The Times from London, Greater London, England • Page 4

THE TIMES, MONDAY, MAT 28, 1883. IRKNGE TOUQT IN T0NQUJ2T, vboMuzna 1m cUlmd to ut for tii bnt of Irene ud ol civilization. As th eotvsaooenc of So much has vrStia. tha mtit I th first canter of TTsnoL la November. 1873.

it French tclkr in Ttmonln 1ui if. I we declared that 44 th river of Tonquin had been Pari to a narrow and ansympethetio English epstied from tb matoufuu Yunnan fr point of view that it worth wtSU, in order to bcnSt of tl oommre of France, Spain, and how on Mkbbofjra that wahtr so objection to Chinaj th thT nations Imvtor treat ie with tb un wun lata witnont I aisturbinir th naas. k. tut I the lueca nor th activity of it for a. DorMBt it h.

unnunwl us.iil. I M. Gamier oaaaod with tb captor of Hanoi. In feat and patriotic Ranchman and thi. cannot I Uttla mora than three week he seized the prin aon oetur than by referring to tb pacea of the PF" FTf.

lurr uugi htttrnctin Intaraatlrur rnlnnu nv and inhWoh which are the atratecieaj point on Cailland published a abort time ago. M. da "in of tfc" 8moi. The last named of Cailland rite, moreover, an aoeonnt of mnl I theee place i of such iraportanc In th eyes of rent in connexion with th first French inter th naUves, a being situated on the same branch Tentsonm Tonquin, hkh appear to bare been OT u.ie'.n1? krmtun a 1.1 I proverb to the effect that if Hanoi is the Wd rf jj.TT to; I. ar t.i..j rhicto began with the gloriou achievement of 0B, hundred men under hia ordera, but in leas than tn tintir i the abort apace of tune menticned he established a point when threethouaand French theritjr at all the place tatd by M.

Eeoea oidiar and Bailors are not euffictout to Insure sue pacmcaxion 01 lonquin and and which promise to eetail a still creator the aaaertion of the power of France. The capacity effort mi ilia vf n.mMi.w. mimin.i in of the Acnam.se force for resistance waa mad to a hoetile collision between France and China. M. PP utterly insignificant and contemptible, while du CailUad makes all the capital be can at of the jne PEaUr TnPthr ead to be ranged on the brilliant eipleiu of lieutenant Gamier with the write M.

da Cailland, JonbUTiew of showing the airiness of the under "did the French cover with its rwtecting fold Uainandof demonstrating the necessity incum the meet ferUe and thickly peoplaJ portions of lenx on rrsnce to return to Tonquin and to ee ISr. uower icnin ubiubbcr Jnfluenoo on taa bongeol In justice to I ionium, mo Kirgaom 01 Annam would herwlf and to that gallant officer who died in the I nTe beea constrained to at once accept our prc soment of what aeemed to be cornrlsU sucobm. I tectorate, and France would hare become forth He also conjure up an account of popular th the most considerable Tower in the China' sympathy towarda hia country of which colder 1 bo aslc' t.ht hright dream fail to urfari cui kam na Inn. ind Ihon dannniM. th.

I resusea i ju. aa aiuand and Pttmrhmnn Uasitnde of the Gorernineut for allowing the I ener1ty beliiTe that nothing but the death of 1 ...1,. lluitniiiil Za it. i miiuwkw vukwi 9 ana maltreat a popu I "ut uainKu ineso expecia Ltion wboee sole guilt waa their admiration for I tions, and entailed the failure of these plana but ranee. ai.

au teaman a Knows now to please xrantrrmen and to brier them round to his war ihinkins but while bis rkelnrfe liu nSrA it. I Present, eran that hishlv rifted and intremd orneer MCt.ua Tancn uovarnmant imniimi t.n. ubts uuieu i maintain vut ne had won queer. loa only to nnd that what U. Gamier' I me gatnenng lorce cl the Annamese.

momentary suoceaa mad appear an easy matter is I oweTer hi untimely death in a skirmish in in reality an undartakinff of aeriaia December. 1873. cnlr a few hours more than a and problematical adrantage. month after the day when he first planted tha Tonquin jia been for more than a crntnrr the iriclclma 'the rampart of Hanoi, effectually icene cf Internal oommotion and popular ducon Pn Pecolt" ih tr.t 4k. failure of his clans.

After his death the French It wm accustomed to the foremost place among the IV to hem Jl Mtinf BUUscf CochU China; it has been durinc that a traawUlitT of King Tuduc. andnegotia facta hare had their influence on the people of Annam 10 wolofm iu foreign policy to hera. For Tonquiu, and many patriot, and pretenieri Thare the French remamed content with a made use cl them to rain a following and to LvTl. ut it another thing to iZ.TtZ. JXZ ZSSZ.

further their own ends. Bt uaume, aa the French are disposed to do, that ensure tne owning oi tne bocauae the Tonquinese wouldeTer a ruler cf 8ofi to commerce. The desncd end wa. their own they arelnclined to welccme a foreign 7" ftttilnf? been "ticipated, protectorate, and that of France in particular. a of anned forco Moreorer.

the action of the French Government 7 PP'18" prcgreM ha. been (none respect diametrically orrjosed to 'WJ to ftrateglcal point the counsel of M. du Caillaad, for wheroas he saw iT l5 80 wixe L. There seemed to be hardly any danger in the nn. French policy, it has elwaj fand consutenUy sup urtVfifr PPOJ of Annam had wa.

ported the diims ef Kiri Tuduc the narie. we I been effectually removed, and although may take thb opportunity of stating, not the title, r'T, Cnmt of the Hue" ruler as arsinit the wsumed right, of 00 wm hoped that she would t. i remain strictly neutral. The first acta of Cantain is ahowing'itself adverse to French plans that the wero that monnt ol old idea ol Tonquinea sympathy is being revived, T. u.

and that it being proclaimed that the TRepublio 5 nred, and whichoften impel. is tne tnend cl distressed psoples, not of exacting iwuu uouew notitntatna. Tint if K.I stUl more thow at Paru, rbfrained from supporting a 'Jifmcial point which M. du the Tonquinese, they availed themselvea of the wings cm wim remaraawe clearness, and, distn rtvinoo in th5r.oonT,fj ti2 1 8011,6 of these are controverted, we cannot bear Government to take steps to pacify th valley of tter testimony to 4k. 4V.4 I bv calling prominent uv WlifcWVI MMA 1UMV 4iA4) EVUlfl HUO IOT C30H1 I mere in accordance with the stipulation, of the nelWer any of the numerous Treaty of 1862.

