The Times from London, Greater London, England • Page 25

THE TIMES, THURSDAY, MAY 20, 1915. Hi GERMANY TO DAY. WHOLE PEOPLE AT WAR CONFIDENCE AND UNION. KEW TONE IN BERLIN. In ilx following article, the first of a new an experienced neutral correspondent r( a gc ticral impression of the condition Gcmwy fo day.

He notes a change irom the overbearing spirit of Prussianism rhieh formerly prevailed among officials and the Army, and, combined with this ehanne. a universal determination to prose nltf to a successful issue, however long the struggle and however great the sacrifices. (By a Neutral Corkotonimnt.) the frontier station our passports were ly scrutinised, and our belongings the reuglJy examined. We ourselves were searched vd subjected to a series of oral examinations fcv varip'u officials. In the crowd were Stives waiting to note the slightest variation? in tl)e replies given to different questioners.

We knew that these detectives had travelled with us and would mix with us in the train oritur way into Germany. TV only striking feature of this examination a the joviality with which it was carried put. A new spirit seemed to have, come over the erstwhile pruff and rough frontier officials. The men who examined us were all Lands turm soldiers from some South German district elderly men, bearded, wearing strange old time uniforms, flwoeh it gave them pleasure to pass us into the Fatherland when once the odious task pad by superior authority had been satisfactorily performed. Well.

I said to one official, "I suppose ther? will be no further difficulties in the way of rrveL and that all the stories told abroad about lack of food and other difficulties in Germany are nkwnshine Aeh was he answered with a broad smile. We have lots of food, the trains run to the minute, life goes on as usual, and we welcome strangers travelling on business, and even tourists. Don believe the enemy'i lies." Thi first experience of Germany was to som retent typical the situation as I saw it during hr weeks of my visit. The changed atti if ufiicials, both military and civilian, wai nvt marked. It was particularly noticeable among the officers.

The overbear ine Prassian spirit seemed to have dis appeared; Officers of all ranks behaved like wdinary beings. They mixed with their CHANGES IN THE ARMY. When alluding to this change in conversal ha Germans, I was always told that the 1 error. Army is now a real people's army. lie rar.

I was informed, has played havoc win the parade elemente." The Guards tad other eraek regiments have been badly i ana again Dy the enemy. The without much regard for their previous rank. Even privates are said to have entered into las formerly so ciitruroscribed. Com niHsJora have been given to a number of Jews. tlie depletion of the corps of professional officers has automatically given greater importance to the reserve officers, who are now the mainstay of the militarv organization.

The whole irsonneJ of the Army, officers and men alike, lias changed. At many points of the tront. the formations are composed even of fru reserves. Thus' it German friend explained to mf, have now a class of officers composed of 'i rv. and men of business, and l.fiers are of the same quality.

The the people who haracter. kind, of rival occunations. nnt memiv vunr "'i' rs without strong family or civil professional leaden forming an VoeH' changes and the earnestness of the moment have subdued the tone of Germany trvy have also at least up to the present fi increasing the internal strength, of mind, the faith in the military jT tfth eountry. Those who have had Li" xpetMnee 0f coinnulsorv service cannot undeistand tl moaning of this change. me subdued and gentler tone rvwW.

in tom JTJJ as in tho untry districts. It was perhaps moat evident 5fe Friends lhg there told me I ouU not notice much difference wren the lierlin of to day and Berlin 7 war. except for the masses khers fWig through. They were krn. wniwe they themaelvea were ap ljly unaware of the change.

Outwardly, though there are few taxi cabs or and though the old dilapidated here been revived and are dragged Vt by horses, the street, are as ,2 the shops put a good face on th. and resteurants are weU filled, rJSfT8 aml wUections are open, and th" lighting of the city is as bright behind this would bo brilliant veil the rJT1 'vywhere noticeable, Berlin the Wnerous, noisy, arrogant city I knon porvenu gesture is not pREPARKD FOR A LONG WAR. the significance of the change should not "erhiooa. The trrim determination to continue the JjT People long for peace, certainly. 5gJ business rirdes Sdanvmg the noone believe, thatpeaee UckZTx there is no question of going mrt ot watchword" the safety fcrnrsre lia.

been secured and the German vnhcatod ha rightful position the i.Oerman is aaked how this is to be mpy point, to the position, of the to U) Btay unto their enemies era ready "onourabU to Germany. At "itTZ 1 1 notisd tendency to show to the final ctoome wheaM er fcLT Thewhol that it seems continually to need the stimulus of Vd the news, even when good, is manipulated in wonderful fashion. Still, passing wave, of anxiety do not really affect, a. yet, the wmfidence in military power. Food is Pitiful.

