The Courier-Journal du lieu suivant : Louisville, Kentucky • Page 26

ttsoowf 1 f4ottsoeo CHARLES DARWIN. StSOSOSSOO 77 TCJT Jl JTiL v-LwJLM 11. 1NL DARWIN WATT FARADAY st ERICSSON s8 CUVIER PASTEUR LISTER HOWE Ir the Nineteenth century has bea marked by progress In Any single direction It ia emphatically that of dene. 8 Las dine now at Ita very close a glance at the personalities who did moat toward the shaping of this tendency and tba molding of men's minds la timely. There have been great men other departments ef hots an endeavor, great writers, great Statesmen, artiata and- musicians, bat tt la by lta sclentlflo actilevements that tba century will be marked out from an preceding centuries.

No lets a roan than Airred Ruasei Wallace baa point-ad oat that tba adentlfio achievements Of tba laat hundred years have been greater In extent and number than thoae of all prevtooe centuries combined. And It haa bean not only In theoretical. Is practical science aa well that 'moat baa been accomplished. In tba lifting of the burden of tabor by machinery, the speedy transit of men and goods, and the alleviation of human suffering this haa been the century of centuries. JAMES WATT The Steamboat Engine.

This haa been the age of steam. One the pathfinders In thle direction waa DISTINCTLY A CENTURY OF INVENTION. TTmi has been a most materiaHstie century, an ag-e of mechanism. Wt have prog-ieased wonderfully In our capacity for luxury, ex-travagaace, comfort. A hundred years kgj our forebears were content to live by hand, as it vera; now wo live chiefly by complicated machinery.

A century fprogresa has created demands which forced the dormant inventive skill of ths world to put forth its best efforts. Ths world has mads more progress in material things in the last hundred years than it did in all the centuries preceding. Civilised man's mods of existence has been totally altered by his inventions. Ths world has gone patent mad. In the United Btates alone there were patents granted In the sixty-two years from 1837 to 1898.

During Its ex- lstence, the Patent Office baa received more than forty million dollars In fees. On carriages and wagons, more than 80,000 patents have been granted; on stoves and furnaces, on lamps, gas 'fittings, harvesters, boots and shoes and receptacles for storing, 10.000 each. The total of patents for the civilised world to easily twice that of the United States. Thanks to these hundred of thousands of contrivances, what were luxuries to our forebears of 1800 are commonplaces of existence to all classes, rich and poor. In 1900.

a -With ths invention of the steam en- gine, the world shrunk at a bound to a twentieth of Its former else. Its vast distances ceased to be formidable. Where the lumbering stage coach or the plodding caravan took weeks the flying express covers- the distance in a few hours. A CENTURY OF MARVELS. (Continued From to be as tmpraottcable as Cook supposed -It to be.

The Northeast passage, too. has been made by Nordenakjold, who. In the Vega, circumnavigated the Europe-Asian continent. The search for Blr John Franklin led to the exploration of ths trosan -archipelago north, of America-and the discovery of the North Magnetle Pole. Since then the pole itself has beesT the goal of Arctic explorers; Nansen haa traversed Greenland, Perry has found out It la aa Island, while' N'aasea and Cagnl havs come within lews than four degrees of the pole itself Beyond the line to which Cook's eirountaavWration restricted the possible Aatarctto continent sev of i 1 cR.

Trjr TNTYTM" 1 JI JLJLJw JLMJLAMiw Jl GEORGE CUVIIlR. JOHN James Watt 073C-I819). The delicate boy who could not play the rough games of bis fellows waa to startle the world by hie discovery that water, si long eon. sldered one of the el em en try substances, was really made op of two gasea, oxygen and hydrogen. But he did not stop here.

He Invented the condenser of the steam engine, and the closed cylinder which has made the locomotive possible, opening the way to all the progress which the railway bas brought with It. In 1763 be constructed the Aral steam engine that would work sat'sfactorlly. It was be who suggested the. mettle system which bas been adopted all over Europe. MICHAEL FARADAY Applied Electricity.

Next to steam It Is electricity that baa done most for tb advancement of the race during this century, and fore-moat among the original minds that solved the preliminary problems making advancement possible waa Ulchae! Faraday 0791-1867). He may well be called the first electrician, for bis discovery of the principles of voltaic and magnetic induction laid the baaia of the science of applied electricity. Beftxe his time sct-entlata knew that there waa a force The trip across this continent used to be a matter of life and death. Now It to a matter of 8100. and take your ease as you go.

