The Guardian from London, Greater London, England • 4

THE GUARDIAN Monday April 10 1972 Moscow's Christians thronged their churches this weekend to celebrate the Orthodox Easter ignoring a Communist Party newspaper attack. PHILIPPE SABANT reports on the state of the Church in the Soviet Union. Christians tired of compromise? Little solid fact behind Bonn furore From NORMAN CROSSLAND, Bonn, April 9 The bitter argument in West Germany about the Ostpolitik is being increasingly concentrated on the possible effects of failure to ratify the Moscow and Warsaw treaties on German, European, and international affairs. This theme dominates the election campaign in Baden-Wurttemberg, where the result of the poll in a ber of far-reaching measures in that field. Anti-religious propaganda never stopped completely, but it had been rather neglected since 19H4.

This new development itself betrays official concern at the results which the Church has been achieving even with the limited means at its disposal. The number of Orthodox in the Soviet Union is generally put at 30 to 40 millions. There are no statistics of believers Recent data from anti-religious sources show, however, that this estimate is by no means Alexander Solzhenitsyn's recent Lenten Letter criticising the passivity of the Russian Orthodox leadership, the Lithuanian Catholics' petition to Mr Brezhnev and to the UN, and a number of other, similar documents to have reached the West all point to renewed stirrings within the Churches in the Soviet Union. Although their impact cannot yet be properly assessed, Russian believers who read Solzhenitsyn's Letter are likely to react in one of two ways. In nt, the Soviet writer accuses the' leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church of too passively accepting a state of affairs in which it is "dicta-tonally ruled by atheists." Some believers will rejoice that a man of such prestige now lends his support to those inside the Church, and on the fringes, who for the last few years have been questioning the official line of the Moscow Patriarchate.

Others the majority, judging from previous reactions to criticism of this kind will find themselves in two minds. Risks On the one hand, few among them would not be happy to see their leaders show more boldness in their dealings with the State. On the other hand, they would ponder over the risks which such boldness might entail not for the individuals concerned, but for a relationship which at least enables the Church "to make her presence felt within Soviet oeiet It is true that, in a few- c.ies at least, even during the period of 1959-1964, firmness on the part of one or other Church leader paid off. The situation necr was uniform throughout the country. Much always denended on the cnerg ind skill of the local bishop and on The architect of the present Soviet policy towards Bonn was essentially Mr Brezhnev, and if Bonn failed to ratify the treaties his opponents would get the upper hand.

Another possible con In a report delivered in November of that year he spoke of 70 to 75 per cent women (the latest estimates quoted put the figure at 80-85 per cent). As to age. he put forward the figure of 70 per cent people over 40 among the believers, thus acknowledging quite a substantial proportion of believers in their youth or their prime. Accent In any case, one of the main accents in anti-religious propaganda today is placed significantly on the question of youth and religion. A conference was convened in Moscow last June by the Central Committee of the Komsomol the Communist Youth and the Knowledge society (formerly Society for the propagation of political and scientific knowledge," set up after the war), specially to discuss this issue.

At this, the main speaker V. Zhitenev, a Secretary of the Komsomol stressed Sometimes, even among the atheists one hears that religion does not exert any influence upon the growing generation. Facts show the opposite to be true." Various such facts were referred to at the conference, and the Soviet press has returned on many occasions to the subject Some of the instances in particular concern Lobovik, and V. Tancher, the first a former teacher at a seminary with a degree in theology whose apostasy created some hubbub in 1957 attempted recently to draw more general conclusions from rhe fieldwork done. In their book The Contemporary Believer," published in 1970.

they put the proportion of believers (including all denominations) at 15 to 20 per cent of the adult population of the country. Of course, the situation varies from one area to another. Thus, for one of the Soviet Republics Byelorussia the three authors mention figures arrived at by other researchers: 16 per cent in the towns and 39 per cent in the villages. Taking the region of Orel, in Central Russia, they speak of 23 to 33 per cent in the villages. A survey in the Voronezh region, also Central Russia, has provided the following interesting figures Out of 46.820 adults interviewed in 73 villages and eight towns, 35.052 proclaimed themselves non-rehgious." 6.110 "hesitant." and 5.678 believers (12.1 per cent).

