons system, and will be -of immense importance la the transfer between Chicago, Mllwsukee, Grand Haven, Muskegon, Bay City and Detroit to Buffalo, Toronto, Suspension Bridge, Wiarton, Rortn Bay, Kingston, Montreal. Quebec, the White Mountains and Portland and intermediate point.

PORT 'HURON THE 8T. CLAIS The Grand Trunk Bail way reached Sarnia. is 1858. The Peninsular line waa extended to Valparaiso, In 1373. It waa consolidated with the Chicago and Grand Trunk Bail way and finished to Chicago, where it arrived in 1880.

The Grand Trunk management foresaw the benefit tov be derived from a tunnel between Port Huron and Sarnia. The Michigan Central people were also awake to the advantage offered by a tunnel at Detroit. Considerable money jgas expended by the latter company, and it partial tunnel waa abandoned for reason which would have prevented the Bt Clair runner completion bad not- the hydrauiio ahielda, eompreased air, and iron walls been used. Experience was lacking, a subaqueous tunnel are not thick a blackberries in America. The Fair city ha aurral under lake and river.

At Cleveland there i on under Lake Erie; at Buffalo one under a eanaL TL Hudaon Elver tunnel, to be 6,000 feet long, are making good progress 0ns hole there Is about "half way across. Tha Thames tunnel was the first modern ub-aqueou. tunnel. The city and Southwark auoway is an extensive tunnel under the Brit-Ih eapitaU tAKE Huron aur BHOWixa vosmon br tvbslu The Grand' Trunk Bail way has. used for many year large team-ferrie between Fort Gratiot and Point Edward.

The passenger and freight trains had to deviate several mile from Port Huron and Sarnia. The river current ia swift and ice jams are not unusual. No stream in the world bears more commerce than tha 81. Clair Elver. Nearly the whole year vessels are passing Port Huron all the time.

Thurlow Weed published in 1847 that there were "seven hundred" vessels on the lake. He was moved to indulge in small cap. Then the figure for 1890 deserve "UP' Ia 1890 the net tonnage waa 820,360, valued at 58,. 128.500. Moet of this tonnage passes through the St Clair Birer.

These extensive marine Interests were against a bridge. A tunnel it had to be. In 1884 surveys were made, the looadon determined, and the kinds of soil ascertained. The river there was almost naif a mil In width and about forty feet deep. Quicksand and bine clay were found.

In 1830 the St Clair Tunnel Company was organized, and tost, of its officers were and are officials of the Grand Trnnk CANADIAN POBTAL Bailwsy system. The engineers ars Messrs. Joseph Hobson, Thomas E. Hillman, M. B.

Blalklock, J. T. Eamsa, and Thomas H. Murphy. In 1S80 testing shafts were sunk on each aide- of the river.

The American was ninety-two feat deep, tb. Canadian ninety-eight feet 'Each was four by fourteen feet and lined with pine. Small drifts from these shafta, under the river, were soon stopped by natural gas and water. Ia ths summer of 7 the In or be ty of in a in of 10 21 a in TO light engine and dynamo, two ventilating "blow," and the two great pump for draining the out The great cuttings for tunnel approach were begun on New Year's Day of 1SS9. The Canadian waa begun some what narrow.

At a depth of fifty-eight feet a landslide deposited Shout mivtMfk nt anil in tKia Mttin. was started again about ten rod farther back. At the portal the Canadian great cutting i sixty, feet deep. It i 200 feet wide at it broadest portion. From portal it rise- one foot ia tlfiMlA 7i TTONEIj.

flTty feet for 3,193 feet The American great cutting ia fifty-two feet deep, about 800 feet wiae at res Droaaon pari, ana rises one root in fifty feet for 8,533 feet An inclined track was laid for flat ears to haul out the tunnel soiL September, 1690, two steam shovels began work on each side of the river. Each shovel waa attended by a locomotive and train of flat ear. Hundred of men were employed day and night When the tunnel proper waa completed scarcely more than two layer of ths soil bad been removed. The tunnel oompan new impatient and on Mondav. Feb.

ft. lggi took the Canadian work from the contractors. Over 800 men are employed. As the tunnel wiu not oe openea ror tramo untu tne approaches ars completed ths work onthecut- ung i oeing rusnoa. Mr.

Alfred E. Beach, an American entHnear designed and used a shield in the Broadway tunnel, New Xork City, ia 1808. Since then similar shields have been used in the Chicago, Buffalo. Hudson River. London, and other tunnel.

