The Tampa Times from Tampa, Florida • 14

FOURTEEN THE TAMPA DAILY TIMES SATURDAY, AY, JULY 15. 1922. Science at Last Found Ha PRINTER'S INK FROM GAS Cure for RINTERS' ink Is made from carbon black, pure.flocculent form of carbon which is manufactured from natural gas. How it is made by burning gas under very low pressure in a low flame with not enough air admitted to produce complete combustion is described In The Scientific American by Henry P. Westcott The result is that the unconsumed carbon is deposited on a roller or plate, from which it is removed by an automatic system of scrapers and conveyors.

Carbon black is then bolted or sifted and is packed by special machinery. It is a most curious substance, for when first scraped from the plate it is so light that 80 pounds of it is sufficient to fill a sugar barrel; the specific gravity of carbon black, however, is about 1.7, so that it is really very much heavier than water; therefore, 95 per cent of the bulk of black as it comes from the plates is really air, and the problem of packing is to separate the black from the air so far as is commercially feasible. gas furnished an ideal solution of the problems," says Mr. Westcott, "and carbon black is now made on a large scale from natural gas in West Virginia, and other states and is a staple commodity which is used in the manufac-, ture of printers' ink, automobile tires, paints for metals, for Carbon paper, typewriter ribbons, phonograph records, tarpaulins, carriage cloth, block leather, paper, bookbinders' boards, shoe polish, stove polish, electrical compositions, in cameras and in making crayons. "The main point to consider in locating a plant, outside Of the proximity to the supply of natural gas and railroad facilities, is to locate it in a depression or gully where it will be least affected by the prevailing winds.

"The burning of the gas requires a certain amount of draft, but the flames must be protected from all unnecessary drafts and especially from high winds, otherwise the losses would be entirely too large. Carbon black is very light and Under the most ideal conditions a large percentage is carried oft by the burnt gases and is lost "A carbon black plant generally consists of 20 to 30 'burning' buildings, a bolting and pack ing building, power plant and necessary warehouse for storage of the finished product "The burning buildings are constructed entirely of aheet iron, size 8x24 feet, angle iron and plenty of common wire bolts and rivets to fasten the sheet iron on to the frame. "It is common practice for carbon black manufacturers to use a steam engine with high pressure gas as power, then to exhaust the expanded gas into the low-pressure main just back of the gasometer. This furnishes continual power at no expense other than lubricating oil. A 80-horse-power engine is about the right size for a 30-building plant.

The pressure of gas entering the cylinder ranges from 50 to 100 pounds or about the same as steam. The gat is exhausted into the main at a low pressure. "On account of liability of the cylinders to frost, Interfering with the lubrication of the piston, the gas is first run through a coil consisting of about 150 feet of two-Jnch pipe laid in the burning building nearest to the engine, where the gas is heated and enters the engine cylinders, considerably ebovp the atmospheric temperature, and all liabtlity of frosting in the cylinder is eliminated. "After the carbon is scraped from the channel irons or collecting plates it falls down through a hopper or funnel into the carrying pipe. This carrying pipe is an eight-inch conveyor pipe running the full length of each burning building and carries a constantly revolving worm which forces the carbon toward the end of the building where it falls into another but larger size conveyor pipe, likewise carrying a constantly revolving worm which forces the carbon to the bolting or sifting house.

Hence it fallfl on to a belt conveyor, where it is carried up to a height of 10 to 12 feet, where it falls into the first revolving bolter. This first bolter contains a screen of eight meshes to the inch and separates the hard particles, dirt or scale. The screened carbon then falls out into a second conveyor and is carried up and dropped into a second bolter where a 50-mesh-to-the-inch screen is used. After passing through the second bolter it is carried to a third bolter, with now a 60-mesh-to-the-inch screen. After being screened in the third bolter it is conveyed to the bin on the second floor of the building where it is kept until it passes through the automatic packers below into the sacks ready for boxing for shipment." 21 The Fruit of the The Fruit of the awful malady brought back by the xealous pilgrims.

The scourge became terrible, and leper houses were set up in every town; most of these were named after St Lazarus. Lepers were isolated by law. They were made to wear a special costume, usually a long gray gown with a hood over the face, and they carried wooden clappers to give noise of their approach. The disease began to decline in the 15th century and had almost disappeared from Europe in the 17th. It is generally in tropical countries that lep-.

rosy has persisted, though it took a hold on Norway and where leper hospitals are. still maintained. China and India have long been affected, and the Hawaiian islands have especially suffered. Sporadic cases have constantly developed in all large countries, in spite of the care taken to prevent it. The chaulmoogra oil remedy is regarded as a new discovery, for nothing was heard of it until comparatively recently.