Who are the believers Here some information was provided as earlv as 1963 by Leonid Ilvichev, the party secretary who led the offensive against the Church under Khrushchev (and more recent available information does not point to significant alterations in the pattern). whether the local representative of the Council for Religious Affairs was comparatively open-minded or adhered strictly to the law. But the official policy of the Patriarchate has been to avoid direct clashes with the State This is the price of being able to maintain Church structures, preserve worship and preaching in those churches which remain open, cont'nue to train new generations of priests and retain valuable ecumenical contacts. Henee the necessity for Church leaders to plav the game." with all this implies. Nothing has changed in that policy since the election of Patriarch Pimen 10 months ago.

The status quo tacitly accepted by both sides after the storm of the last years of Khrushchev's voluntarism remains in force. The Church has been gien back only a small part of what i- lost dunns that period But at least it has been able to breathe more freely and to gather some new strength, as have individual beluners It would be vain to speculate whether it can obtain more al the present moment A new-development in the attitude of the Stnte within the last w-dr does not encourage optimism This is the reactivation of anti-religious propaganda heralded more specifically bv a leading article in Pravci'a on ugust IS the first of its kind for several years outlining a num OBITUARY Cabinet considers Smith propaganda Enemy of Soviet expansionism fortnight time well determine the fate of the treaties in the Bundestag next month. In a debate in the Bundestag at the end of February, the former Christian Democratic Foreign Minister, Dr SchrOder, whose opinions still command rpsnppt sairl Hip failure of the treaties would be a disaster only for the Government which concluded them. He was corv vinced that the interests of Germany would be better guaranteed without them. mis view contrasts com- plcirlv with that of the Federal Chancellor.

Hcrr Brandt, and other who have been Pdmtmg the blackest picture of the consequences of failure. The truth is that neither side This view contrasts com roam know, what will happen. and in both mows there is a fair desree of exaggeration The Chn-tian Democrats arc- whittling in the dark to give them- Ciili (i; nnnnn lioVitlu IPCS defiantlv as he hour of decision approaches) Meanwhile the Government is canvassing for support in can Baden-U urttemberg and also perhaps hoping to win over a few waverers from the voting for ratification or to abstain? But there is no real sign of a Roy Jenkins in the Opposition here as yet. i Government sources have been putting around the story that the direct consequence of failure would be a return of the cold war. irvolvins a freeze of infomatmnai relations risht a.r.e tho hnarrt anH thp cer- tainty of constant tension over Berlin The four-Power Berlin agree ment would not take effect: there would De no European security conference: the SALi talks would be abandoned and there would be no serious discussions on disarmament.

Thev point out that there was never "a unanimous view in the Kremlin about the policy to be adopted towards Bonn. Some members of the Soviet leader- ship would have preferred a tougher line and would not. for instance, have applied pressure on Kast Germans to make concessi-ins on Berlin, such as permuting visns uy i Berliners tn East Berlin and Ea-t Germany and facilitate tian-nort between West and Berlin VJlllL-15. i is a.sui Professor Addis Ababa. April 9 A British professor of hiv tun and an American sociology lecturer are to be expelled from Ethiopia because of involvement in local student activities, a -pnkesman for the British Enibassv said here today The tuu Mf Patrick Gilkes.

whose home is near Yeovil, and Miss Mara l.arsen of San Mateo. California, will he expelled on Tuesdav The two were detained by Ethiopian security police On March 25. They were allowed to have communication with their won nave p.eie.u Canberra. April 9 A report by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs on documents alleged to have been stolen from the Rhodesian information centre in Sydney will go before the federal Cabinet on Tuesday, informed sources said here toda. The Prime Minister, Mr McMahon.

and the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr Bowen, are believed to have received copies of the report. Government sources said today that Mr Bowen and Mr McMahon would certainly confer before the report goes to the Cabinet. The documents were handed over to the department in Canberra last week bv the Australian Broadcasting Commission. The Foreign Affairs Department's report contains an assessment of docu Surveys For some years one of the interesting featureo of the work of specialists in scientific atheism has been the increasing importance attached to sociological surveys (after the official rehabilitation of sociology as a science a quality often denied to it in Stalin's times). The sampling methods applied by Soviet researchers do not yet alwajs offer a complete guarantee of reliability.