This exoavatins; shield mav be com pared 10 a cylinder witn no ftead. It la a circle steel plates. Inside theae plates are brace. doors, and aids for the workmen. In the front end are knife-edge to penetrate the sou.

in tne rear portion of the shield, around the main walla, ar hydrauiio jack, each upplied with a valve, so that it action may independent of The material of the tunnel walla, masonry or east iron, is built In tne rear of the ahield. Pressure is applied to the hvdraulie ram, and -thus the shield is pushed ahead the length of the jacka" pistons. The soil is pushed into the front of the shield, and tha men remove it loading: it upon ears, which are ouehed out to the tramwaya, on which they ar drawn by mule, or horse, to ths entrance the tunnel, where they are hoisted to the regular flat cars and taken to the dumping ground. While the men are removing the sou front the men in the rear are busy erecting the walls of the tunnel. In ease of iron plate, revolving crane lift the plate by means of a counter-balance weight to the desired position, where it is bolted to the other plate.

When the section of the tunnel is completed, and the pistons of the ram hav been drawn back, the air ia applied tnin. and the lack pushed forward for another aection of the tunnel to be put in. By this arrangement ths workmen ar always protected from danger above, around, or below. The air pressure keeps the water back front, and the oompleted tunnel protects the rear. Two shields were used in the Bt Clair tunnel.

Each weighed eighty tons. They were brought in sections to the north bank the cutting, where they were erected. Then came the problem of the shields in position, wooden tracks were laid, huge ropes were placed around each shield, and they were gradually lowered by men. In eighty minutes they were in place at the proposed mouth of the tunnel. Each shield was feet long, and had an outside diameter of feet The steel plate were 1 inch thick.

Each shield had twenty-fourhydraulie rams at equal distances apart Eaoh ram had stroke of 8 feet and a diameter of 8 inches. Each time ths pistons were shoved ahead ths shield moved enough to allow a section, or a foot and a half, of the tunnel to be made. The air could have been forced to press 8,000 tons on the shield, but the greatest pressurs used was 900 tone- By regulating the pressure of any valve the direction of ths shield could be varied at will. An observa tion of the shield' direction was taken every morning, and by- a diagram any variations, even to the amalleet fraction of an inch, were detected and regulated. The variation scarcely ever excelled a fourth of an inch.

Wh.fl At. Wt.fc V.W which in itself was a marvsL for ther had been burrowing farther and farther into un known soil yet controlled by brilliant minds and wonderful invention. The American Shield started Julv 11. 1889; the Canadian Sept 21. 1)89; they met at nearly midnight of Aug.

80, 1890. The Canadian had gone 2,683.10 feet and the American 8,813.85 feet Work had been pushed night and day. shifts of Oight hours, for electricity lighted ST. CLAIS TUNNEL. the shields and tunnel, and early completion of "the tunnel waa a great objeot The average progress of each shield waa ten feet a day; but one day twenty-seven feet and ten Inches were ao-ompliahed, and the record of tunnel construction waa excelled.

Chief Engineer Uobson advined having these tunnel walla of cast iron. Each section waa composed of a key and IS segments, eaoh segment being 4 feet 10 mchos long, is inches wide, and 9 laches thick. Each bad inside fiange 0 inches deep and an inch and tiieo- thick. In each aepment were 4 hole a each end and 13' holes in eaoh aide flange. Theae 83 holes were occupied by steel bolts, each seven-eighths of an inch in diameter.

Each section of the completed tunnel was a eirsle whose radius waa feet and 11 inches. Each section required for- the longitudinal Joints 60 bolt, and for the circular Joint 157 bolts, a total of 313 bolt for eaoh foot and a half of TtrmriXi boxldxhos xichioax. ths tunnel. It required 828,150 bolt to fasten toe-ether the 27.00U tons of the east iron linina- of this tunnel. Each segment waa heated and dipped into a vat of coal tar.

By the time it waa cool ths tar waa dried la. This method was ths happy thought of a workman. Another workman invented a tool which increased three times the rapidity of loading tb slay upon the ears. Tunneling waa-nearly stopped at ths line of the river by water and quickaand. Comprised air was tried.