There was never any danger that wouw ne starved into submission, it be that the foodstuffs which are not pro duced in the country mav become acarce. endrfeforinrtance.areahady running out. notwithatanding the large stores IriS were taken from Antwerp, gut Germany is The effort to make the eountry self suppo: waa never more intense or extensive the nowis. In the rural district, now swetit of nauitary age, the women, young and okl, have taken their places, and are helped by requisitioned, and am Mnkl nZ ami would, in the ordinary course, have been enroUed next November, has just been called out. I saw numbers of them followed to the railway stations by their parents and other relatives, marching to the music of schoolboy bands and departing with songs and apparent gladness.

The boys from the higher classes of the schools re being trained voluntarily all overthe eountry. In the garrison towns there are more soldiers than in time of peace. In a small residential town in the south, the peace to 6.000: and I nniWl m. air proportion in other places. The Landsturm ha.

not yet been called upon for any military wmm proper. SOURCES OF CONFIDENCE. These things must be realized if the military position and the confidence of the German people are to be understood. The military resources unnanjr axe stui enormous. The connoence of the people is not, however, baaed upon any expectation of great and decisive victories, such as were hoped for at the beginning of the war.

It is thought that Warsaw may possibly imi, out me eastern tront is not now attract ing the same attention as former! v. Germany is looking to the West. If the worst comes to the worst, she thinks that it may be enough to hold her present Western front and to let other factors work, especially submarines and Zeppelins. It is fondly imagined that the subniarines have stopped British oversea trade. Hence the explosion of joy on the sinking of the Lusitania.

It is sisnificant of the German lack of insight into the minds of other people that no one to whom I spoke seemed to conceive the possibility that the Lusitania outrage could have other than good consequences for Germany Most people are convinced that there are regular sailings to England, and that it is sheer madness to attempt to trade with her. LATE WAR NEWS. NEW CALL FOR TROOPS IN CANADA. LOSS OP A GOVERNMENT STEAME. I foot hills, on the Hoe Dronobycxtry Dolina tHE WAR DAT BY jheld, and no serious advantages are gained JJA X.

I by the Austro Germans between Prxemysl and Kolomea, the Russian position in Galicia can be maintained, and time perhaps will be allowed for the restoration of affairs by the intervention of the main Russian armies from Poland. At present there is no dear indication of a Russian advance except at Opatow, but at any moment we may hear more from this aide. STRATEGY OF THE ALLIES. We must frankly admit The probability of a sti offensive from the Cracow region with the object of turning the Carpathian passes was anticipated a month before it began, and it is difficult to understand why more adeouate nrenarations were not made to counter it, and why the Russian intelligence service apparently tauea to give warning of the intended blow. But we need not exaggerate the gravity of the position, for the ebb and flow of operation, in the Eastern theatre of war is nothing new, and the misfortunes of one Russian Army out of the at least wbieh exit will not necessarilv.

or even probably, be decisive. The onset of ZO Austro uerman Army uorps irom western Galicia and the Carp RUSSIA'S DIFFICULTIES. STRATEGY THE ALLIES. By Onr Military Correspondent The fint fortnight of May has not been favourable to the Russian arms, and the successes of our Allies upon their wings have not compensated for. the failure of their centre to bold its own.

The fruits of the winter campaign in the Carpathian, have been largely lost The Russian Third Army under General Radko Dimitrieff after a brilliant defence, has been driven back with heavy loss from the X) una jec to the San. The government of Kovno has been raided and Libau has fallen to a German attack by land and sea. In Poland the Russians have lost ground, and on the whole there has been a bad set back to the Allied cause in the Eastern theatre. THE GERMAN OBJECTIVE. We all hope that the comforting assurances which reach us from Russia may prove to be true, but there is at least a chance that affairs at disposal to help their friends.