Nevertheless, in the published results of survejs one finds interesting material Most of the time it does not extend bevond the limits of one or other region But three researchers from Kiev ments said to indicate that films and other propaganda material from Rhodesia were illegally imported into Australia. The information attach at the South African Embassy, Mr John Lotter, is named in the papers The closure of the Rhodesian information centre and the withdrawal of Mr Lotter's diplomatic recognition are believed to be two possibilities to be discussed by the Cabinet. The recently appointed South African Ambassador to Australia. Mr John Mills, has issued a public statement denying that the embassy or any of its staff have acted improperly. The documents are still being studied by the Department of Customs and Excise, and the federal Treasury might also stud them to see if the centre is liable for taxation Reuter.

We frankly shudder to think of the fun Mr Davis is going to have dreaming up a I report on his visit to the i country that wouldn't let him i The Rhodesia Herald said 1 This ban could make Rhodesia the laughing stock of the world." 'Madness' A report in toda's Sunday Mail quotes a "usually reliable, as saying the I Rhodesian Government thought i the ban was "an act of total madness but said that it had been taken by some junior official I How er. Mr van der Bj 1 defended the action to farmers at the Rhodesian national ploughing championships in Raffinnora. He said that in recent ears, Punch had been openly and viciously hostile to Rhodesia and everything that we believe in and stand for." on thp nroblem Mr James Byrnes, a former US Secretary of State, died at Columbia, South Carolina, yesterday. He was 93. Mr Byrnes served as Secretary of State under President Harry Truman from July 3, 1945, until January 1947, when he was succeeded by General George Marshall.

Mr Byrnes, for many years a leading figure in United States politics Senator, Governor, member of the Supreme Court, Secretary of State was born at Old Charlton. South Carolina, in 1879 Leaving school at 14, he became an expert shorthand writer, got his start as a court reporter, and studied lew. He was a barrister at 24, and in 1910 was elected to Congress. He rose rapidly, and when the United States entered the First World War was a member of the small Appropriations Committee which had the spending of enormous sums for war purposes. In 1930 Byrnes was elected to the Senate, where he served for 12 years.

He was of the Southern group which backed Roosevelt, and in Washington during the first New Deal period was of great value to the President in smoothing over difficulties, persuading party rebels, and keeping reluctant Southerners loyal to the New Deal. He quickly realised the menace of the Nazis, and stood for full military preparedness, for repeal of the Neutrality Acts, and generous aid to Britain. In 1941 he was appointed to the bench of the L'S Supreme Court but resigned in order to head the office of War Stabilisation, later becoming Director of War Mobilisation. This position gave him wyler powers and he was looked upon as the Deputy-President He was Roosevelt's first choice for the Vice-Presidency, in 1944, when the hostility of the Labour Rhodesia gives Punch line From PETER NIESEWAND, Salisbury, April 9 sequence ot failure, again according to Government Quarters. is that West Germany's allies would simply pursue their own Ostpolitik without Bonn's participation The current negotiations between 'he two German states for a traffic agreement would break down negotiations for tne so-called general treat governing future between f.ast and Germany would not be started, international statu of Germanv would be raiieo.

rrj iif nvt vea, many neutral countries but also snmp e-tern states would appoint ambassadors to Ean Berlin Some Opposition politician- anfi lew is occasional suDnorted in Western allien nuarters. consider that the dt. rejection of the treatles ould Jbe unlikely to effect the implementation of the Berlin agreement Admittedly Moscow- has said that the agreement wi not be signed until after ratification, but Moscow overriding aiir v- to bring about a European security conference, and tne te that serious pre. "ltio' cannot take Bern ment 1S slg" thle nn Moscow hopes that this con terence will consolidate the Soviet Union's position in Europe. free to tackle more Dressins problems in Asia and result in closer economic with the west sn imDOrtam to th it rriiht well not 0Verman cussedness f' them 1 fruJ 51 raf Although the topic of th.