On each side of the river, beneath the shore lines, air-tight bulkheads of brick and cement were built across ths lins of ths tunnel. Above eaoh ear-track and on each side of the bulkheads were erected two air-lock, each seventeen feet long and seven feet in diameter, with air-tight doors at each end. The outside door would be opened and men or mules admitted to the air-lock. Horses could not stand the pressure. The door being closed and ths air-valve opened, the air-pressure would be increased until the atmospheres of ths lock equaled ths atmospheres inside the inner poruen of the tunnel, when the inner door eoutd be opened, and the men or animals admitted to the works.

It took several minutes to properly increase or decrease ths air-pressure on a man. Certain rules had to b-obeyed. The workmen had to have vigorous bodies, and be examined br the company physician before receiving admission to ths compressed air. Two daatha resulted from the bad results of ths air-pressure. The air caused terrible feelinge.

especially to strangers. In ths beginning of the under-river section the three" gangs, each of twenty-flve men, worked under an extra atmospheric pressure of ten pounds to ths square inch. This was increased, slowly and at intervals, to twenty-two pounds per square inch, or about two and one-half timea the usual atmospheric pressure. (The proposed limit in the Chicago Fourteenth street tunnel is forty pounds per square inch.) Quicksand on ths Canadian side caused the highest air- THE SHIELD TH pressures to be exerted upon that side. The compression of tne air kept the quicksand and water from overflowing into the tunnel.

Leake were invisible. The viewless walls kept back ths flood. Compressed air was usea on tne Canadian side from May 88, 18W, and on the American aids from April 7, 189a Ths completion of the bole wan the be grin ning of the end. A vast amount of work had yet to be done. The tunnel waa eleaned and the tramways' beds of clay, about two fee thick, were removed.

The cast-iron walls were painted with some nti-mst compound, hundred of thousands of bolts were tightened, and briok and concrete -were placed in the lower half of the tunnel to prevent it being mosT visw or shield. by the brine from meat ears. Above the cement are three drainage conduits, two turlor inches, long, and on in ths middle, eighteen inches square. Over these and their dividing timbers ar wooden ties, nine feet long and eight by eight inches On theae tie rsst extra heaw steel 1 -rails. 400 pounds to ths yard, of standard American guags track, lour leet sight ana one ball inches wide.

On each outside of ths T-raila ars wooden guard rails, ten by twelve inches. Both sides of the track ar planked. All the timbers are of pine, and have been aoaked in dead oil' of tar. Safety ladders and platforms hav been placed for workmen and watchmen. The inside diameter is.

19 feet 10 Inches; 81 feet the outside In the. -top of the tunnol are two ventilating tubes' each 30 inches in diameter. It is constantly lighted py eieetncity. Ths tunnel will nearly drain itself. The surface water in the cuttings will be taken care of at ths portals.

It- estimated that not over fifteen gallons a minute of water escape into the tunnel proper. This is small quantity for over a mile of linear surface; It will drain into a pump-ahaf on the Canadian aide, 119 feet deep, down to ths rock, and 15 feet ii) diameter. -The portals are big limestone blocks, ar. ranged 148 feet long, 80 feet nigh, and from 10 to 6 feet wide, with sloping comb. Tbe tunnel entrance is flush with ths lining, snd is 80 feet in diameter.

Ths portal's only let-; tering is two lines "Sttmair. ibuu." from ths portals, on each side of the railway track, limestone retaining wall extend to ths en trance of the great cuttings. At tbe portals these walla are 0 feet high and 5 feet wide; near th beginning of the cutting they are 0 xeet nign ana leet wiae. It was estimated that 4hs tunnel would cost 2,500,000. plants, materials, and labor included.

'ot much will be left of that sum. It is likely that a second tunnel will be built beside this one. If so, this one's plant and sxperionce will be quite serviceable. If it ia built it will be made of cast iron, as that has been found to be better than masonry. The tunnel and its approaches hare a total length of 11,725 feet, divided as follows: Canadian cutting, 3.1G3 feet; American cutting, feet; from Canadian portal to water's edge, 1,034 American portal to water's edge, 1,710 feet; tunnel wndr water, 2,90 foet; total length Of runnel, O.CuO feet Grades in the cuttiegs are one foot in fsot; ia tucnel, ens foot ia feet The greatest depth ef water above the tunnel is 40.47 feet, and the least -depth of Slav above the tunnel 8.43 feet Ths cumber of feet from the level of the water to the top of the tunnel ia 67.83 feet, and the number of feet from ths Isvsl of the water to ths rock.

