Fort Wayne Daily News from Fort Wayne, Indiana • Page 7

the fort Wayne news Wednesday august is 1909 contrived ron themselves bora con cf diving canoes by the use of which they were frequently enabled to escape from the clutches of the unspeakable Turk Olaus Magnus haa a moat circumstantial account of the submarine boats Which vera used by the pirates of Qruntland ThU la what he says Thero are pirates In OrUntland who make use of skiffs snd veasela cdn structed of leather for the purpose of coins wherever they wish either above or under water and by their means they fierce and make great holes in the hulls of passing merchantmen In the year lt05I saw two of these leathern vessels or sklfta In th Cathedral fixed by means of a rod which passed through the tube and screwed the wood screw fast Upon tht top Of the tube By pushing the wood screw up against the bottom of a ship and turn Ing It at the same time It would enter the planks When the wood screw was firmly fixed It would be cast oft I unscrewjng the rpd which Jt8UnediL upon me top 01 me luue Behind the submarine vessel was a place above the rudder for carrying a powder magazine large enough to con tain 150 pounds of powder with th ap paratus used In firing and was se cured In Us place by a acre Within the magazine was an apparatus con With it Seamanship and good gunnery bM far proved In the highest degree sstV cacious in preieryina ina wnmn the sea and therwere more restr I than their enemies across Channel adopt a contrivance of thls srt Fulton returned whence he came Biae iiUtltneJbundreilof submarine Jiialt have been designed and a large auaa I three things which no Inventor as yet to have grappled with In a tht ounhiy successful manner These are 1 the difficulty of mafav talnlng a perfectly horlaontal courser Iff the limited range of vision once i sal VJ VfU 00Z0Km aSssHsgsssn NS ffi GREAT WiLL CHINAS STRENGTH f8 1 mS8i2g80Z0f S83SHNSSSS aT 74 lifeCSVtsWAMeiffl ftKaW7plt fIrCSS a 1 i lc JjP iMiJ Jltf WWSUtil 1 JtlIa a Btrango Old Structure Ono of llJarvcU oftlio ToiW and Tor 10000 11 that la to say for some 3000 inllijs wlfh any pumbor ot links additions and hlotk liouse theOreit Willi of China slretthca trom BUan haU kun in theGult oX Lluotung oi llio I vv nonnessi i a iiuis ucww pvuu i Kansuhvon tho et 1 To servo ns ra defense against tlN Huns It was built by a Tsln Emporor named llwanttl ln tho early ono might almost Jsay tho peml mythlcali ages of Chtncjo lilBtory more than 8t0 years before Christ and repaired by ireat Ming Emperor about IrvlSO A rwlth the aid of 0ODO soldlera to secure the frontier against the growing potf sr of the Tartar If Its ageMa seml jnythlcal Its gran deun Is Also geml niythlcal Meandering over mountain end acrdss valleys broken by none of Nature obstacles and taking ups and downs of ono the most sterile ranges In the world ns It happened to strike them the qreat WaJI Is like no other building eared by the harid of man At the port of Shanhal kuan jnow connected with Tientsin and bo with Teklng by railway the Oreat Wall dips into the sen nad ita nearest point to tho Capital is up tho Pelho due nortll The line or crosscut of the Great Will that calf be visited In three cr four days from Peklngi vas constructed about tOO years ogo by the Mings and runs alnioat duo south from a point below Kupeh tau branching south and west not far frdmsFau plng and It can best be seen In all Us ma Jesty some fifteen miles west of the fcity of Nanknu through the NankaU Pass which admits tho great caravans of Mongolia and Tibet to the Peking plains Frdm early morn I dewy eve th9 thoroughfares are crowded not only with the normal traffic afoot bn irfule backi and In carts but by the long lines1 of Bactrian camels laden with the raw products ot the Western kha Chinese wArmrons Not far away Is the parade ground of the troops and no funnier spectacle canbe seen than a Chinese regiment on the march When once the show ptggln Is oyer the order of the aaytis go as you piease ins rami andflje with a colored Jacket throvvn over their coolie Clothes walk detached groups or fall out altogether carrying their old fashioned Snider rifles In a way unrecognized by the drill book A great dlfflculty In keeping any ride Issued In a fit state for use Is that the Chinese