treaties predominant here there is evidence enough Moscow and Washington have he prmrities. It was notahl' that the main part of Mr Brezhnevs recent major t-peem was aevoteo to super-puwvi reat10n including President Nixon's visit to China, and that the question of Moscow-Bonn relations was "iven secondary attention. Similarly. Christian Democrats sav President Nixon mnrp expelled embassies but were not allowed visits from friends. Miss Larsen is lecturer in sociology at Addis Ababa university.

Mr Gilkes was formerly a member of the history faculty at the university, but has since been privately engaged in research into the Ethiopian svstem of land tenure. The British Consul, Mr Ft Robinson, and the American Consul. Mr Edward Marcott, saw Gilkes and Miss Larsen yesterday and informed them of the decision that they should be expelled. Reuter. DEATHS (continued) CANIUTT.

On April 6. 1972. In hotpltai. AVN HAIGH. In her 85th jear.

of 34 Ptne Road. DIdsbur 20. the dearly loed ite of the late Jame R. GARULTt aid tti dearli loved mother of Marjorir. Service and committal at Manchester Crematorium, on Tuesday.

April 1 1 at 3 30 pm No Bovvers, by request. Cortfcg from Lillj white Prnata Chapel 301 Bury Old Road. t'reH-wicb. Telepftone 061773 2749. GOODMAN.

On April 9. 1972. peacefullv. FANNY of 5 Bristol Court. Bury Old Road.

Saltord 7. devoted and lot log rsister of Haic. Leslie, and Jack mourned by her dfar rfatrrs-fn-lavv relatives. nnd friends Corteae will leave from the above addrea this day (Mandas For lime, trlrphone 740 3295 a I tor 10 am. Pnuer evening onls 8 pm ot above addrcs LONSDALE.

On Apnl 7. 197'J peacefully. after a hort Ilmess KATE, in her 88th car. of Langnets Woodgaston Lane Hajliuo 1lanl Hampshire dearW loved wlla of the late Edward unri mother of fclaie (deceased) Edard anl Derrick Cremation flt Chichester 12 30 pm. on Tuesday.

April 11 No fiov.vars Please. load Northend of tht te CharlVt OLDHAM, and aaar Enouier oi joud cur Batty Oldham Fun--al arrangement to bfi announced later inqulrtea to Mesara. Kendal Milne and Mancbeatar. TeJrphona 061 832 3414. OSBORNI.

On April 9. 1972. mid. denH In Sydney Australia DUDLEY dear brother ot Blbby Oltbero Harold. Neville.

Ethel CGoldatoDe). Rica (Gee. end Hilda (Cata). Deeply mourned and aadly ralmd. ROSCOK.

On Aprfj 7. 1972. sod-- inlT. ADA ELIZABETH Cllr. in ber 83 rd rear, of 17 Broadway.

Wonler. beloved ife of the late Eroeat ROSCOE and dear mother of Betty. Service and committal at Orardeta Crematorium. Bolton on Wednaaday. April 12.

2 30 pm No flowxra. by rquet. loqutrfes to Oieetbam Fuoeral Service. orle Telepbona 061-790 2924 SPMMCKH. On hrlday.

April 7. tU7L TERTlUfl SPENCER P. aned 87 eara. of the Old Barn, High Lr Sfoionstoita. near Burnley, rem Hon at Burnley, oo Mondav, at 5 0 pnt No flowm-i or letters please, innmn I Bi-rtv(te nd on.