Without the railroad a close-knit nation thousands of miles broad, such as- this country, would have been an Impossibility. In 1K5, the first, steam railroad was opened between Stockton and England. A year later a similar experiment was tried at Quln-cy. Masa where the engine hauled stone for a distance of four mi lee. The flrst passenger road In this country was the Baltimore and Ohio, opened In 1830 wttb a mileage of fourteen miles.

To-day. there are Zto.906 miles of railroad In tbia country; 163.310 In Europe; XS.834 In South America: 31.102 In Asia; 9,978 In Africa, and 14.384 In Australasia. Early in ths history of railroading twelve miles an hour was considered recklessly fast. In January. 1899.

a train on the Burlington route. In a run from Siding to Arlon, 14 miles, did the distance in one minute and twenty seconds, or at the rate of 108 miles an First Tags.) eral have penetrated, and for the first time men have landed and wintered on the Antarctic coast. In America discovery has been follow, ed so soon by settlement that the memory of Lewis and darks up the Missouri into Oregon Is almost forgotten. The same Is true of Australia, whose interior deserts havs been crossed by daring explorers under terrible hardships, and of a good part of Asia. The opening up of Africa, however.

Is hardly second in Importance to the circumnavigation "of the Cape of Good Hope. Fifty years ago barely ths rim the dark continent waa known. Now, thanks to Burton and Speke and Liv THE COURIER-JOUENAL, LOUISVILLE. SUNDAY MORNING. ERICS30X.

LOUIS PASTEUR. which they agreed to call electricity, but what could be done with It remained to be proved by Faraday's experiments. That electricity waa possessed of a chemical quality bad not even been suspected until his experiments in what haa aUtce been known aa electrolysis. JOHN ERICSSON Stsam Navigation. John Ericsson (1803-1889) waa a petitor of Stephenson In the trial of locomotives In ISM.

but his work waa to be connected more wjth the development of 1 ceo motion by water than on land. By the time he waa ten years old bis Inventive genius had commenced to work, but It waa only after his coming to the United States In 1839 that his moat famous work was done, 7 'a had previously Invented the hot engine which baa been so well, utilised in our modern gaa machines, but he will live longest in the memory of men as the Inventor of the screw propeller for ships. The flrst vessel to which he applied this original device was the Prineeton in 1843. His place in history will be always connected also with bia conception of the Monitor which played so great a part In the naval engage ment in Hampton Roads. The type of vessel mode ed after this first examr le Is cal.ed a monitor even now.

In the sour. The Empire State Express made a record of 112 miles aa bour In May. i- Itarlns travel did not make so. wonderful an advance In speed. through the agency of steam, as did land travel, but progresa In comfort and safety was greater.

Ia 1790 John Fitch constructed a steamboat and was considered a raving lunatic. This opinion was confirmed when his experiment proved a failure. Seventeen years tat, er. Robert Fulton, another so-called visionary, backed by Joel Barlow and Robert T. Livingston, built the steam-' boat Clermont.

She was soon dubbed "Fulton's Folly." and when she started for Albany on August It. 1807, all New York was out to witness her failure. She went to Albany In the astonishing time of thirty-two hours, returning in two hours less. Now. when a gigantic ocean liner, with lifeboats as large as the Clermont, crosses the Atlantic In less than six days, we read the news In a bored sort of wsy.

displeased that steamers should be so slow. Fulton's-experiment led. years later, to the building of the Savannah, which actually crossed the Atlantic, to the great astonishment of the entire world. Communication between man and man was as expensive aa rt was alow In the old days. It cost a shilling to get a letter anywhere when the century began, and a shilling In those days rep reseated far more than it now does.

Now two cents will carry a letter to the FblHpplnea or around the corner. Then the mall matter handled was too Insignificant for statistics; sow there ingstons and Stanley, every one of its great riddles bas been solved, the sources of the Nile, the water system of the Congo and the Niger and the Zambesi; the dwarfs and the Mountains of the Moon. It haa been crossed from south to north, and from west to east across Its greatest breadth, while the crossing from the Congo, to the ZansK bar coast has become a commonplace journey. The Powers of Europe have divided the territory among themselves and are pushing la with railroad and telegraph. There are no more great geographical discoveries possible on land; but science bas turned Its attention to the bottom of the sea, and the sounding lead la charting the ocean beds.