It was only in 1902 that Dr. Frederick B. Power, director of chemical research laboratories in London, began experiments with the oil from which he isolated active acids. He also prepared the "ethyl ester" of these acids, in which form it can be injected into the muscles so as to effect a cure. It was in this form that it was used on 200 Hawaiian lepers, who were said to have been cured.

But this oil was used as a remedy long before Dr. Power's time. Probably very few have any idea of the source of chaulmoogra oil, and even they will be surprised to find what a job it is to get it. The voyages of Sindbad the sailor, the search of De Soto in the American wilds for the fabulous El Dorado, or of Ponce de Leon for the fountain of youth, were tame affairs compared with a trip recently made to get some seeds of the tree, "taraktogenos kurzii," from which chaulmoogra oil is produced. Very few white men have ever seen this tree, and it was only last June that the first photograph of it was exhibited.

This was shon to the Botanical Society in Washington by Prof. J. F. Rock, who had been commissioned to get some of the seeds, and who spent 11 months in doing so. The story of Prof.

Rock's search and his success, as told in The Pathfinder, is a thrilling one of modern adventure. It may be mentioned that he first tried in 1919 but failed. In the first place, no white man knew where a single tree was, and even the natives who sold the seeds could not tell where they came from. Those seeds had a way of coming into the market in the Far East from time to time, very irregularly, and of being sold in the bazaars to the small trade without question as to origin or extent of the supply. Until the Hawaiian experiment the remedy was regarded as a palliative rather than a cure.

The names of the places visited by Prof. Rock in his search sound as if they had been, taken from the poems of Rudyard Kipling. He made his start at Bangkok, the principal city of Siam, and journeyed north about 300 miles to the town of Chieng Mai. A part of the trip was made by railroad. After camping in the mountain forests of Doi Sootep and Doi Choin Chieng, northwest of Chieng Mai, where he found three species of chestnuts, he went by house-boat on the Meh Ping river to Roheng, and thence across a range of hills lying between that river and the Salwen river to Moulmein, lower Burma.

On this journey Prof. Rock discovered many new trees but no "taraktogenos kurzii." From Moulmein he went to Rangoon by boat and then made a difficult journey of many days to Mawa-laik on the upper Chindwin river. He had been told he would find the looked-for tree there, but at Mawalaik he was told that he would have to go five or six days into the country to Kyokta. At this place the trail became warm and he got some definite information. He was directed into Leprosy? the hill country back of Kyokta, and there he found the object of his long, painful and hazardous journey.

The tree is a large one and grows to be very old. It flourishes in the depths of the jungles, which are infested by all kinds of wild animals, and this is one of the reasons the natives gather the seeds at such irregular intervals. The fruit is about the size of an orange, with the seeds so closely packed as to make them angular in appearance. The fruit ripens in July, and at that time the natives will not go into the forests at all on account of the bears, which infest the whole woods at that time. The bears leave the seeds, and then come the monkeys and porcupines gathering them up eagerly.

Some of the seeds are washed into the streams and are swallowed by fish. Whale -Headed STORK FROM the papyrus marshes of the Nile river the American Museum of Natural History in New York city has just received a skin and skeleton of the very rare whale-headed, or shoebill, stork. Only four other specimens of this strange bird are, known to be in the United States. They were all secured by the late Col. Roosevelt and are all in the National Museum at Washington.

The whale-headed stork is a large African The Whale-Headed Stork Is Found in the Marshes of the Upper Nile. bird found only iA the marshes of the Upper Nile and along the northern edge of Lake Victoria and on the Upper Lualaba. It is uncommon, even where found and very wild. It is now carefully protected by all the European governments which have colonies in Africa, special permission being required for hunting it. It is of scientific importance for the reason that it may be related to the herons, and, if so, constitutes a very remarkable link between two orders of birds.

In appearance it is of gaunt, gray figure, some five feet in height. large head is surmounted by a little curled tuft The expression of its eyes is scowling. Its huge bill, in shape similar to a whale's head, is tipped with a formidable hook. the larger states to be subdivided, as Virginia and Dakota were divided in the 19th century. This old-new arrangement is likely to be made official as the Standard of the New Era, charac- The FOOD VALUE of RAW EGGS "Taraktogenos Kurzii" Tree Found in the Jungles of Burma by Prof.

J. F. Rock After a Search of Eleven Months. Very Few White Men Have Ever Seen This Tree, from the Seeds of Which Is Produced an Oil That Is Claimed to Be a Cure for Leprosy. It Was Only Last June That the First Photograph of This Tree Ever Exhibited Was Shown to the Botanical Society in Washington.