During the first loruugnt 01 May, at au events, tne gxmous Third Russian Army had to withstand almost alone the full force of the enemy's blows. That it has extricated itself without a disaster riks highly for the skill of the leading and the constancy of the Russian troops. The Grand Duke has never yet womeu may grow worse before they are better. The himself about a geographical point of honour. energies upon the destruction of the Russian together from first to last.

With full know armies. There have been brought to the of immitoble spaces behind Russian whole of the active Guard Army Corps, the 41st to effect a junction not only with neigh Reserve Anny Corps the 1 1th Bavarian New bouring Russian Armies but with reserve. Division, and the 119th New Division. It has Thia purpose, we must assume, he is now en Wily been thanks to the Allied offensive in gaged oncTmore in pursuing, and it is not France that this movement to the East has 5y the preliminary results of the Austro been arrested. With these reinforcements, German offensive, but by their ultimate conse and with the 41 Austro German Army Corps quences, that we must judge the leading of already in the East, a violent and probably the contending armies.

What is supremely sustained effort will be made, and is being important is not a gain or a loss of ground but made, to recommence the operation with which the maintenance of the union of Russian the Austrian Army opened the war, to strike Armies, and the integrity of their general line, at Lublin along both banks of the Vistula, and to Such successes as the enemy has had in Galicia extend the attack along the whole front of the cause him vast losses, and remain sterile unless Carpathians and even to Bukowina. Not gome great strategic result, such as the separates, than a million and a half Austro tion of one Russian Army from others, and it. Germans are engaged in these opera annihilation, can be secured. No such result tions, the ultimate object of which has been secured yet. The Main Russian is to cut the Russian armies in two.

Armies are not vet emmned. The Russian Third to drive one half eastward, south of the Pripet Army has been frontallv attacked in successive THE NEW FRONT IN POLAND AND GALICIA. (KKOM i TORONTO, May 19. I understand that a new call for troops will soon be made by the Militia Department. It is estimated that there will be required 8,000 per month, or 96.000 troops pr year, to supply reinforcements for the Dominion Forces.

The indications are that the number will be easfly secured, and there is special gratification over recruiting in Quebec. f. Twenty five miles below Quebec the Canadian Government steamer Christine, doing post duty at the naval station off the Maheux Rivr. foundered, and Ues under 60ft. of water.

An immediate investigation will be made by the Government. A Router message states that of the crew jof 14 six were drowned. Th Christine was for merly Lord Strathcona's yacht. CANADIAN LOSSES AT YPRES. TORONTO, May 19.i The lists of Canadian killed and wounded at Langemarck and Ypres are now almost complete.

The total casualties since April 22 Ktixed 709 Total 5,075 Most of the Canadian prisoners are at Mainz and Bischofswefder. GERMAN TRADE WITH HOLLAND. STEADY GROWTH OF POOD IMPORTS. AMSTERDAM, May The Telearaaf publishes from a correspondent at Winterswyk the following particulars of Dutch trade with Germany The traffic with Germany, both import and export, was again exceptionally heavy daring tee past week. week before, and the supply of different kinds of 5 maintained in the same degree and is especially of JJ JgS wfgo or less, of which 440 consisted of piasew.

and briquette. We may as during tJ iTtoe have already been Kent, SWEDISH SERVICES STOPPED. We learn that the Swedish iteamship oom Aina between Stockholm, Norrkoping, iXndoo, and Hull have now decided to suspend their services. The steamers to and from this amtry wui tor uw with the steamer, by German warships in the Baltic. When it was not practicable Falsterbo, astesm for The Jidesaya have thw rendered the carrying on of the trade impeaeeieahk WAIFS FROM THE YSER BATTLEGROUND, GERMAN RBPLY TO UNITED STATES.

SUBMARINE WAR RULES. NEW YORK. Mat 19. An Associated Press telegram from Washington says that official information has been received that Germany's reply to the American Note will probably not reach Washington for at least 10 days. It is now known with some certainty that Germany will indicate her willingness to have her submarines act toward all merchantmen just as destroyer, or cruisers would, giving ample time to passengers and crew to leave, provided the merchantmen are unarmed and mger and contraband traffic is separated.