80 feet An immense mortgage was recorded in Port Huron Aug. 20, 1890, for sa.500.000, on ths property of the St Clair Tunnel Company, to secure bonds running fifty years and bearing 6 per sent interest This mortgage reads that other companies may use the tunnel. Considerable difficulty was met ia selecting locomotives for ths tunnel servioe, as most kinds emitted too muoh smoke and gas. Coke engines have been chosen. They have been built of the "consolidated" pattern at ths Grand Trunk shops.

Each locomotivs can haul two dosen loaded oars. One engine will be at each aid of the 6t Clair Biver, and another wilt be kept in steam- ready for any break-down. The tunnel soil has bees dumped in the two switching yards unbl a level place haa been graded off large enough for twenty-two miles of side-tracks. On the Canadian aids a bugs ice-house has been built for meat ears. It ia 810 feet long, 80 feet high, and ths wide.

It is psj-titioned into twenty-seven bins, saoh twenty-eight feet square, and haae track on each aids. Although the tunnel itself was completed in January 1891, with perhaps the exception of a little plastering, ths daisy on ths approaches prevents opening for tramo, The company nope to open it about the end of April, 189U There will be a grand celebration of this important international occurrence. The leading officials of the governments of Canada and ths United States will be invited, besides many other distinguished people. It is expected that tha banquet will ooour under ths riven. LOWKKX5Q OT THB SHItXO tO THB EXADrXO.

Sir Henry W. Tyler, President of the Grand Trunk Kail way. has lent -mneh encourage, ment to this He Ms tor half a century Wen prominent in British engineering and railway For a long time he was inspector of rail ware in Great Britain, and baa. been emploved tot inspect railways in Canada, Africa, Turkey, and on. the Continent It waa ia accordance with bis favorable report that ths Brindisi roots was selected for ths Indian mail.

For several Asrms he has been a member of ths House of Commons. PLACE Ef Ha ardently advocates the project of a Between ranee ana Junvianu. ana ts eona- dent that it will yet be constructed. Socially, bur Henry Tyler is a very pleasant man. He baa frequently visited the United States.

Hs has a delightful boms in Great larmouta. Mr. Joseph Hobson. chief engineer of the St Clair Tunnel, is also a chief engineer of tne Urana Trunk Itailway, With headquarters st Hamilton, Ontario. From 1870 to '1873 he was resident engineer of the International Bridge at Buffalo, N.

I. His fams is widened and deepened by the successful completion of tunnel. Mr. Hobson has salable assist ants in Messrs. Hillman, Blaiklock, Earns, and Murphy.

it is pro oa Die thai tbe Detroit Biver will soon be tunneled by the Michigan Central hallway at Detroit and before lona the Grand Trunk will put in another tunnel at Port Huron. Considering oost sad aubsequeat expense tunnels may jst prove to be cheaper uiaa unages. MBA. BtJETOaT V. rkUadetpkt An artist in words is ths best description of ths author of Tha Mrs." Burton Harrison is native of Virginia.

the charming etch ing of New York society was running through ths pages of the Century many shrewd oritic attributed it to her pen, for: sines early girlhood shs has been publishing with marked sucoesa. Therefore there twas no surprise when the author's- nam' was finally 1 nonnced. "(--'; Mrs. Harrison's maiden name was Constance Cary. Her marriage with an eminent lawyer brought her to New, York City.

There an impreseivs social figure, she continued her literary labors with as muoh ardor aa though some necessity" existed for ths 'pro duction of those delicious eomediea, graceful stories, with from time to; tims a fairy-book or novel, that delighted btr many admirers and to increase hex fame. In a quieter way, "Crow'e Nest," published year ago, brought Mrs. Harrison almost as many kind words aa her more recent success. With honest pride she tells of two tributes that touched her inexpressibly. One was from rancher in the wilds of Wyonnng, who told a friend of the author happening to stop there over night, that he' haa named his dog "Pinkn after the girl in tke story, and that the magazine containing ike -tale had been "all round the range." "But it always comes back," he added, "for 1 I've threatened to shoot the boy that keeps it And from a prisoner in ths Nashville County Jail, who sent 50 cents in stamps to the publishers for a new copy of the magazine eontainins: "Crow's Neat;" "For Tve lent mine to the fellows till they've worn it out, and I vast ons for my self," he said.

Mrs. Harrison has an ideal summer rest. dence at Bar Harbor, called "Sea Ur chins." Ths place is a svmnhonv in color. Of late vines and flowers have overgrown the gray-white of the atuooo and piuk ialand granite, enhancing tenfold the effectiveness of the handsome chateau, surrounded by veivet lawns, with a nacxpTouna ox ever. changing turquoise There, aa in New York.