InthudesiCTi Franc had for th ca or authontie quoted by him makes none the moral support and aj. Chinese, who were anxious at the tnnnt nf arm. tn t. encagea in riissuxiggiewiiniAlahomedan rebels. I muui TvTtTf i.

4 ii 71 official, did not show any reluctance to inrolca th the time then some to advocat. the opposif SS I Buvnm UU WUOBM poucy oi ignoring inane, and ot assisuDir the Tonquinese to cast off the hated yoke of Annam. Kt Pec sad desire to be obedient. M. Benei, in particular, then the chief exponent Onpow was treated with a larger measure of French policy, although bis nam.

r.r.1. oI consideration by them because he was a Chinese mentioned, suggested this Una cf action, and wrote I rance i. now disposed to resist although rft tea years ago that the insurirents of 1872 only pretensions, but she cannot deny their i a nffhltfinntft ft vnifta n.n4 I 1 suocBiuuea rrom wans ox arms and. if better sunplind I v. with them in 1873, they will have a irreat chahc.

of nuttd Another point of interest, recoyerine their independence, and will then nLuv. upoa wrucfl tne tesUmony af M. du Cailland i not themselvee. as has always bean their desire. mvW ctear or emphatic, that showing that such th protection of Fmn aympathy ta mar ever have been felt towards than hazard this prediction he drew np a scheme Flnf 7 the Tonquinese is now utterly dissi for fomenting a popular risinir in behalf of tha The Popl were led by the French expedi exiled and probably extinct family of th Ii.

The uon MTenJ diroction they occupation of the principal places in the Sonreoi barously persecuted. They seizure and banishment to ti oenal settle. attacked by a French force, and then oentofPulo Condor cf those Annamese offidJ. "raeciarei that "they wouid rather die than mhn wm Tinrtila .1 l.i I tniSt again tO th frenchmen's trnlismni t.rn. ignoring of any other claims save those of tha mues Another important statement and admia Interest of Saigon euch wer th summarv means won on toe "bject of the relative com bv which M.

Senea proposed to compass the grand interests at in Tonquin. On this object of niaking French influence Vramount in Word.ca.n 80 instructive as M. da lonmini a.nr1 ha hnliamH 4hf i ouu icuu iuts lie to aav ibnnl tha fecUy feasible if a reitabl pretender ccoTb" of Tonquin xreocn ermmerce tiers Is none there. I During the three quarters fftUowing the 15th of Sep! Bach was one mode proposed for tha at ttmber, 1875, the port of Hsiphomr receiredJ TawMA. tainment of French dtsuzas in Tannnin hnt Chiaeso tessels, but not a iioEa FnnJi the nropeeals of M.

Kn AiA I Btui. twjtluUoding the prirUcg. rrlnled altlrfi regret 77! commeree.th, merchandise "A 7 4 i hui puce aoe not exceed the iniigmfieaDt now general among all French authorities on 23.8O0f., while the imports from Cia that Is the When the French actively t4wm lIcoej priaelpetfy were 141 times mater. Intervened in 1873 in the internal politic of "d.oted to a lam of celr Uirce and Ulf million. Tonquinhey found thernaelve.

compelled by aSu either choice or the force of circumstance to recefr. ethS a starlTpiSre ofLidise fw repree and discourage such symptom, of popular that SUte, the exports of filch, valued it two million commotion as revealed themselvea. Their interven Irf wer oettined foe Hongkoas and China. These tion waa, however, pronounced and vigorous I jiT thoM we promised oorselres wiu generally admitted that this is a very rSTlKS El Dorado; bat when it i people and Government are assuming that the of the same writer iUL 4 4 that if ever the route of Tonauin acomraa eaough and for a brief space the success thpv xperieaoed wa. remarkable and aeemed to render cd sUtement of the spread of French power and influence assured.

French enLt K.K Ko douU it is from the striking achievements then ttl case, co mine from a believes that Indo China performed by lieutenant Gamier that the French "TS.t when V. tween the two situations. At that tim.Prr. nenl 7 1. on that eucceas of their present enterpri.

is certain; but tTITtln "hit u.tT.Tf' th.y tail to percVive th very 'great diff.renc; be tween the two situationa. At that time France Enh town wa. working in perfect accord with China, who had iTk 7 a. 'reresUUv; the" expr.s our wond.r Jr At tnat time ranee EmrUah town. Md nt "i' WJU, China, who had ,,3 trade with TLSTl ruS? pivot then we can Only express oor wnndar an quinese then saw in French intervea tion ta.

to gain in Tonquin, prorabe of an amelioration of their lot. But now miMUmx pat. it, the cost Chin is not only nnwilhW to support French 1110 Pro." eomebody else'' is S.wSXS doubts, a. these have now beln sympathy of tho nquinese, it it ever existed, has tne cnthe admission ofM4 du Cailland himself been ST, to an adventure, thowward effectually alienated from France by her vacillating 7 aouDtlui, ale Its danger, and contradictory policy. There are, therefore n5 "sealed.

et if we marvel iaiMOM for wtapatfa? howFrench opmion ha. reconciled itself to this the prent French expeSSwUl be Land clf U. contradiction, aa encouraging as thatVf Lieutenant Gamier waa ffritfc i "t.gators, we have only to 10 year. it i. on th.