That the United States will stand firmly on the principle, set forth in its Note has been eon. veyed indirectly and informally to Germany since the communication left Washington. Reutcr. LATE WAR NEWS. A DASTARDLY ACT." PHILADELPHIA, Mat 19.

The oil steamer Cushing has arrived here. Captain Herland has handed to his employers report of the attempt of German airmen to wreck the vessel by dropping bombs, one of which hit the rail. The. captain refer, to this as a dastardlv act and a deliberate attomnt. sink an unarmed vessel and to murder the crew.

A copv of the report will be forwarded to th State Department at Washington. Reuter. The attack on the dashing took place in the North Sea. The name of the ship was painted in large letters on both its sides, and the American flag wnying. WASHINGTON, Mat 19.

Mr. Bryan has asked Mr. Gerard, the United States Ambassador in Berlin, to inquire if the fact that Germany is sending the William P. Frye case to the Prize Court is a reolv to the American Note regarding the sinking of that vessel. The American Isote pointed out that prize proceedings were unnecessary.

Reuter. CIVILIAN PRISONERS IN GERMANY. PROMISED EXCHANGE REVOKED. A REVENGEFUL PRETEXT. The Foreign Office last night published tele raphic dispatches from Sir H.

Howard, his out the agreement for the exchange of civilian. incapacitated for military service, to which they assented on February 26. The German excuse is our treatment of their snhrnerine crews. Telegrams to Sir H. Howard pointing out that the German Government had taken no steps to carry out the arrangement, and requesting that the Prussian Minister to the Vatican be approached were sent on April 20 and 29.

On the following day Sir H. Howard replied Yoar telegrame of April and 29 respecting the exchange of incapacitated civilians. As soon as I received year telegram of April I at once pointed out to the Cardinal Secretary of State the failure of the German Government to carry out the arrangement, and tne Eminence promised at regard to this matter at once. On the oi the very serious objection. The the possibility of raising the question a from the two German submart dvQasns.

1 at once' observe: questions were in Dosal in retard to the ezchanoe of incapacitated civilians had been officially to me by a Eminence, and the question was in my opinion finitely settled. His Em inence replied. Tea. yea. at is so." snd added that he was not to be under xxi as having made any proposal in this sense.

I told the Cardinal this niominz. in accordance with the instructions contained in yoar telegram of esterday, that you were anxious to know what steps tad been taken to carry out the arrangement. He luuy. as by tbattimo he would hava asked i received the Prussian Mit BRITISH SHIP TORPEDOED. A patrol boat arrived at Ilfracombe last evening with the crew of the steamer Dumfries.

which was torpedoed in the Bristol Channel His Holiness vesteraav mornms. The Dumfries belnno to Draannic the port of Newcastle, and Wa bound from both Lascars, were drowned, and two who were badly injured were taken to the Ilfracombe Cottage Hospital. THE SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA. AMERICAN SHIP ATTACKED. NEW YORK, May 19.

The Standard Oil Company's steamer Narragansett arrived at Bayonne, New Jersey, last night. The captain confirms the story of the of the Ktonia that a torpedo passed between the Narragansett and her logline, which was hanging astern. The submarine pursued the vessel for several miles before it gave up the hase. The officers of the Narragansett thought that possibly the Lusitania's distress call was a German ruse to bring about the ship's destruc and so did not alter the course. Reuter.

Cardinal Secretary of State has iust handed me note of which following is the translation Maiestv. Envoy Extraordinary to the Holy Sea, that the German Government have declared that they sapend the consent already given, thanks to intervention of the Holy See, to exchange, without limit of age. of civihAn prisoners incapacitaW for military service until Britannic Majesty 3Z as prisoners of war. sentations to the German Government to announeTtoHis Majesty's Minister The following appears in the German war news issued by the Wireless Press As regards the Russian report stating that an English submarine sank a German transport vessel enemy sub exploded at the bottom of the sea without doing any Excellency the Note is dated May "DEPLORABLE FOR THE VATICAN." In a further dispatch of the same date Sir H. Howard telegraphed en'bW nlThis' note informing me of the decision of the German Government to suspend his Majesty's Government treated I PRISON FOR BRITISH OFFICER.