Mrs. Harrison ia a central figure in social matters, nitn. Deaury ana dignity, gracious manners and wit, what marvel ia it that this fair woman seem to have absorbed more than her share of goodliness and bless ings Chicago, Feb. 21. 1 0 th EJitor--U unnatural.

immoral, to. be born on a Sunday? If not, why, then, in the name of common sense. Is to celebrate the birthday of nr of th Bepublio on the verv cz ndar Car he waa a.wfc'fcoro, it is a tut; U.1L DJL KOCH AT HOME. A Sketch of the Intimate Dally Life of the Noted Berlin Bactert- nis Methods of Work When ia Ills Studio Pastime and CecxeatioB, 5 The 'Laboratory of the Imperial Hy gienic Institute A Remarkable Career. IN THE BRUCKEN ALLEE.

Bnnuw, Feb. 10. SptcLal Corrttponden. On4 of ths nsw streets in ths Northwestern part of Bsrlin, leading to ths beautiful and well kept park of ths German capital, ths Thisrgartsn, is called ths Bracken Alice. Ths location of tha street is not ultra-fas hi on-able, but highly respectable, ths neighborhood be ing Inhabited principally by well-to-do people.

officials of higher degree, retired mere haute and kindred people. Situatted on fhia street, in eloss vicinity to ths Bellevn street station of tha city railroad, and but a sw feet from tb entrance to ths Thiergarten, is a handsome hones, three stories high, built of brick, with a front finely finiahed la white sandstone and surrounded by a few trees and modest ground. There is not much traffic ia the street, but when people pass this house its number is 89 they stop for a moment or two and look with in. tercet at th row. of closely curtained win dows ia the second story, for those windows belong to ths apartmsnts of the man who at ths present time monopolizes ths attention of ths whole civilised world, to Dr.

Bobsrt Koch, th celebrated medical discoverer. XT IS DO BAST VATTKS for a stranger to gain admittance to ths flat occupied by Dr. Koch snd his family. They have been overrun with paiienti, clamerona physicians hunting for lymph, cranks and inqiaitive people ef all sorts and descriptions, to such an extent that they were compelled. a matter of self -defense, to instruct th servants of the household not to reeeiv any body but those known to be intimate friends of ths family.

Vary seldom, indeed, and then only on aeeount of the strongest recommendations, are exceptions mads to the rule. AH sailers ar referred to the assistants of ths doctor, who himself will receive only a limited number daily, from noon to 1 p. at, in his laboratory in ths Imperial Hygienio Ins tints. So. 90 Klostsrstreas.

Those who ssw favored with a glimpse at Dr. Koch's family life carry away impressions ef ths most agreeable kind. Dr. Koch, who, like his seven one of whom resides ia 8t Louis, Mo was born in tha well-known mining town of Clans thai, ia the Hars Mountains; where his ancestors for generations occupied prominent positions as mining officials, married while a young practitioner aa aeoompliahed lady, and although he ia but 47. years of age, his oldest daughter by this union rs ttsawnrn tuuii.

She Joined in wedlock Dr. PfuhL ths most trusted assistant of Dr. Koch in his scienufic pursuits, in fact ths only ons who from ths start waa initiated in all the particulars of the present work. Besides Mrs. rrubl Dr.

Koch has two more children, a aon and a daughter, who, with their mother, make his boms a happy one. are neither numerous nor large and consist of a row of three parlors, a dining-room, ths Doctor's study and the necessary bed-rooms. Modest, like tha beaa or ths family ana alt its members, is their establishment; the furniture is not showy of costliness but handsome, good and solid, and tastefully arranged in ths rooms designated for social interoonrs and the reception of friends. The presence of a msgnifieent piano ia one of ths parlors indicate Mr. Koch's fondness for mnsio and good oil paintings on ths walla of ths rooms, torn of them by th best modern masters, prove conclusively ths finely developed artistic instinct that led to their se lection.