remembrance cf th" JTF former campeL th.aanguin expecUtlon, of iMui are Daaea. 1. uarnier. wnen on the 1 1 17 point of Mtting out in the autumn of 1673 or wUI be her stanch ally, Western China, was summoned, to Sahrcn to All for th A.nnala becoming more plain cu various plans for sorting French pretensions 111 aT8 thi3 5 will not be on the SongcoL hL Garni.r wa not indifferent to jor th. risk cf offending thChinee, and he pointed f0 Sr'? en to eerve anT, cut th.

danger that would beset I French rce 32 "bS JT Yunnan to receive order, to attack if" His pro ilMTT tllijata pociuon to act in the name of King Tuduo and to 1 01 India. AU military authority on hi especially to rcnoer cwaamerco on tne Donecol secure against at I mum. as icr ine oi Hat, reduced tack was accordingly adapted in rjreference to the "tT supported his larger and JaJj M.ne iSSStf uu vuk ukuuuo oi dim plan wa. lntrasted to him insurrections In lower Cochin China. Then France, planted in person.

But although Lieutenant Gamier sttba mouths of the Mekong and the Sonjkoi, claimed to act as the champion of the Annamese toaehlnr Lc, Tntuua, sad Kwaapi, having eonuBuniea raler, he did not delay, his departure untU the tion ith thfse rkh eoontries by water routes for great of hi. operations, cr untfl a scheme of common dreunod oUor her on th. ihores cf the Indiin Ocean." action bad been concerted. It wa sufficient in his VesthU the treaty of 1662 gave France the right Bath ikd West or Kkol.sd AowcnxuSAi. to trade with Tonquin, and he did not appear Bocrmr.

The hole or th esttle for this exhibition Were to contemplate any open opposition on the part of safely lodged io the show ysrd at Bridjewaer onSaturdiy, Tudoc's representative, at Hand. His expect 00 to dy and on to Friday eTtning Toe tioos in tnu latter respect were disappointed, and i in, i 7 he founds Annxmeverncr GeL'ral resolved fe it" to tnwarx mm in every ana possessed ot follows Twlsy the sxhibition Tud wiU be opened to the ml laaet the wish to draw tne xreach exnadition I mbbe at 10 o'eloek. eloalna opened III In tha intaml tka into th meshes of hia power. that be mieht JodP, iljoceapid to awarding the prises. The oW.it,; M.

Garnier was qual to thccan. Sf SEZ VZS Jim boUIy th a.nalv, attacked and took: aweting will Uld il the Cc tent. indeTth. im tiwacm av. vwj 1 1" au crooie.

a. eompetiuv aboeing of udi CMung to auuiocuy wi init ing aunoo ui i yi eoaesasy. xjacaanox to uirx Th Aeent aat jr. aicaaaet daMUiano. ntiM, vaauemu au cusTOJta or bubial.

Thi iCoafiTeM of th United Stat, receitlymad a grant ef pablio rnoney to th weU kaewn Smith onian lastituuon at asniagton for the purpose oi nabung. it, among otner tuinga, to prosecute reaearcuBa wra saw usage oi to nana American Indians still remaining on the territory of th Be public The subject i on in which ther i a strong and growing interest among cuiu rated Americana, which, ia mainly attributabl. to th infloenc ef a' remarkable man, only just dead Mr. Lewi. organ, one a senator ot the ctat of 2w xork.

Mr. Morgan begin the labour of hi Ef by a do, study of the custom and ideas of the Iroquois, and before he died be showed considerable boldness in the length to which he Pushed the conclusion which he founded on hi observation. JJot only did contend and in this case with some desrre of plausibility that th pretended feudal empire of Montezuma overthrown by Cortex and hi companion was nothing mar than an un usually splendid settlement ot Village Indian, living ia jobt family house lik those still (arriving and dwelt in, bat, by help of tne trmnsutea notes or text oi urate, jtiebanr. and Mommaen, he professed to reconstruct the whole of the earliest history of Athens and Roma on a basis of Indian usage. But his very temerity, perhaps, added to his influence, and it may be well to mention that Guizot, who had the fewest possible point of contact with th modem schools which see the primitive man in the savage, declared, to his das that never understood the Germans who followed Clovis till he had studied the Xorth American Indian.

The evidence supplied by these Indian ho manifestly one great advantage OTer much of that collected by those whom Max Mailer has called the The North American Indian, are certainly all of one etnnicai ctocr, rrom tne rude fishermen ot Nootka Sound to the wild hunting tribe which alone compel the United States to maintain an armv, and to the peaceful and almost civilized little societies which live in village communities and joint' tenement bouse, in rt.w and Old Mexico. Any indigenous social differences which may exist between them are therefore owing to difference in the circumstances in which ther have been placed, and to tne way in wnicn they have applied tneir intelligence to too so circumstances untu tne colonial penod betran there is no reason for supposing that they were acted upon by any foreign influence whatsoever. The investigation of their customs, beliefs, languages and mythology has not been undertaken i moment too soon. Some of the meet interesting of the tribes' are rapidly perishing from the straitened limit to which they are confined, from drunkenness, Irom disease, and from their own ir represaible turbulence. Even when they are saved from such calamities, it is generally by their adoption of tome part of European civilization, and this process involves the abandonment of the very tribal habits which make them worthy of ob servation.

The branch of the Smithsonian Institution which is charged with these investigations is called the Bureau of Ethnology, and it has iait issued it first annual Report. Of this handsome quarto, which is beautifully printed at the Government Printing Office and is illustra ted throuchont, occasionally in chromo lithozraph about a third is taken up by a paper of Dr. Yarrow on tne mortuary custom, ol toe Indians. This part of the volume, to which propose to confine our remark, at present, is full of most curious matter. The Indian, of North America, dwelling in the different part, of a territory of the greatest physical variety in vast forests, on enormous prairies, by lomextended riversides, and on the slopes of lofty mountains appear to have' tried all wirt.

oi experiment, in imposing oi tutir dead. But they have not simply attempted to ret rid of the remains, though that is an undertakine of far greater and more perplexing difficulty than th citizen of the Old World would sup pose, icey nave acted under the innueaoe of a very religion, or superstition feelinr. which appear to hare prevailed (naturally, it may be said, but, at all events, actually) among much the largest part of the human race, and which is, in tact, one ot the links connecting these Indians with the men of other continents sometimes called older. Thi ia the absolute conviction that though the dead man lies before them, he himself, hi jtt i 4 4i ti it i i fill, UH gUU3b, 444 VbUU NU, OH IIHIV4 AU0 another world close at' hand from which, oan return at pleasure. He wiU be oHored by hi remain whenever these have been properly disposed of.