WAR BREAD AS A FOOTBALL. AMSTERDAM, May 18. According to the Berliner Tageblatt, Lieu The effect of the Russian retirement to the San has been to shorten the front in Poland and Galicia. Before Warsaw our Allies standfast along the Bzura and Rawka. Southward their front, wiiidi runs eastward of Kielce, to the Vistula, conforms roughly to the line of the San as far as Przemyel, where, after avoiding Sambor, it extends south east to Drohobycz, Stry, Dolina, Nadworna, north of Kolomea, along the Pruth to Sniatyn, on the north west border of the Bukowina.

marshes, and to force the other half to retreat to the north. The front of the main Austro German attack extends from Opatow in Poland along the whole Galician front to the region of Kolomea. Taking the other attacks first, we see that the uerman raid into tne n.ovno Government was at first undertaken by a division and a half of cavalry with infantry supports, but that the German strength has since been increased to four and a half Corps of Cavalry and Infantry. The object is apparently to make a diversion and to forage, and the Russians are right to attribute to this attack a secondary importance. The fall of Libau is, however, unpleasant, as this port offered a useful oase ior nouua war.

On the whole, the Russians appear to bd in fair way to recover their ground on this aide. They have pushed the enemy out of Shavli and' are across the Dubissa. but the raid has miedd in diverting Russian troops from nrinmnal theatre, and the German cavalry. the bulk of which is now the East, has proved useful for this purpose, On the Austro uerman ngnt tne iour or nve combined Corps in Bukowina have suffered a serious defeat at Russian hands, between the Dniester and the Pruth, and have been temporarily disabled. It is hoped, in Russia that tms sue enemy's a Russian hand to Rumania.

It may have this effect, but this advantage will scarcely be tamed PARIS, May 19. Three hundred ana uy errivwd in Pnrit yeaterdny bam the Year. Borne el them are orphans. the ehildrm b.vf liwd anyhoir MUd ma with the alWi and this centre, southward of the Pilica, on the Ban. and all along the Carpathian front, is being assailed with such vigour and by such considerable numbers, that it will require all the fine qualities oi tne rvussian troops to noia nrm.

THE MAIN ATTACK. Practically all the passes hitherto in Russian occupation have bean turned bythe German offensive from the Dunajec. and through every peas a German or an Austrian column must nowbe pouring to combine in the attack upon the San line. Great masses of troops fining from the West arts eked the Russians on Mav 16. msJdng Prseraysl the object of their The German attack northward of the Vistula has nee neen entirely anet defended positions, and in these attacks the enemy has surely suffered much greater loss than our, Allies.

What von Falkenhayn, the new Moltke, must aim at is a devastating offensive such as will break up, demoralize, and reduce to passivity the Russian armies for so long that the opportunity may be afforded for a fresh German concentration in the West, and the renewal of the march on Pans. the German offensive in the East has no such effect if the Russian Main Annies soon begin to deploy, and if each week the losses, then it will be the Allies, as in 1812. who will laugh last, and it is upon ultimate result, tnat we must nx our minus. OUR DUTY IN THE WEST. We will not sav that the German pL campaign is bad.

But we mav sav that it ought to be unsuccessful. It was attempted in the winter with the idea that German troops might flow westward again in the spring for the naign France. It failed, Now, and at the best and at the earliest, no German offensive France will be practicable on a large scale before the end of July, and if the Russians hold together it may not be practicable then. Our duty in the West is to exploit the delav to take advantage of the German offensive in the East; and to send to France every available man for the prosecution of the Allied offensive with the utmost energy perseverance. This is our hour, which or mav not return, and we shall incur to deflect us Wan any eutoowunate interest instant from the prosecution of the mam poxpeae of the war.

LATE WAR NEWS. THE REVOLUTION IN PORTUGAL. MADRID. Mat 19. have TK PnrfnmM revolution firms to about Opatow has been driven back nd ded, the revolutionaries hsvmg had thei 3,000 prisoner.