Ths Doctor's studio, a 1 large sunny room with two window opening on the garden in th rear of th house, eon-tains his welis locked library, consisting of German, English, French, some Italian works on different departments of ths medical sciences, especially ou eontagtoua aiseasee and bacteriology, on chemistry and physics. -THU WaXXS ABC DBOOBATKO with portraits of Dr. Koch's parents, to whom hs was devotedly attached, members of the celebrated physicians, snd university friends, and pictures from his travels In Egypt and India, where be was sent by ths German Government to investigate the chol era question. A large collection of in teres t-ins bne-a-brac beautiful furs, and handsome arms has been also used in the stylish adornment of the cosy As regards apparatus fur practical experi ments, save a few microscopes, very lit tie is to be seen in the studv at the family residence of Dr. Koch, as, oa account of ths dangerous qualities of tbe materials necessary for those experiments, he naturally doea not care to run the risk of raising all kinds of bacilli at home.

1 his is exclusively done in the labor atories of the Imperial Hygenic Institute. To this institute where, with ths assistance of a large corps of physioianav the heavy work is done. Dr. Koch repairs at about 10 o'clock in tbe morning, after -having risen from bed not earlier than Ian. On the third floor of the Institute bull din a Dr.

Koch has a very small room set apart for his special ocp. is l.jpu irom coor to the ceiling wltn crucitiif-s sna pots msdo of porcelain, retorts and g.aw-cyliti'lers, ho-togTsphio sllltn various kinds stand in one corner cf the room, and on a title covered wi 'i rreen cloth in the to: of the room are c.i a number of snd vials cootamirg Jerer.t oolnrs. cur t. 9 otiiy t.jll ia a 11 Cf I ana who have been treated according to the doctor's method, showing the gradual Changs in their appearance. wniLK in ran lABohAToaT ths Professor wears peculiar kind of a garment not unlike a lady's wrapper, but without sleeves.

Hs interrupts las work only to instruct his assistants in other parts of ths building, and I may mention the fact that no more than two work together ia the asms apartment, or to Inspect the animals used in the experiments. These poor creatures, guinea pig, white mice, chickens, rabbits, once in a while a con pie of dogs, and a monkey or two, ar kept in cages-, in ths lower part of ths building and, of course, ars constantly attended to by trustworthy scientific' men. ltr. Koch's early breakfast consists of a little fcruel and a niece of toasted rva bread. He is not in ths habit of taking luncheon, and eats nothing from the time of his first meal, np to his return home from the laboratory 3 p.

nv. then dinner is served in a verv peculiar manner: ther ia first a- roast, then soms sweet dish, and at ths snd a soup. At 3 o'clock sharp, a horse from a livery stabls in the neighborhood of te Doctor's bouse, is lad to his residenos by a hostler. It ia an old animal with verv fsw claims to beantv. Ths Doctor mounts and trots at a rather lively gait through the pieturesqus drive of th Thiergarten.

This recreation lasts an hour, and bv 4 o'clock ths famoua savant returns to his laboratory, where be continues to work until. 8. After concluding ths day's labors hs strain roes boms. Where a rather elaborate aupper ia awaiting him. consisting of fish, three or four different kinds of meat, game, and dessert At his meals ths Doctor drinks large quanti ties of mineral sometimes mixed with wins.

Intimats friends br likes to sss aa guests at supper, when soms hours ars spent in pleasant conversation. this is ran rom when Dr. Koch, ths man, not ths scientific worker, msv bs seen to the best advantars. and his company ia then most enjoyable. He is very polished in his manners! fond of- a good joke; and knows squally well how to toll and appreciate a good story.

But there is one-thins hs does not tike, that is to be interrogated ia ths midst of his scientific pursuits and discoveries by people who do not know anything about what hs is at, and from lack of knowledge bother bun with foolish questions for curiosity sake. Th personal appearance of the msa is a surprise to everybody. He is small, and his figure is rather delicate; his complexion is lignt, and hs haa a magnificent bead, with a splendidly developed forehead and large bins eyes, sparkling with intellect like many men who have gained prominence in the scientific world. Dr. Koch haa not much hair.

but a rather luxuriant beard and a mustache of ample proportion. He wears gold spectacle, which he ia in the habit ofp ashing no and down a little occasionally. Exceedingly pleasant is his face when he smiles. Air. aoca likes to speak or the days of bis youth, which be passed under favorable circumstance.

His parsnts were not wealth bv any meana. but ther lived in comfortable surroundings. Whils at college in Clansthal, ws uuvt city, ne was weii uaea cy ais companions, and readily joined them xn raxm Totmurut plkasusks. Although belonging to a family of social prominence and high standing in the community, he did not consider it beneath his dig nity to aasoeieto with young men who bad sprang from tbe lower walk of life, providing their character and kabita suited his taste. Hs became a member of a society formed- by I.