AFTER the best medical and scientific minds of the world had wrestled with the dread disease of leprosy for ages the one cure came not from a learned man's laboratory, nor yet from the factory of the patent medicine man. It was the studious doctor armed with modern science who conquered smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, malaria, typhus and a thousand other ills to which flesh is heir; but all their assaults on the terrible disease of leprosy were in vain and left them baffled. And all the while the cure was going to waste; it was the long-looked-for sovereign remedy chaulmoogra oil. Even in the time of Moses the disease was greatly dreaded, and a careful study was made of it, though not by doctors, as is shown in the 13th chapter of Leviticus. It was ordered that i i.

ii. i a man or woman wno naa symptoms oi me malady should be brought to Aaron the priest for examination, and if it could not be determined that it was or was not leprosy, the person, was confined seven days and examined again, and then he might be confined for another seven days for another examination. It was specified as a precaution that if a man's hair "is falling off his head" he may be mqrely bald and not necessarily leprous. But "if there be in the bald head, or the bald forehead, a white, reddish sore, it is leprosy sprung up in his bald head, as the leprosy appeareth in the skin of the flesh." "And the leper in whom the plague is, his clothes shall be rent, and his head bare, and he shall put a covering upon his upper lip, and shall cry, 'Unclean, unclean It was decided, however, that when the whole skin became white with the disease, instead of spotted with it, the person became "clean" again. While Moses was still in Egypt he was told to thrust his hand into his bosom, and when he withdrew it it was "leprous white." The disease may not have originated in the country of the Nile as the ancients believed, but it is certain that in very early times it was widespread throughout the East, including India and China, The Greeks and Romans called it a "foreign disease," but in the first century B.

C. it was known in Italy. It was said to have been contracted in Syria by the soldiers of Pompey'g army. It was during the Crusades, and through them, that all Europe became afflicted with the Products from CORN CORN is commonly spoken of as the "king of cereals" in the United States because it is grown so extensively and depended on by so many farmers as their main money-producing crop. Taking into consideration its value for feeding animals and men and as a basic material for the preparation of commercial products, including foods, chemicals and substances widely used in the industries and arts, all must admit that it richly deserves the name.

Numerous toothsome, nutritious foods may be prepared with corn meal. In addition there are corn starch and corn syrup, both of which are valuable food substances. Besides all these the chemist has extracted more than a score of useful, valuable products and in time may learn how to obtain many more. Among the most important of these products are the following: An oil from the germs, widely used for culinary purposes; paragol, a gum used as a substitute for rubber in such things as bath sponges, pencil erasers and shoe soles; a soap-making material! oil meal and oil cake for feeding cattle, hogs, a sugar used by canners, bakers and vinegar-makers; dextrose, a kind of sugar that is of considerable value as a food in certain diseased conditions; phytin, a phosphorous compound that promises to be of great value as a medicine, and alcohol. The cobs which are used for making "Missouri meerschaums" by the millions also yield cellulose and furfural, both valuable commercial products.

The stalks are used not only as forage for farm animals but for the manufacture of alcohol, syrup, oil, cellulose and paper. What the AMERICAN FLAG of the FUTURE May Be LIKE ALTHOUGH eggs and a variety of products prepared from them have long been popular in the dietary of the sick, they are nevertheless the subject of frequent debate with respect to the form in which they are presented for ingestion. Traditional prejudices regarding eggs often find expression on the part alike of patients and of their physicians. Speculation as to the degree of cooking preferable to make eggs ideal as food often calls forth contradictory advice. To one person the hard boiled egg is reputed to be peculiarly difficult of digestion; another will insist on its innocuous and wholesome character.

Raw eggs have likewise been included in discussions of digestibility. "Students of gastric physiology," says a writer in the Journal of the American Medical Association, "have repeatedly demonstrated that uncooked white Of egg rapidly leaves the stomach, thus differing from most protein foods; furthermore, it does not excite any noteworthy flow of gastric juice. "Several years ago, Bateman asserted as the result of observations on animals that the feeding of considerable quantities of raw egg white may actually lead to diarrhea. On the basis largely of such evidence; he warned against the use of large quantities of uncooked egg in the dietary of the sick, urging that the food be heated at least to the point at which incipient coagulation of the proteins of the whites takes place. "Recent tests on healthy persons by M.

S. one great six-pointed star in the centre of the blue field, represent the original 13 states, being taken from the seal of the United States which was adopted in 1782. Surrounding this great central star is a circle composed of 25 stars in the circle of Washington enlarged to cover the first entry of states. This is Washington's own design and was adopted in 1777. This makes a total of 38 stars, so the remaining 10 stars which are grouped widely apart just outside the Washington circle represent the states admitted to the American Union since 1876.