We been taken; bat it fa ZsZTVm tog3e7ofdead and wound theBge geaal The condition of taker Chagas. the new Prime Minfator, fa improving. Several Spanish centre of the Piiimi. kne OaKcja. Bete IWmvd al maaefeaa of the.

iuasaaw fur tenant Bittleston, Magdeburg, was recently brought before Court martial of the 7th Division at Magdeburg for disobeying an order bearing on the discipline of service. In December last a number of British officers amused themselves with snowballing. Another British officer who had Just arrived on the scene dropped a pieco of black bread. One of the other otneers pusnea tne bread away with his foot, making some remarks relating to football. Apparently in consequence of this remark the bread was used a.

a football. For this action 15 officer we re sentenced to 15 days arrest each. Lieutenant Bittleston made a detailed written report regarding this event and his treatment while under arrest, which was later found upon tne person oi a eapcuxea nnuan doctor named Brown, who was to be exchanged for a German doctor. The prosecutor declares that Lieutenant Bittleston. contrary to the rules well known to him, handed Dr.

Brown the State explained that when the Prassian Minister spoke tne other day of treating these two questions jointly he was really rommajucatuig the above mentioned decision of his Government. The Cardinal to do. He added that yesterday evening the Prussian Minister had informed him that he had telegraphed to Berlin as the Cardinal had requested, bat that be had received no reply to his telegram, and that cong as meaning that they adhered to their decision. Cardinal expressed his great regret at this decision, and added that he had done all in bis power to I said it was fndeed deplorable for the Vatican, and I asked him whether the Uerman Government had ever disputed the fact that they bad consented to capacitate! priboners quite independently ot tb question of military age. and he replied that the German Government had never disputed this fart.

I asked the Cardinal whether he proposed to take any further action in the matter, sad his reply was to the effect that ho did not se what more he could do. Finally, on May 3 Sir Howard telegraphed: Your tel grara ol Xay tus sjesty uoyern tenant BritfahPi which i through an inter preter that he knew the rule, according to which all letters and document, of prisoners must be given to the officer in charge, but he. denied the alleged intention of publishing the report. He also did not know how Dr. Brown obtained the report, which, as it was impartially worded, would not injure the German Empire The prosecutor demanded three jpnsonment, and judgment was given accord lnKly.

tietUer The only officer named Birtleatoa known to be a prisoner is Lieutenant N. A. Btttlestea, Suffolk Bynjrho was officially reported a prisoner of Replying yesterday's Parliamentary Paper, to Colonel Lawaon, Mr. Primrose stated that on three occasions he had communicated with the American Ambassador in London asking him dor in Berlin, by telegraph, that, in view of Mr. jected to special tteatmant The only answer Jd send the officers back to their former fronts peciil treltoient of thToer! LATE WAR NEWS.

GERMANS IN SPAIN RECALLED. MADRID, Mat It, German. Irvgag Oonr have eer have left for sfated upon receiving German gold, el which they anal their country was tated civilian BENEFITS OF UNIVERSAL TRAINING. AN AUSTRALIAN REPORT, In response to a request by the Premier of the various States in July last for an expression of opinion from the respective heads of the Police Department, as to the effect of the Universal training system on the general conduct and bearing of the youths of Australia, the following replies have been given regard to the vssw tea. tne sysascnaaay umau say.

I do not personal 1 consider the loss in this direction is commensurate to the gain physically, mentally and morally which most result from the tevSosUA. The universal teatmog system Is mn dudve to the better conduct and bearing of our youth Larrikimssn seesas to be not nearly so prevalent of asraaixa am firmly convinced the the right oaa aad the effect on the rising Wswrmur A remx ua. ni versal till lh ST having an excellent effect on the conduct and bearing 7ttSumL lag. ate rendered more obedient FRENCH SOLDIER MARRIED BY PROXY. PARIS, Mat I ft.

Jnid sertmgat ike ebje aWwtteh was passed a month or two ago, was cetebraed yewterday rarm. ine Brto bye DIPLOMACY AND THE WAR. to the ueahiiek the lWnpeen m. There in the collection wluch has aot bsa adenee awued by the i sfiae. Oase.