1 I. uiv pupus vi uie ujmniiiBM iu itisusinai, and even Joined a glee club, but, according to his own words, failed to achieve distinction tn the latter capacity. Altogether it appears that true to his mod. est and retiring disposition Koch never aspired to ths part of a leader, among ths sompenions of bis youth. Dr.

Koch was 10 years of aes when ha ta eniae a-medical student at the University of Gottigen in lstii At that tims soms very eminent men were connected as professors with the faculty, as, for Instance, ths chemist Friedrich WoUer, ths physiologist budoif Wagner, the anatomist T. Henle, who was first to claim that contagious diseases originated from parasites living in ths human body. Th high intellectual qualities of Koch were aoon appreciated by the professor in Gettingea, for aa early aa 1865 he received the first prise xer a meoical treatise of importance, and in th sams year, although still a student, hs waa appointed assistant to ths pathological museum connected with th university. AT the roncLuaxo of his studies, in 1800, hs passed ths a lamination with great distinction, and. after aa employment of short duration in the capacity of assistant physician in a Hamburg hospital, hs Sraetised his profession in soms of ths littls termsn country towns.

At the beginning of th war, Dr. Koch went to the front aa anrgoon of a Prussian regiment Peace being concluded, ha returned to practice in a small Silesian town called Wellatein. Hero Dr. Koch, excluded from sal connection with thev-scientifie world st large, spent most of hi time bacteriological inves liga tions, that led to ths most important discovery of ths "bacillus anthracia," the cause of anthrax or carbuncle. He kept his work a profound secret till it was entirely completed, ana by its publication' in 1870, caused a great sensation ia the medical world.

It waa then that tha osle- oraiea rroiessor, ionn, in Dreaiau, nunselx a bacteriologist of not, to whom Dr. Koch Srat communicated the result of hi xperimenta. sent post haats to one of hia assistants ana said: "Now, yon go immediately to Koch; that man has mads a wonderful discovery, which. for its simplicity and ths sxsotnesaof its method, deserves ths greatest admi nation. especially aa Koch haa done it all alone by himself, and everything ia complete.

There is nothing to add to it I consider it the greatest discovery on ths subject of bacteriology, and I am convinced that this man Koch will surprise and outdo all of as by his further ox ran nscomfKHPATion of Dr. Cohn, Koch waa then made a member of tbe Imperial Board of Health and called to Berlin. He proved that erysipelas and prav- mia onginaiea iron pacuu, ana wnen, in 1883. the cholera appeared ia Kgypt, he sent there by the government to study ths scourge. Hs proceeded from Egy to India, and this result of his labors waa ths discovery of the "kemma-bactilus" ths originator of cholera.

Called as a professor to ths chair of hygiene at the Berlin University, Koch under took to investigate tns tuberwulous disease. and for his labors waa rewarded- by the discovery of the bacillus which causes these terrible ailments to the human race. This "red in one time to tbe discovery of bis new euro. la conclusion 1 may add that Dr. Koch ia the author or thirty scientific essays and reports.

most of which appeared in the leading medical Journals of Germany, and have been trana. iatea into other moaern languages. Al.EIiKDEB VOMHABX. Copyrighted, iwi. rn.T.m bt cajbtbals.

Ban Francisco Chroniclt: Tha ketch Vic tor, which arrived at Cooktown on Jaul 17. from Samara, brought news of ths murder of Bill Beckham, alias Greasy Bill, a miner of Bndest, by the Papuans. He was about 65 years of ago and was -working alone on the Eastern spur of the island. The murder must have taken place about four months ago. dui 11 was omy aoout ennstmas tnat a native divulgod ths fact that ths miner had been trans Axed with a spear, and then, while writhing in torture, hi head was cut off and left beside th trunk, while hia heart and liver were eut out and carried away for a great roast-feast in the premier village of the hill men.

The friendly natives who gave informs non saia that liai had plenty or "toombago. and took too long to die, and the Queen said, "Kill him. Buly." Ail the chiefs are railed queens in these islands. hen the miners heard of the mur der they, with tho assietanco of some forty friendly natives, burned the chief villages ths and went and tuld -the chief that they would rxR-rnaaate tribes nolens t' murJerrrs wero imnica ately surrendered. li.crc'iou three of the chief murderers were haudej over to tne 1 sr np-until srrival or tir 1.0-t I' ti.

ah ordered j.e i I 1 .1 ki in J- WORDS BY THE WAY. Conversation ia One of tha Cut partments of a South-bound Traia. One Wise Father Who Believe la Teaching His Children by Oh ject Lesson. Beautiful Scenery About Cumberland rails-A Laughable Western Experience. JOURNEYING) IN THE SOUTHLAND.