It is necessary to provide him witn tne means ot continuing tils old me in the new world, to which be it at present strange. If he be not properly equipped, if his body bias not been dealt with according to accepted custom, if his memory has not been duly honoured, if hi family, and particularly his widow, have not mourned him with due extremity of grief, he will return at any time to punish hi. kiidredor his tribe, while tor all customary observance, he will reward them with blessing. The evidence of this universal persuasion in the volume before us is quite overwhelmingnd it explains a great mass of curious detail relativo to modes of burial "being unaerstooa to inciaae au memoes ot disposing ol the dead), to elaborate funeral ceremonies, to costly and prolonged funeral feasts, to intricate rules of mourning, to the treatment of the widow, and even (though that is a lubiect which propose to nut aside) to systems of inheritance. The relation of all this body of usage to customs of a similar nature wbica bay left traces in th older world a matter of very considerable interest.

Some of the opinions which it suggests to the inquirer may pernaps illustrated in tne following way There are four modes of disposing of the dead with which all Englishmen may be said to be more or less acquainted. On is the interment of the body in the earth ai practised among ourselves. Another is its cremation by fire aa followed by the Hindoo. A third ia it ex posure to ion, rain, and air, which end in it being devoured by wild bird or wild animal. thi.

is the Zoroastrian method adopted by the ancient jrersians auu tne stui surviving ranee, jjastly there i the ancient Egyptian process of preserving the most important part, of the body in the form of a mummy. There is no doubt that all these "mortuary custom owe their prevalence to th influ ence 01 special religions. Tne direct worship of the dead, which seems to have grown out of some System of ghost propitiation like that which is universal among the North American has been proscribed by the great moral religions but. never i. 4' 1 method ot dealing with the dead which it either prefers or exclusively sanctions.

All Mahome dan burv the burning of the body i certainly thought by them to imperil tho future ht of the dead. On the other hand, the great majority of Hindoo bum the corpse. in the coarse of the history of their religion, have both buried and burned but the organized Christianity of the Church show a decided preference for the burial of the dead in th earth, and, in the short lived controversy which sprang up a few year, ago on the subject of cremation it became clear that large numbers of persons ref ajded the burning of the dead a irreligious. The 'arsee fashion of exposure i enioined in tha strongest language by the sacred book of that community, the Zendaveata and, as enough i known of the Egyptian literature to show that much of it was concerned with the fortunes of the dead in another world, we cannot doubt that the preservation of the body in the mummy condition wa either enjoined or recommended by Egyptian religion. Now, it is a curious fact that all these mortuary processes burring, burning, exposing, and mummifying are found among the Indians of North America, but then they are mixed with others, manifestly connected with them in some way, which, by their very variation from the better known methods of treating the corpse, go a long way to show us what the last meant and how they arose.

The whole group of mortuary custom raise a itrone suspicion that the human rim in its infancy tried all sorts of experiment in disposing of the dead, and that a few of these fashions war taken up by special religions and have thus become familiar to us. will illustrate OUT nnin bv on nmarkabla instance. Bombay, the third or fourth commer cial city In th British still submits to a terrible standing nuisance, rather than offend the religious feeling of cn of the most energetic and loyal sections of' the Bombay community by forbidding th Parse to expos their dead to carrion birds in their so called Towers of Silence, There is no doubt that th ralirious sanction for tha 0olfhM at oat 48 emigrant by th extremely atrong. That extraordinary OraattillyCaitl. th ZesdaTMU, which, now that It hsi been rrtrahUed, proves to to strangely taSks) th cotwptkms which had bn vaguely formed it, i foil of raaaagee which seeta to shew that th priestly writer could hardly contain himself when the thxtght cf burial under to grouna oc curred to nun 1 na carta mns ana travaus wora a dead body i Interred in it; and ths book con stantly bunts into avacrauon acainst tnoeewna aiw guilty 01 suco pousuun.

w4j wik, in a not at p. 65 of his work on Early Law and Custom." ha pointed out th striking coo trait between the Greek and the Zoroastrian feeling oa this subject. The Ajaz of Sophocles, in hi profoundly pathtic praTer before his suicide, sup piicate. inst am om fc inuieu au that he be not devoured try dogs and bird. Th second part of th play, of which th them (as irofessor Jebb has noticed in hi admirable version of H) is really The Death and Burial of Ai'ax." is wholly taken up with the refusal of the chiefs to grant th favour thus prayed for.

Wo have heard that when the Ajax was recently performed at ijamondge, its conductors sad great mijgmng: as to th effect ef this part of the story on i modern audience vet a 'profound impression was produced, so deep and genuine was th feeling re nectea in the action, aa sir Henry Maine has noticed, the dishonour feared by the still living Ajax, and scarcely averted from him after bis death, is the one honour prayed for by the faithful Farsee. His body, says hi sacred must bo taken to on of th high places, tpecially to one frequented by wild dog and bird of prey, and there it must be left on the sun ace of the ground to be devoured. It is Ormnxd himself who is made to give this direction. Many hiehly ingenious explanations hare been given ot the x'arso exposure of their dead One of tha most plausible is that the Persian ancestors of the Parsees. at all times a mountain people, came originally from some seat of much elevation, where vegetable mould was scanty, and probably very valuable.