soldier will use It ah a carry lng pole with which ho can earn coollo wases when off duty It Is a good thing no doubt for a regiment ta take Its refreshment on the march without the necessity of formal halt but It Is npne the less a quaint method of cleaning the una barrel alter nring to pour down 1 wjjt remains of the hot tea that thejOuy en route Tp Use tea as a substitute for oil may be economical at the moment but must cost the WArottlee a trifle for wear and tear 1 Another strange incongruity Is to be hold the Manchu soldier a till practicing with his bow and arrow at a distance of about thirty yards This remains a necessary and valued part of iii rntnlnr and a hlch Droof of mill tary efficiency It Is considered to be when a troop 01 cavairy sauops past fey single file shooting at a target with shouts of excitement It Is still the custom to choose ofll ncers by ihls tesUanda Manchu cn eral not long since Issued a manifesto deploring the tendency of young ofTl icers to Imbibe modern Ideaj of warfare and laying down the principle that ho true trial of strength and courage was In the use of the bow Once qutd a radius of five miles the only signs of the neighborhood ot the great camps Is the paslng of military caravan ponies laden with stores and decorated jy little yellow flags the guns bundled together llko faggots A picturesque sight was a smell camp Tibetans with a yellow coatd Xlama op their way home rrom Peking Stumpy but hot unkindly looking people they have much la common with the Mongols of the far north and in thejr blue triangular tents seemed to be making the best ot their long peregrinations A TRADE CENTER Through the Great Wail and the 4 Kankau rasa first crossing thsi Willi at Kalgon Iscarrld nlt Ihtrndej ot Central Ashland irfuch ro thatcc mVa by water way mt first along thotilbu tarles otnthe Htyanghp Is dh cried trf thls5 route To tap such a trade by railway wOuld obviously Wa profitable undertaking artd there In tplk Of on American line to reaK froni Tc king to Kalgtui along1 the Pass and up on to the iHt plateau i Peklrg epreads In Us suburbs far beyond the outer walls in long unmade roads of booths hnd ehanliua full of travelling carts nnd Itinerant vendors Of the chpw of wlilch hungry drlv crs are likely to stand In need Not far off along the main routes of com munlcatlon begins Ihe dotted lines of walled Vfltles each garrisoned ot old by the scattered dlvislonjof the Mitn ChU army but now ready to admit any enemy through tho tumbled breaches In their ancient defences In the far distance from ihe gate ot Peking Itself fa to jo seen the rango of mountains to the north west which goes by the name of raplcau the city at tho entrance to the Pass Burnt and blown to a tawny color In their shnrpness their barrenness and their utter want of human occupation these mountains remind one ot the fnot hllls of the NorthWcst frontier of India by h6 Kalber and Kohat Passes Nature could not provide a nation with a grander barrier to the Incursions of the alien and without tho yjtatlge ot a Avail a hundred opportunities ate Ehenforan Impregnable Series of defensive works No such i pad has been made to assist an Invad Ing army as now pierces the Mala kand and the traditional caravan route Is a mere stony track winding In and out up and down with the ram Ideations ot the passage Curses loud and deep In many dialects accompany the slithering and struggling ot countless beasts ot burden going to and to frpmNankBiljClty tjp thqaetuajjil la It Is computed some fifteen miles In distance and along the overhanging hill runs the line of telegraph posts that crosses the Oob desert to the frontier port of Klakta and so on by the Russian line of communications THE WALL About a third ot the way up one comes to a veritable rock gate on the sides of which are mounted two small loss houres nhcre travellers can make their peacd with the gods before they enter on the perils ot Ihe Mongol road Above tl6 on the higher crags were built ages aero the Jlrst of the square watch towers which stretch In unbroken icgularUy to th furthest points of the Old Wall Just as on the borderland of Scotland and along the marches ot Wales beacon pres were wont to bo carried fiom point to point a to give warnng of the approach of the foe arid a dl