Nxw OnLXAxa, Feb. 19. JSpecUU Cvrrupond- nefc I was ss angry aa nearly all eld and cranky men are who have traveled mneh. when I found that, owing to my own carelessness and delay, there wss only one upper berth left in the sleeper. Worse yet When ths porter carried ths grips, umbrella, ever.

coat bundles, etc, to "Upper B. Baa Carlos, Cincinnati to New Orleans," the car -proved to be ons of the new-fangled, compartment boudoir affairs, on ths Eng. lish plan of solitary confinement with a certain act, whether yon find their society agree, ableornot Horroral Compartment MB" was filled. crowded to' overflowing. Two men and thrse boys already on ths two seats six parsons for four The older of ths two men, hew- -svsr, looked np so pleasantly, and mads room -so heartily, that the growl stopped before it waa uttered; and in a little while ws wars ebattlng lika old friends.

AVOtrOTAIX.STXXAal. 'V As I waa sayrng, said tha father, "1h way we earn to take this line amnsoq sae eonaiderabl. -t "Having promised to tak ths boys with to Chattanooga on my next trip, I toft the rout entirely to their selection, and, they puailsd ever' It fut several gay. We wore walking through ths streets when Bertie saw the sign, and C. Bail road, Cincinnati, Chattanooga, Birmingham, and Nsw Orleans." Ob, dad," cried Bertie, who is rarely raver- at sven to his parents, "there Is our road; there is the Question and Conundrum Bail- road.

We bad a laugh, bought ths tickets. our questions were answered, and tha conun drum solved. So here we are." TKX BXOOXD OXXTLKaUX, who had been mentally dubbed tbe Cynic, la spit of his rather pleasant features, smiled a littls and said: 'The human race took st the eurnsy of life in about ths same way as your boys did at this trip. It ia all a question and a oonnndrum with them, and ths merest trills turns them in this pathway or that, neither ear- ing or knowing where it may lead." That to true," said ths father, "aa all things are true within certain limitations; but the leaders ef ths human race have been thoee who have carefully selected their routes and followed them In spite of every obstaal; Just aa tb engineer wbo built thia road did; no obstacle in nature, no rivers, mountains or ravines ooma stop them, piow a wss gisa whsn ths bovt selected this line, because ae many localities along it ar closely associated with many of ths great names in Amerioan history. -I want them als to become lovers of nature.

to learn to nna rest, peace, ana happiness la ths woods and among ths mountains; so wo leave the train first at Cumberland Falla to see a bit of nature; then to ths borne of Henry Clay; then to the battle above the clouds and tha historic fields of Mission Bidga. "Have you svsr visited the falla!" CVMBEBXAKD rAIXS. Ths Cynic was looking steadily out ef the window, aa though he were either bored with a sermon, or else soms chord iu his being had been set into unaccustomed vibration. "Ho. air;" bs replied, I am a business man, and life ia too abort I am not tbaveuxo roa in hkalts." too, am a business man," replied th father, "and I find life all too brief to help make my boys happy in.i I want them to see -all they can of their own country, and to travel for the health of their minds as much aa that of their bodies." The cynic looked glum, so to ths bova, who were growing restless, I asked: "what is there at umberland Fallsf I have never heard of them before." "My dear air, yon have missed a treat then, for it is one of the most beautiful and romantic spots in ths heart of the enmber-land mountains, rivaling in grandeur of the so-cailod wonders of the world.

picturesque Cumberland Biver, after threading its way through mountain gorges aa savsr as those of Colorado, poors iu broad, roancr', surging mass ovor a precipice aiity-nve fet high, throwing ahowors of gliBtsnmg array, high above the walls of the gorge, envelc-, tue overhanging foliage in a cf or. Below the f.us the maddnned waters on in an bewildering cf hirlpools, riniui, sua aor catarac st. huog bv rocks. I aha.l never the of ths 1 ni-ht the fantastic t-ne ore rr aws -t on 1 i of tLi.ir tne piay cf 1 cn t'ue f- and rr.T- H-o It; Tt 1 (T I a.