Mr. Wil son, tne autnor of th" Abode of Know." Jsll dangerously ill at a great height in the Himalaya and was tenderly nursed in the hut of a Moravian missionary. He waa much touched by ths solicitude displayed for bis recovery by his host and his host's Wilis but. when he got well, thev confided to him uu uieir grvst anxiety nau arisen irom tue aim culty of giving him Christian burial, if he had died, in a place where there was nothing bat rock and, snow; The first report of the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology suggests, however, some rather ditterent explanations. It remarkable that among certain tribes of Indians, tb exposure of tne dead, exactly as practised by the is reserved for, warriors who have been killed in the field.

If one of them fn. 103) ia killed in battle. the body is never buried, but is left to be devoured by beasts or birds of prey, and the condition of suca inaiviauai. in tne otner worn is considered to be far better than that of persons, dviru? a natural death." A little reflection may convince us tnat tne practice, by way or exception, is ex tremely natural. The dead warrior left oa the field would in reality be very often devoured by bird or beast, and this might easily come to be regarded as a specially nonouraDi end.

At to same tim th opinion that here we har the origin of tho Zoroastrian burial of th Zendaveat cannot be quite confidently entertained. The enrioua repart before ni shows that th Indians follow many fashions with their dead which come mora or less near to the Persian exposure and which may very well have suggested themselves to primitive man Kind, une ot the commonest ot these, commoner apparently tnan interment in the earth, is called by the writer of the report aerial burial." Probably it began in a oonntry of dense forests. The corps is extended st length on the branches of trees at some height above the ground. Elsewhere an aerial burial takes th form ot derositinsT th dead on high artificial platforms, and occasionally, precisely as with th ancient Persians, on high mound, natural or artificial. At present, the oecin dv protect in i in body acainst bird or beast.

It is swathed in complicated coverings or oarc, and placed at a sumcient nsignt to out of th reach of animal. Bat in the end bird or beast get. at it, and, aa the dead man is gradually forgotten, his tribe and kinsmen become indifferent to his being devoured. It Is fortunate for mankind that burial in the earth became long ago the commonest form of interment. The vegetable soil is the great purifier, and bat for thi beneficent property it i probable that the dead would have wrought widespread destruction among the living.

Tet this kind of burial does not seem to have' occurred to primitive mankind as easily and naturally aa our acquaintance with it would lead us to suppose. The most savage, and possibly the most ancient, form of it is called by the writers before u. pit burial." The corpse, forced into tne smallest compass wuicn practicable, and therefore generally in a squatting position, i. placed in a hole in the ground just large enough to contain it. But, in countries of larce forests.

such as war inhabited by many sf the Indian tribes, pit burial gives way to toe practice ei placing tne. dead in nollow trees. "Where the surface oi th ground is hard and stony, they are commonly placed ia cairns of neaped stones, xt is remarkable, however, that wherever these tribes show a slurb advance they evidently contract a certain repugnance to per mining any contact oetween tne aeaa ana tne actual earth, so little do they vain for itself the method of intermeat which modern science prefers. The most elaborate contri vances within their means are resorted to by them to keep the soil from "the comae. Tt is carefully swathed In folds of bark, or with mat ting they can weave It.

Here and there a solid construction of young tree, or split wood forms a lining to the crave. In 'the neighbourhood of tha numerous American river, the Indians place their dead in disused canoes before burying them, and here they come surprisingly close to the modem wi44c4i uiueeu uiaj uw prvity conuaenuy traced to the ancient contrivance, for shielding the dead from the earth itself. It is further to be remarked that, among many of the tribes, burial ia only a temporary disposal of the dead. A. soon a.

the flesh has decayed th bones are removed from the grave and placed, in skeleton form, in a Quiogozon or ossuary. An interest ing example of one of these receptacles'is figured in the Report, at p. 94. But burial in the earth, however effected, must be understood to be only one among many modes of interment which the Indians practise, and apparently it is not even now the commonest, though it tends to become the most usual. It has to compete with the various kind, of aerial burial which ws have before noticed (that is.

with burial on the branches of trees or on artificial platforms), with deposition in natural caves, or on the summit of natural eminence, or artificial mounds, and with lodee burial." Lodce here means an Indian house. Sometimes a new and special lodge ia built for the dead man, and be i placed in it. Occasionally, he is left in his own house, which is then shut up and deserted by the rest, of it inmates. The manifest inoonveoience of this last practice seems to have led to a fashion of interment which has had a rather famous history. The dead man is buried under the floor of th house, and th family continue to lire in it.

This joint inhabitancy of the house by the dead and the living is said to be extremely common in Africa; and hay heard that the British uthoritios hare had no little trouble in putting it down for sanitary reasons among those negroes of the West Coast who are counted among the Queen' many subjects. It is well known, meantime, to scholar, that 'the head of a Roman household was anciently buried in his own house, immediately oeioretne neat i a. The preservation of the dead aa mummies a known to the Indian, but is very imperfectly exe cuted. Ltixe tne rgj iney occasionally take away the most perishable parts of Use body and replace them by particular masse, and herbs. Here end there, too, they bind round it vegetable preparations supposed to have a preservative effect, out they nave nothing like the manifest skill of th Egyptians, nor anything lik their special cerement, and gum.

There are, however, certain region of we continent in wnicn tne dry air will by its natural action convert th corpse into a and certain tribes bar a revolting practice of removing th skin from th body and then stuffing it, exactly we stuff the skin of a dead bird. We come.last of all. to th cremation ei tha which i. common enough, though not so common as ordinarr buriaL It seems to be on the whrJa tha usage ol tribes which hav made some steps towards civilization. "We may observe, however, th wiiuwiwt surwus circumstance tnat among the North American Indian, th burning of th body a 44404 ti viiininary process, xt naa iraji henB4Btlondthatbcfa to regarded by see of thexa aaaiaethod of ob taining tne sxaieton, ana tn oswuluoii ot resldu ij scciethiies artifieit In ths case of cremation, th object appears to be to get nd or an except tn akuu ana tn urge boa, which are than carefully tcMrradV Tb Indian practices of cremation are, however specially in oo two very curious Ejects th disposal among primitive men of Ue prcTrty of th dead and th treatment in early um rf the dead man's widow.