Cult task It nVu9t have been to force a passage through these fortified defiles even after ihe walls were surmounted Twisting about the hills are other wniioit vncliuures meant to bo Uiedns auxiliary fprts the main lines At last after many a lanciea recognition you come In sight ot the Oreat Wail Itself For once In way a yorld famous wonder Is no disappointment The dreary yellow of the encircling mouni taths the sharp cuf distinction Of tho countrys face and tho wild arldltyuf the desert beyond all lend enchantment to the view the enchantment of the savage tracts which bred the con uerlng nations of tho modern world From Mongolia came the Cloth and the Hun the Tartar and the Tuik In fact according to the ethnologist all the worlds energy and force must have been generated upon this barren tableland From the great gate of the Oreat Waif you opk on to Mongolia though It Is not called until you pass Kalgait and ypu not marvel that the mighty taces Mongolia has bred have the grit and pugnacity driven Into their tones A troop of English cavalry 1n line could pass along Its ramparts for he whole of Its extent and one of Its bricks weighs as much as 11 pounds Every hills crest carries It to its topmost point and no slope Is too precipitous for It to descend Whilst to mako the permanent way good going for men on the march the acclivities pre broken Into the ateps of an easy stalrease still sound enough for all to traverse Once seen the Great Wall ot China I can never fade from jnemory VV vwpiaM Mtf AN ERA 108 THE SUBMARINE BOAT Whilo Tbcy Djvj Made Ko Great Improvement in the Tasl Few Y6ara Tlicre I Hopo 1ot tho Near Future Except for the Holland and Lake submaf rheslhereseeriT to be no Vther sub surface boats that work with sue cess It Is somewhat curious that after the great flourish of trumpets with which the French lately set about Jhe construction of a considerable number of submarine torpedo jboats news should have come that their government has recently Issued Orders that work on them should be stopped One would have thought that the Narvals having been ordered after a set of very extensive trials with the Qustave Zede Qymhoteandotherboata the Fieiich Admiralty had finally made up Its mind as to the practicability of the new types But non almost before they have been In the water all progress Is susponded AN ANCIENT PROJECT The project of submarine navigation Is far from being new or even a modern one Manyboats were built to run under water In the eighteenth centurjv and thosecondof them Olushnells has It may be claimed a better record than anythat haye succeeded 14 despite the valuable airs afforded to the Inventors At the latter half of the present century by the discoveries ot steam and electricity For though a submarine vessel succeeded In blowing up a man of war In the American Civil War she destroyed herself Into the bargain Uushnells boat on the contrary though she failed in her attempt on the Drltlsh man of war Eagle very nearly succeeded arid got oft scot free herself while on another occasion one of his similar boats did destroy 4 storeship AN OllD 8UHMARINE A print dated Ull shows a soldier or perhaps we Should say a marine or rather sub marine strolling about at the bottom of tho tea armed with a sword and battle axe and clad a diving suit of Ihe period supplied with air by means of a tube the upper end of which Is supported by a bladder It has also been stated that at the time when the Turkish galleys were swarming In the Mediterranean and Black Seas tho Inhabitants of the Ukraine UADDATZ AND UIS SUBMARINE BOAT The latest submarine boat Is the Invention of Richard Raddatz ot Milwaukee who has apparently solved the problem of continuous practical submarine navigation lis curious little craft has been subjected to va tlous tests in Milwaukee Bay and has apparently survived them all Av Church ot Aldfei in the western porch They were dedicated to St illaluard and placed there on exhibition and are said to have been captured by King Ilaquln while passing with his ships ot war along the coast ot Gruntland when ihe pirates by their wickedness tried to sink Ms vessels There la 4 wellauthcntlcated account at a submarine boat which was ln vented the time of James I by Cornelius van Drebbel a native of Alk maar in