New methods and 4 Exploring' points of view hare ths Dim Past of entered into every -History. branch of learning. The. discovery of Sanrkrit led to the comparison of laa -nT TT SIR JOSEPH LISTER. later years of his life-Ericsson devot his Inventive genius to the- perfecting of torpedoes and GEORGE CUVIER Researches In Batumi Natural science haa progressed mar-velously In these hundred years and it la to be the mind of George Cuvler that much of It la due.

What Linnaeus had done lit the previous century toward the claeaiBcatlon of animals waa now pat upon- a scientific basis. Cuvler established the history of the animal kingdom In the tight cf comparative anatomy, and Hid the foundations of the atudy of prehlstcr'c animal life by his wonderful restorations of extinct epeclee from single fragments. It is a commonplace now to speak of the age of the mammotlt rr the pleaiosaurua. Cuvler waa the flrst to grasp the fact that our are I only the latest In a long series cf geologic CHARLES DARWIN Evolution. The natural successor of Cuvler.

profiting- by his researches and at the same time bringing to bear a new theory by MANKIND'S TASK IN 'What Is thermos mtJ. Century If yoa coufv'cone eastasnic www jww hi questions were- sent to i A JJL. Copyright. WOO, by are seventy-five thousand post-offices in this country, handling postal matter of all kinds, per annum; of 6J7t.310.Q0O pieces. -s- As for "hurry messages orrush letters, they were unknown.

Prior to the experiments of Samuel F. B. Morse, Inventor of the telegraph, signaling was done by 'meana of fires on moun guages with each other and the establishment of their relationship. The principle of comparison was extended to the past as well, and the historical method of Investigation has spread to science also. In collecting and establishing facts the aid of experiments! science has been called to.

The aid of the physiologist, for Instance, has-been needed by the philologist to unravel the problem of human speech, while the philosopher has called upon him to explain the workings of the human brain. Humbler aids have not been scorned. With pick and shore! the archaeologist has brought to light the ancient civilisation of Egypt and the implements of primitive mas; he has due? out the Ilium of Priam and laid bare the Roman forum and read from the -clay tablets the forgotten language of the Aasyrlana. In no age haa the pursuit of learning been so general; in no age fWttll e. a A aT sO fW a ELXA3 HOWE.

which he explained the relationship between the different species in the animal kingdom was Charles Darwin (1803-1882). It servos strange to us that it Is less than fifty years since the publication of the Origin of Species hi which the principle of evolution was laid down explicitly for the first time, for It haa been so generally accepted that It Is aa familiar almost aa our A Cs. Others had dimly perceived something cf this universal law, but Darwin made It clear, and furnished the key to- the many problems cf soology which had been considered un-solvable before his time. His wcrk crowned that of Cuvler. LOUIS PASTEUR Bacterial lif a.

Medical science has progressed along the pathway of bacteriology chiefly during the century and among the leaders In this work haa been Louis Pasteur (1822-U95). As a young man he succeeded In solving more than one difficult problem In chemistry. Interesting the world of science by bis discoveries In the field of bacterial life. He devised a method of filtration of water which baa stood the beat tests, baaed as It Is upon soL scientific principles. His work best known to TWENTIETH CENTURY, of mankind lot th Twentieth to earth in the year aooo, what la human affairs These two le, who answered" as follows: jj Christian Herald.

tain tope, or by graving flags. Morse revolutionised this in 1837. when he announced the success of his experiments. The flrst telegraph' line In this country was opened In 1844. In 1899 there were 904.633 miles of wire In use la this country! TL3934S7 messages were sent that year.

Now we are on the threshold of aa era when even wires will no reached maturity than It Is In the have- the means for Its attainment, hooka, libraries, museums, teaching Institutions, been so plentiful. 7 In the domains of -The Csntury in letters the Nlne-litarature, Musio teenth century' has and Art. well held Ita owe with its predeces It may not show any name of ths very flrst rank, for Goethe, the poet, can hardly be Included In it, but no past century in any literature can match the list that ranges from Scott to Tea-ay son, from Victor Hugo to Re nan. from Heine to Mommsen. Its philosophy extends from Hegel to Herbert 8penoer, In musio it had the greatest of aA masters, Beethoven.