It has frequently been noticed by th observers of these tribes that whan a man dies, hia family, his wife, and children, get little or aooe of his pro perty. 3Ir. L. H. Morgan; wove this fact into bis picture of primitiv human society as conceived by himself, and suppoaed it to a relic of th savage social order under which tb family hardly existed, and under which a man's closest relation, war not with hi wif.

and children, but with hi tnb or section of it. But ther is much in th papers before us which ruinreaU a doubt of the soundness of Mr. ilergan theory, axri points to a diserent explanation of the destitution to which th wif and children th dead man are frequently con demned. The belief of these Indian tribes i nrumaaUy it should be understood, that th dead man is, in a sense, still living. He has, indeed, gained access to another world, bat he is constantly revisiting th world of hi former hf, is which he lets himself be seen by his tribesmen and his: family during their dreams and visions.

His powers hav been increased by his death, to some extant for good, but to a far greater extent for eviL He is peculiarly apt to exercise these maleficent powers in punishing neglect, stinginesa, or disrespect on th part cf his surviving kinatoit, lor in ua otner wona a is just a much in need as he was of what his life mad up his wealth, and his place in th spirit society to which he has ros depend ap parently in great measure on tne nouour pan mm at his funeral. Out of this belief arise two customs one of destroying tha dead man's property so that he may enjoy it in the ghost world, the other of paying him respect, by funeral cere monies and runeral least ot inordinate splendour and cost. The primitiv usage appears to nay been that the whole of th prorirtv of the dead was destroyed by burning it, or by rendering it unfit for use. Among the ixjmancces (peg 1W) All th effects of th deocaaed, the tents, blank clothes, treasmfetv and whatever of rmlne ha peeeeeeed. Besides tne arueies wnicn nae Deea Doneu wna tne Doav.

are burnt, so that the family is left in poverty. The praetic has extended even to the burning of wagons aad haraees since soaae of tbeeHiliaed babita hare beea adopted. It is believed that theee ascend to tha he Ten in the smoke. sad will thus be of service to tb owner the ether world. These Uo mane has nave a dreadful story that some rationalizing member, of their tribe one persuaded it to' act on the assumption that any borso would do to convey a dead man to tho other world, and thus to kill no hone at 'the funeral of an old Comanche except a broken down pony.

The result was that the old man reappeared on his sged pony announcing that he had been refused admission to the land of spirits while he was so mounted and he began riding up and down the villages of his kinsmen till ther wer compelled to desert them. The same practice of total destruc tion survives smong tb Indians of Colorado, witn a qualification which deserve to be noticed la conformity with a lens established eastern all the personal property of the ileeeseed is immediately destroyed, bii horse and his cattle are shot, and his wijpram, i arm rare, oorni. occasionally ui destruction of hones aad other pro petty is of considerable maraitade. bat uraally this ia not the case, owing to a practise exfe lar with them of distribatiae their nrovertv ueonr their children while ef a very tender age, retaining for themselves only wast is necessary to meet everyday recroire nwii. It seems on th whole mora reasonable trace tb inheritance of private property to this praetic of distribution during Lie than to suppose that th tnb claimed any right over the goods of the dead to the exclusicm of his family.

The usages which hay suggested this part of Mr. Morgan's theory appear to hav beea originally ceremonial usages. A part of th dead man's property is. emoaz certain tribes, excepted from the burying or burning, but as much as is not consumed at tho funeral feast is divided into heaps, and forms the stakes at a mighty gamhlinr match, which is part of th entertainment. It is right to add that the friends and admirers of th deceased sacrifice many of their own valuables to add to his splendour among the spirits, and on is glad to hear that it has become common to make handsome presents to the family which has been lmpovensned under the empire of these singular ideas.

But of all the valuable possessions of tha dead man, there is on which ho would perhaps most desire to hare with him in th world cf spirit. Thisi his wif. We need scarcely sav that, even at io late a date a the first 30 years of the present rcutury, luo jriuow oi a ninnno was curat on ta funeral pile of her husband. There are Tnin officials (till alive who hav attended atth csremonventh part of th Government to make sure tnat th woman assented. Vow that th British law, a law about half a century old, has forbidden tha self immolation, the widow is practical condemned for the rest ot her life to humiliation and servi tude.

It is most singular to find among the Indian tribe th traces of a similar course of reform. It cannot be doubted that at one time th widow was burnt or buried with her husband. Bat th spontaneous change of ideas has modified th institution. The widow is no longer burnt, but among certain tribes (to keep rn the nrineiolal aha is subjected to a process of (so to abeaki sinceinir. Here is a somewhat repulsive picture of what roes on among th Indians of Oregon (p.

145 orRe port; During the nine days the corpse Is laid out, the widow of the deceased is oblifed to sleeo bv its side framaanaet Sunrise, and from this castota there ia no nlautioe. even dorinz the hottest davs of snraraer. While tha Wtn is perfominj his last operations she most lie cn the rile, and after tne fire is applied she cannot stir till the doctor orders her to be removed, which, bowerer, is nerer done tiH her body is covered with blisters. After being placed on her legs, she is obliged to pass her hands gently ttrxirh the flame. When tha friends of tha deceased observe the sinews of the arms and legs beginning to contract, they coca pel the unfortunate widow to go again on tb pile and by dial of hard pressing to straighten those members." Having, however, under the modified custom escaped from actual burning, sh condemned to soma years of cruel humiliation, in some respect curiously like that which the Hindoo widow is understood still to (offer.

She is now considered and treated as a slave." She must obey the order, of all the women, and even of the children, belonging to the Tillage." If weeds appear on her husband's crava aba mnt nnt tl. i always with her fingers. But her most remarkable duty consist in her having to collect the larger bones of her husband's corpse, to roll them in an envelope of birch bark, and to carry them for some years on her back. Many widows commit suicide under this complication of cruelty, bat if the faithful widow and persevere for three or four Sears her husband's friends and relatives agree to berate her from her servitude. There is a great feast; speeches are mad in her honour her husband's bones are buried and, if aha pleases, he can marry again.