Holland This Dutchman by the way would appear to have been a species of Edison in bis way and his own countrymen not supporting his schemes he went to England and was appointed englnepr td the Scptch pe dant who then occupied the throne In a diary of the visit of the Duke of Wurtemburg Mumpelgard to James I In 1810there la the following entry 1st May His Excellency vfent to the park at Etham to see la perpetuuro mobile The Inventbr la called Cornelius Trebel a native of Alkmnar man very fine tond fair and of very pleasantmanncrs verydlfterent tombst geniuses of Ills kind This niachlno Is described else a here as a rare instrument of perpetual motion without the means of steel springs or weights Ills curious submarine boat too Would seem to have been an Ingenious piece of work and to have been of con elderable size as It Is said to have ac comm6datcd a number passengers besides a dozen oarsmen A FRENCHMANS INVENTION In Gf another diylng boat tho In ventlon of Frenchman was exhibited ati Amsterdam and In 1729 the River Dart was the scene of another expert ment with either a submarine boator some species of diving machine the design of one Symons A quaint picture of this was published 17d The bladdertllke objects shown at the bottom ot the weird looking vessel were said to bb bottles or bags ot goatskin A gentleman struggling with a leverwassuppoed to be pumping water either lntoior out of these receptacles The Idea was of course that theadmlsslon of water would cause the boat to sink and Its expulsion would bring It once more to the surface David Bushnell ot Connecticut ink Vented a submarine In the year 1773 and It may be said at once that for the times It was a most creditable and practical invention Indeed In the matter of horizontal stability It could probably gve point to apy that have been designed since The following account ot this remarkable craft Is abridged from a Journal published in 1803 and taken trom a still earlier publication the Encyclopaedia Londlnensls The external shape bore somi resemblance to two upper turtolse sheJls of equal size Joined together The inside was capable ot containing the operator and air sufficient to support him thirty minutes The tube stood upright and slid Up and down In the socket six Inches at the top ot the tube was a wood screw Otte QJFbxy structed to run any proposed length of time under twelve hours when it had run eut its time It unplnioned astrong lock resembling a gun pck which gave fire to the powder Fultons boat was In alt probability suggested to the Inventor by Bushnells turtles although Jnfofm It will be seen that It approximated more nearly to moderTdeas He called It a Bateau Polsson or Fish Boat He attempted In vain to get the French Oov ernment to adopt It but with no suc cess although her trials promised good results But Admiral Decres would havenone of it Such boats he de clared were fit only for Algerlnes or corsairs Fulton constructed first a model In mahogany then a real boat he called the Nautilus Th latter was not finished till 1S01 and was tried at Rouen Brest Paris and Havre A BRIO BLOWN UP Fulton next tried England and blew up a bg In the Downs oft Walmer Castle his boat being navigated by Lieutenant Robinson of the Royal Marines but here again the pavat authorities looked askance at the Innovation and refused to have anything 4a boat Is below the surface 3 the accurate dlrecUon ot a torpedqnred a such a distance as to preserve the boas herself from the effect ot the explosion A wholly Immersed vessel Is far morsi sensitive to the effects ot an underwater explosion than an ordinary one Although the Anierlcan boats worst pretty Will there seems no immediate prospect ot a cessation of maritime wars on account of the advent of a practical and really formidable submarine war vessel 1 VJ A1 The Flaest Mosaic Mosaic work In Its mora beautiful and elaborate forms Is not a modem art and one has to travel In the OHl World If he wishes to see really artistla specimens The most exquisite as well as the costliest example ot mosaic worst Is said to be In the Church of St Mark in Venice Tears et patient industry must have been devoted to Inlaying thai walls celling and cupolas ot the edifie for no less than 40000 square feet an covered with the most Intricate Signs.