For each new state admitted a star will be inserted in the loosely arranged outer circle. Most of the flags had circles in the union for nearly 100 years. There was no attempt to set the stars In uniform rows until after the civil war, when Gen. Butler began to manufacture flags by machinery. There is no wish to discard "Old Glory" with its present spaced rows.

The only intention is to enlarge the original de-so as to illustrate the of the United States and sign of Washington growth and progress provide space enough without further change for all the stare likely to be added during the ages to come. Rose and G. MacLeod at the Teachers' College of Columbia University, New York, have failed to disclose any occasion for severe condemnation of the raw egg in dietetics. When tne whites of from ten to twelve eggs a day were included in a simple mixed diet they were well utilized, the average coefficient of digestibility calculated for the raw egg white alone being 80 per as cpmpared with 86 per cent, for cooked whites in the same diet. "The absorption varied with the method of preparation, being less for raw egg whites taken in their natural state than when beaten light.

A mixture of whites partly beaten and partly unbeaten gave an intermediate value. In no case was there any sign of Indigestion, such as discomfort or diarrhea, though one or two subjects found the diet slightly laxative. Since the quantities referred to may be regarded as maximal in dietary practice, one may agree with Rose and MacLeod that it seems unnecessary to emphasize unduly the difference between raw and cooked eggs, especially if the raw eggs are beaten." DO YOU KNOW THAT- I you go away from home for the summer, clos ing up your house, you should notify the police? In some towns you are reauired to sia-n a card and then once in twenty-four hours or sometimes oftener, your doors will be tried and your property inspected to see that nothing has been disturbed. If a member of your family who carries life insurance dies, the terms of the policy must be complied with as to proper identification before burial 7 Otherwise how can the company be positive that the person insured is actually the one for whom claims are being made? In the case of accidents for which individuals or companies may be liable, it Is a mistake to sign a release at once as the injured individual is so often urged to do, perhaps upon payment of a small turn of money? The extent of the Injury is not always realized immediately and it is much wiser to be guided by reliable counsel in such a matter. It is also a mistake in case of accident or Injury, to sign a statement of "how it happened," for that statement may be deftly to serve as an actual release or it may be interpreted to be a direct contradiction of what you think you are really signing.

Statements on loose sheets of paper are especially to be avoided. It is always wise In signing an obligation of any kind to be prepared for the wont for. you never can tell what may occur to Interfere with the intentions and purposes of those upon whom you are. depending? Your indorsement or signature upon a note Sven by someone else for a stated period of time, ttomatically expires and does not hold you, the indorser, provided you are not legally notified at once of the failure of the maker of the note to pay? That Is to say, you indorse the note for three months, six months or a year as the case may be. If at the end of that time you are not notified of your own liability, you have a right to assume that the maker has paid the note and that you are released.

Many an individual has allowed an indorsement to expire without realizing his own loss by so doing. The notification renews the indorsement. The American Flag of the Future, aa Approved and Accepted from Hundreds of Designs Submitted. Thirteen Stars in Centre for the 13 Original States, Taken from the Seal of the United States Adopted in 1782. Twenty-five Stars in Circle of Washington Enlarged to Cover First Entry (Washington's Design Adopted 1777).

Tea Stars Outside Circle for States Added Since 1876. Stare for Other States to Be Inserted In Loom Outer Circle. ITH 48 states composing the American Union at present and a white star for each state on the blue field of Uncle Sam's national banner these four dozen stars are arranged in six even rows of eight stars each. But suppose a new state should be admitted to the Union. Then the symmetrical arrangement of stars would be somewhat upset.

However, such an event has been anticipated and just how it was done is told in a recent, number of the English- Speaking World (New Ifork city). While Wayne Whipple of Philadelphia, was writing the story of the American flag ho arranged what he calls the "Flag of the Future." Mr. Whipple was invited to the White House to receive the congratulations of the President on his patriotic book. He made the call on a Flag day (June 14) and since that time the "Flag of the Future" has been exploited in newspapers, magazines, books and motion pictures. Mr.

Whipple does not claim originality for the design it is only "the Flag of the Fathers grown up with the country." It has been approved and accepted and now awaits formal adoption by executive order of the President of the United States. Congress has nothing whatever to do with the case, having legislated itself out of further consideration of the arrangement of the stars by the act of 1818. "The Flag of the Future" flag has been dta-played in the White House, inaugural parades and processions all over the country, and even has been sold as "the new flag." It has been less in evidence since the beginning of the world war, because it is to stand for peace not "the Peace Flag," but the United States standard for peace. It Is likely to be adopted by the President before the admission of a new state. There are several territories yet to come in and" a few o'.

terized by peace, prohibition and the admission of women to full citizenship. In the United States "Flag of the Future," as finally approved and accepted after hundreds of designs had been submitted, 13 stars, arranged a Kawipapar Featur Icrrloc, lt..