Few widows, howev.r, significantly adds th observer, are willing again to encounter th rik. Amonz several tribes tha widow nf erely carries about with her a roll ot Varlr cloth without any enclosure. This ia called her "husband." It i. fastened to hep lUs and aha retains it night and day for two years, at tha close of which she mar throw it off and It amount, to no mor than th Enrcmaan wMaw'a cap. At the same time? it undoubtedly represent iT wa taming tn us band's bone.

All these cruel rites hay, by the natural transformation of man. died dm innocent survival." COLERIDGE. TO TBS 20X102 OP THE TIKES. Blr, I wfll be matter of uleasure ta all admlmre the writer of The Aacteat Mariner" (S. X.

Coleridge), to know that his bust is sheet to be placed with his compeers in "Westminster Abbey. His mortal remains are entomb la the crypt ef Higbgate Church, where tr. featly saw them which crypt, however, is ased as a tol house acd home for rabbits. Barslyow that aa Americu has tsJtea so iuo intereet. I.

hniuM the bnatof enr poet placed among kings, we, as Tngticnmoa, will aa uwuushob ot to soma of oar iiiustacu parted to eoatbtQa. UKOHOX LTVEtVORE KHOfiLiXD. Is Moria terraee. Brook's Bat. If saehester, Kay U.

Th GBTxxiiPosx Omciu Th Ctfy Press says that an additional story befog prt to the telegraph department of the Caaaral Post olio, a a eest of iOOj), the work, beta carried oat without asv iuoonTesiaaos to th foot trafflels St, Kartm's ssraodV somjs mobs ouwaz aakmaaxr. TO TSX BXTOS Of 2HZ tQCB. aappy tUag It Is ta be a rnBit sL i prirfleged. la be IsJ PaTaLaJ aacestar sad deisenmuti. Hstead aeitaer th pact, ace forwsrd to the fatuiai 4Mea a.

JuatT UndUU kariaoa, hi. oa. mmt1 talaf aeaeadeotknaw wbaiHI thai aad whoa is dona, he aeed not sakalwelf wlsUwffliu teoaeqoeMsof it. He mj iM a laad 1870 and refcriMIt year, rfw, buttress fa the foCo iagyear to pmi latLfcU, and then begin agalatk. am.

proceasof tlnkartng. Im aoaT ooantrx' wtta tnmi tWrfS. and rmirwad confldetc, that all men taaparinp an! 11 ing hsre an eUir ef tWity akwat thrm. sod thaT existing syetam will eoatinaa to as sW. brforv thoagh he aae poshed it eat the prp2! im I not right la tajfcg that abot.

a3 men tWcticw' esArwed with qualitiee that ght to trhsg heawH! Other saen are hauntaj and trtUl by tbaiLl rvprca.Jlistcf.rrcoaaJw.afajI hasaoterron. The cogent teaching of siatiagfataarsorbf smb. bat bekaowe ww act to hear it Like th aaa, who ewes utO aadpaweshia by withastoay stars ia Lis rr JZ potitKiaa knows exactly bow to hok at aa ZtZml fact and to escape frcra iU pre snee. Jrt aow bsorv faculty of net seeing or tearing or temamberiag n2w Birosually aoavexdeat. If Ireland ia Is jean bee taerti as siiything, tt has taught as that time is a ml jf and brings all ear hsjf doinp to their fafl completiee, has taught a that we cannot give the tenant Uteres ia bis teaaacy withoat endtng by rlTiarksMa fn and eewipUte fcmaal riiht with all iu moimmMa.

Odc depart from th full ownenhiB of the ewm mind of man. howeier ismiena w. poesible resting place till this is mcbaj. ToatiratU raa. 44u4 aam uupswn aa oaituag, and mi are at cooe met with the qaestiea, "'WTit farser aie, whea qnilting than when stayiagr and yea are rrn)cn fally told that yovr bUl meaas notiiing yea aQow hi.

tent to be raised. 'i, the banal. ehoeen erpreeaion goes, npen Hi mm imjj unuaite. Sot one admit tnM last doctrine ia whatever shape that yoj art not ta raise tb tenant's rent np4M lis haprwe iejt aad land eanrts, with jadlcial settlarsanli af rset. traW ef tenancy, aad fixity of teavxe, ems fellow with abas! eta certainty, that is, if hamaaaatsse remajas anehaagel, if tenaat farmers resaaia u'pnteseiveia their Tie abowt th' imaroremest, no only of tha land, bat of their own eel ras.

and prjitifiiaae as generous as they arete dar All theee dhTtrtnt rights are so hooked ea Useehstatr that yoa cannot separsie them. Tea cannot fire eae aad withhold the other. Each makee the other efficient sac is raJaelese if left la its own company. Suppose better timee com la two or three yean aad ths valaaof farms rises.wao is ta decide th thorny qnertioa bow mash of tbe increased value is da to the tenant's impiuiesasnt, few ranch to the fast that asor tenants are seeking farms sal Dora capital is flowing into sgricaltsro 'Who can really decider And when we find oarselres ia the midil cf sock diSculties, how long wiU it be before the doctrine of iial rents becomes, by a happy oninridsaos. a part of ths intellectual famltare of those who wish to secure famwrr' vote, at eouaiy alactioa know well th way ef the thing.