Mendleaaohn, Chopin and Wagner. In art alone, creditable as Ita productions have been, haa 623,535 1J- DECEMBER 30. 1900. TNT ni LOCX3 DAGUERRE. 11 DA VXD LIVINGSTONE.

the public, however. Is his discovery of the virus by which rabies to prevented. SIR JOSEPH LISTER Progress In Surgery. If medical science bas made steps forwsrd surgical science has advanced by leaps and strides. Much of this haa been made possible by the discovery of anaesthetics and antiseptics, but chiefly by the No one has done such pioneer work In this direction aa Sir JoseplT Lister, born in 1827.

As early as 18C3 he bad suggested the valuable method of guarding against danger from the use of chloroform In operations by noting the breathing of the His study of micro-organisms led him to present some startling conclusions In 1867 when he suggested that wound fever waa caused by little germs In the air, and that If operations were performed under proper conditions there need be no fever. Carbolic acid was first used tor this purpose, and later other drugs were found useful. The surgeons of Germany accepted the new idea Immediately, but It waa only after years of demonstration that the con-servalve British practitioners wire eon- vinced of a fact now accepted by every 1 PATENTS GRANTED IN UNITED STATES IN SIXTY-TWO YEARS SOME ASTONISHING FACTS SUMMED UP, v- grasp of steel and steam, to be turned longer be necessary, and when we will be able to talk or to telegraph to Boston or New Orleans or perhaps even to London, without any visible connection between the receiving and the sending instruments. Ths year 1800 know no telephone. A hundred years later sews 722.989 miles of telephone wire in use, connected with 463.180 stations and answering L23L 000,000 calls a year.

When ths century was new it took six weeks to get news from it takes six seconds. To-day there are 170.950 miles of submarine cables aU laid sines the first cable. Field's, great achievement, waa laid In 1867. Electricity has come to the aid of steam In trafflo. Edison must be credited with the construction ef the flrst successful electric road, that which ho operated In 1880 at his homo at Menlo Park.

N. J. Since then, electric traction has developed to such an extent that there are now more than LOOO such street-car Ones In operation in the United States, with a capitalisation of The same electric power, only dimly known before the wonderful century, now lights our cities. In the United Btates, there are half a million are lights aadabout twenty million incandescent lights the latter being equivalent light-giving capacity of 820.000,000 candle tips such as they used In 1800. 0' -J While the railroads have served to diffuse the population, from one end of the land to the other, another Invention has served to crystallse it the elevator.

it failed to approach the great works of ths past, i It bas been a sentury of such astounding achievements that it to perbsps natural to believe that there will be no other equal to It, and In more than one branch of science men bold the opinion that Us luadam ntal probiema have been solved and 'that the future can develop only along the lines marked out In the Nineteenth century. Past hlatory, however, shows no limits to the capacities for development of the human race, and the historian the Twentieth century may have fully as wonderful a to tell. wlV' The bumaa Hfs tls but a single sail -Upon a sea of wondrous happenings Its burdens-self, its crulsings worldly tLinsa: How strong the wares: the ftark, a'aa! bow frail. KKl J.FR. JAMES DAGUERRE LIVINGSTONE student in the world who knows any thing at all about the ELIASH0WErV The Sewing- Machine.

The man who did most to alleviate the woes of a certain class of workers waa Ellas Howe (1819-1867) the Inventor of the sewing machine. It may seem that be has only substituted 'mechanical slavery for manual, but the possibility of cheap clothing arose with hia Invention, and If the machine haa been abused It to not the fault of this most useful Invention. It to only forty-eight years since the first machine factory waa opened In Bridgeport, but what a change it bas made In ths Industrial and commercial world! LOUIS DAGUERRE Photography- A discovery which haa done much for science as well as art during the century to that of photography due to Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre OT87-1ES1). It la true that it was an accident by which he found the combination of chemicals which would fix sun-pictures permanently on a platen but he bad ben working to find this agent Because of It, the huge sky-ecrapperst the Immense flat houses and the great factories, have been feasible. Formerly, when Shanks, mare was the fashion, people had to-climb stairs.

This tended to low buildings and the consequent spread of population. The elevator has changed all that. Huge caravansaries, teeming with human beings, accommodate as many as formerly could be crowded into respectable towns. The elevator makes practical the centraltoa-tion of commercial interests which is the baato of our great Ths' science of applied mechanics haa reached a stage where further Improvements seem Impossible, yet every day new Inventions and Improvements on old. are recorded at the patent office.

In other times they built houses of wood and brick. Now they construct them of steel and Iron. Andso, csrefully are the plans developed, thai the architect can say how many bolts will be required, in the construction of a sky-scraper how much each beam can support-where each piece of iron: belongs. Wooden bridges bars been supplanted by huge steel structures. Even stone towers are being abandoned for the lighter steeL The age of steel Is here, Our vast factory systems employing thousands of workers and furnishing necessaries and luxuries alike at prices that would have.

made the dtlsen of 1800 gasp with amasementv have grown out of the substitution of machinery for the band: the sewing machine, the steam loom, the ring frame, and hundreds of other Inventions. We do not yet grow crops by machinery. but no sooner has the fruit of ths earth ArNIEL WEBSTER'S ONLY POEM. Webster. It is said, during his whole literary life, wrote but one poem, and that was upon the' death of his infant son.

This son was born on Bummer street. In Boston. December a. 1822. and died to.

December, 1824. The poem has not appeared, in print for soma years. It bears the title LINES ON CHARLES' DEATH. My son. thou waat my heart's delight; Thy mora of tifs was gay and cheery; That, mora nes rushed to euddea Thy father's bouse to said and dreary.

I bald thee on my knee," my And kissed thee laughing, kissed thee i weeping; But. ah. tby Mttle Ufa Is done; Thou'rt wttb tby anget swtsr stsepmg, SECTION 3 MICHAEL FARADAT. for many years, perfectinw the camera obscura, and laboring with might and main toward this end. The accident only hastened a discovery upon- which Daguerre waa bent and which) proved Invaluable with all of the provements have followed upon his primary labors.

DAVID LIVINGSTONE Opening Africa. In geography the century's advance has been The greatest bf the leaders In this work was David LIviRffstone (1813-1873). who began as -a medical missionary to Africa and end-. ed by adding wide areas of the-. Dark Continent to the map of the world.

In 1849 he found the NgamU the great inland lake or central sea of South Afri- ca by 185 he had traversed, Booth Af- rica from ocean to ocean, and by 18C9 bad discovered Nyaraa Lake. For thirty long years he had been under constant pressure, fighting his way through trs wilds of Africa not with mighty guns and hosts of carriers, ut by the might of and the gentleness whK'h wins when all other means fall. It haa been a marvelous century, wlthv; many marvelous men in It, but these. ten may serve aa representatives of Its sclentlnc achievements. CLIFTON HARBT to human "needs almost without' the touch of human hands.

Photography is a product of ths last hundred years. To have one's picture "took" la ye olden times required considerable money and more patience, for It took some time to paint the portrait, Daguerre's daguerreotype, the forerunner of the photograph, hewed the way for the developments in this line of the last ten years. Photography and color printing together have been among the mightiest educational influences the world has ever known. Appealing to She brain direct through the eye they -have taught more swiftly and more widely than Is possible to any other agency. To science their aid haa been inestimable.

ZTo man. can judge of ths Influence of the printing press, which did not reach any. considerable development before 1800. In 1800 the principal daily papers were published in Boston and New York City. They were marvels of staid conservatism.

They permitted so news younger than a week to creep Into their Columns. As for the paper oa which they were printed, respect for axe prevents a description. The type, band-made and hand-set, leaned either an one way or In any direction most comfortable. It may have been superlative work for those days, but nowadays new type to cast while being set; paper comes in rolls from two to four miles long; presses run off 80.000 complete newspapers aa hour. The press, which la ths most powerful sgent of progress, to In itself typical of the advance of the century.

The staff on which my years should 4saa Is broken ere those years came o'er ma; My funeral rites thoe should have sees. But thou art In the grave before me. Thou raise at to me no filial at one. No parsnf a grave with tears beooldeat, Thoa art my anoastor. my son.

And stanoeet ia heaven's account the On earth my lot was soonest cast, Thy gewatloa axter mine; Thou hast tby predecesaor's part EarUar eternity thine, should have set before thine eyes The road to heaven, and showed elf ar; But tnotSj antauirht, aprtnest to the skiea, -And toave'st thy teacher teaming here. Sweet seraph. I would leera of thee, And hastso to partake ihy Miss; And. ah, to thy welcome me As erst I walcomad thee to this! Thy father. I beheld thee bom.

And led thy tottering steps with care; Before me rlen to hesvn's bright mora, My son, my father, guide me there, 1.