The ehainpionaalcs of censes, the roseate pictures of tha tutors, the comfort able assurances, tha indignant repudiations of leaded meanings we are accustomed to then eQ.It tt aatanaU to wish that just for once tha legio af facts could brag the politician's aoee to tha grindstone and hold that sappls sad Qladre person relentlessly some of kia a anninea, and pmswisaa bail baaa Taaaaia.l 1 Tha ipiaattna te aak of srery gentlesoan gcing to rote on the Oorersmett Bill is, Do yen inteod to establish tenant rlglit ia th Iriah sense hi Kngland If so, would it not be mors honest to say It plainly at onoe, and te make the tenaat purchase thtt right froat that landlord for its real raise if you da not lateral this, how do yoa propose to meet tie dernsnd for more legUIaiioa. aad more legjelstion ta make effectire that which yoa are bow giving is the asoal hall hearted manner Toa wQl presently bs told that yoa have rather la jmred thaa helped the farmer. Tne it was that you gava hia a sort of half ysoyeity fahisowaae provauients, but, after acknowledging hi htlpltsioasi to tale care of after writing the word child Im large letters a pea him, under Btate proseotioa, aot allowed to make his ewn eoatracU," yoa then heart Isssfy left the poor gn friended, incapable, aad simplsHsindaf man to protect himself La the law courts ugainst the aS puweif ul and rapacioas landlord. "What mockery to aav protected Ms littU finger aad left tha rest of Lis bxrj aaeoveredt And thea wa shall tare a sweerm of elooasst spaechee derated to the agriaaltursl germs ef 1383. Does any Ban, aot Ineky enough a politiriss.

dbabf about tha fatar meaaings af what we are bow obiagl Of coarse, a politician, trained to see what he Iikss, sad not to see what be dislike, trained to believe that th steep slope is arro holding gr o3al, that logic and eoneistetrv may be at any moment suspended ia his owa special Esrear a tb earth' movement wa suspended to give ths Jewish general aaoagh daylight for th dlsnorafttiirs af his eaesaiss, may persuade nimse'i of anything or of aoaaiag. His mind has its wa neeeasitiee aad I hav aot the least ia teation cf trylrg to ooerrinca hia that aetbosi hare theii ecasaoeneee or that eaase have their affects. Iff wished coma to an agreemeat with hia sfaeaU pfobably mortify my own prejudices ia this nrpettsai admit that actions have aot their ectneequesme aed caises nare aot their effects. Perhaps then we coold ecac somesommoa nnderstandisg. Bat all th world ar sot politieiaas and tnoee of as who are aot any be allowed to eat.

If area avow there is no way left of esraping from th sstss of mingled jobbery aad cnrifnsioa which it is aot very 18 eult to see tyiag Immediately before as, and which slssoct always reeulte when yea andertaka, out of wrsrnssa and not from a real sens of justice, to discharge sommoa efflee ia life that men ought to discharge for tbamselns. It has been the steady purpose ef a certain Dsnabatef persona engaged ta thi agitation to eVcry leases when men sr. asking aad judging entirely from ths stane point of their ewn interests, with a varnish of puhlis interest spread ever it, I do not know that either tbeif depredations or their apprasiatiocs hav much intrlnai vmloa. Those who are aot pnlitMsn. nay stiQ sssifa leaea does aot offer a plain asd fair inducement for tb farmer to farm wQ and eleanly, wUcfa, vac th rrsaJ word Isaproremecits, Is the real obct toba arrivassi.

Aad, if so, may aot a lease for a saffident aamber of years, with freedom of cultivation, be held to exalod landlord and tenaat from all tha unknown aad uakoew able rasxatlons of this Bill Somo better sagrestioo msy be made. Bat the important thingtsthat those fsrsierf and those landlords who not only wish to be oat of the Bill, bat tob. quit of all questions in law ooarU, as te whether thev are oat of iter sot. should hav. a gats left open tor them.

By what right do yoa brand men who as not wish to be so braosW as Incapable of making aa arrugessent; or fores men who prefer be aeaest to benefiting thsmselree at the expense of their landlord 1 Lastly, one further point. Srea after what! bar written, I am willing to coo cede that this Bill or say ether Bill of the kind may never grow into tenant right. Ass fact, I do not think it will, but it is not because I dbabt ef the fruit which such a 01 bears, but because IdotvU if time for fruit bearing will be left to tt. There ar larger waves behind this little one of Kr. Jamts Howard and his fritzvda.

They have played with had revelations, but I suspect that th old prorerb will it their case also, tie vc mm nlU. If Kr. Howard has persnsdeJ himself aad a certain number cf tha farmers thai tU landlords are spoil tor the farmers, I know those whs har perrua led thasaserre that th farmers ar. rpoU it them. "Belieriiig in the rights of prtrata property, bellevlnc ia freedom of contract, belierisr in sonuaoa honesty a th basis ef all aetioas.

aad dTUlimrg la tb politidaa's right to traaafer from eae to soother, asB shall please him, I think we hare only too good rsassaw regret that th change of poeteesioo of land from the large to th small owner has not eosae about, as it avffc hav coma about, by peaeefsi. honest, and scoivmlnl methods. If tha poUticiaa's hands could hare beea lopH off si tha elbow, this might have been th ease bst tt poUUetaa in his supremo wisdom ot the loer aixMWTnij hours baa lad aa iaataaJ lata aha rlh ef rrrolstioa. It action of this BUI is to prevent th oo really stshf mi eonserTatlTe class growiag rp in the country, the slsss of small owners, far wheat the failure ef th hiriagryst for th last fw year wa sorely bat paaceaely Vrl tngthaway. Tenant right a aa inchoate formwClsoe ha attached toevaryfarm, and as the farm renlsrr.

suited far asyitamof luring and for ewner of and not far smaU men, these last will etaf5 excluded fr thm Urut This Bill child ef the wrstshs dWr grtvoUs helps to stereotype th present fr fa their pvaant sis, sad make, it prohahl thsr by lwvolatlon ia hi tarn thalshocrar aoe aot gt to tha land. Ahoastfaat rerolntion, a thing. aratm we may all hav ear go. Bwestosd hy loi eipUofnot tobbiag ach cehsr. aad af Uttar4Swfori 0tlar4tatatfavalcf aataraBy aad scosKwririffy.wift outUt or hiadraaxsx lavpedmg lasadmsh ee to th strsegast osssasd list xitd.

Issih fo. maMlss! hit a' Jtr. OUmM sad ad. a4rraatoroQ Waad. era th stream es of their wa fatrsHWaaiylj to atrwsfaaT prasmra, assil mit.Bmtf.