Puttharri Tel. 71628 715bo biH 1206 DONATIONS to the Canc Reaarch Campaian cm he ent to the Treasurer. Mancbester Committee. 5 Cartoatl Oca. Sunnybank Bury, Laocs Patriarch Pimen.

schoolchildren. and this explains the directives, issued bv the authorities last year, for the intensification of anti-religious instruction in schools. Other examples refer to the participation even of members of the Komsomol in the observation of religious rites, such as baptisms and weddings. The Party authorities are of course especially alarmed by that phenomenon, as they are bv the indifference towards it shown by the mass of Komsomol and even Party members movement made his nomination impossible. But for this he would have been President instead of Truman.

He accompanied Roosevelt to Yalta in 1945, and in July became Trl-man's Secretary of State. The Potsdam conference followed immediately. There Byrnes had his first experience of Soviet policy as expressed by Molotov. which continued without intermission during his 18 months of office. He at once made it clear that the United States must oppose the expanding claims of the USSR.

He could do nothing against the new Russian-Polish frontier, but he resisted the demand for huge reparations in kind and the crippling of German industry. Byrnes's brief term as Secretary of State was crowded with conferences overseas. The The Council of Foreign Ministers was formed at bis suggestion. He worked hard for the peace teaty with Italv and the four lesser Powers, to'Molo-tov's resourceful stubbornness" he opposed in front of patience and good-humour, striving until the end to believe that agreement with Russia was practicable. He retired from the State Department in 1947.

Betty BIythe dies at 78 Hollywood, April 9 Betty BIythe, the tall, silent screen star who created a sensation in 1921 by appearing as the Queen of Sheba dressed onlv in strings of pearls, has died liere at the age of 78 The star of 63 films and 56 talkies including the first version of Rider Haggard's "She Miss BIythe died at the Motion Picture Hospital after a long illness. Reuter. A PERSONAL LOAM frnm tlU tMtliout security Salaried Persons Postal Leant Ltd 175 Regent St London 1. Telephone 01-734 1795. CHARTER AND ECONOMY FLIGHTS to USA.

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lereel: lowest area. Tel. 01-437 4148. 'Racialist' bishop protest From RICHARD WAGNER Johannesburg, April 9 Bishop Hugh Boyle, spiritual leader of the 260,000 Roman Catholics living in and around Johannesburg, has become the subject of an official complaint to the Vatican lodged by churchmen who believe he is causing a serious split between black and white. The critics today accused Bishop Boyle of displaying white racialist attitudes in refining to ratify the appointment of Mr Drake Koka.

a black trade union leader as chairman of the multi-racial executive of the Johannesburg section of the Peace and Justice Association. This association was formed, in line with papal wishes, to oversee the Church's social and welfare work. Because of the row over Mr Koka. however, it has yet to start work. The dissidents who include priests and members of the laity, both black and white have appealed for Vatican intervention to prevent the Bishop from going ahead with the appointment of a committee of his own choosing to replace the elected executive, which resigned when he refused to recognise Mr Koka as chairman.

The protest was sent to the Vatican at the request of the secretary oi the pontfical Peace and Justice Commission, Mgr Joseph Gremillion. who asked for the report in reply to a telegram sent by the Bishop's critics last month. Bishop Boyle, who is 74 and due to retire later this vear, is known as a conservative Mr Vladimir Ledochowski. chairman of the Transvaal Justice and Peace Commission, said today Many of us feel that Bishop Boyle is compromising on social issues because he is petrified that if he upsets the Government he will endanger the success of his charitable works Meanwhile the Afrikaans newspaper Rapport published a letter today which claimed that a group of 37 while South Africans were responsible for a recent train derailment in which 38 non-whites were killed. Karume also set out to destroy the economic dominance that had been enjoyed by the Arab and Asian traders at the expense of the African peasants.

He nationalised the import and export trade, and by restricting permits virtually abolished private commerce on the island, which has little industry. At the same time, his regime greatly increased educational opportunities for the African majority, provided better health care than colonial Governments and, and started new housing projects. In one of his last acts, he announced that the island would have an expensive television system within a year. Its primary use would be educational. He was able to afford these projects of the rising world prices for cloves, which has brought Zanzibar's foreign exchange level up to 28 millions this year.

The key to the succession to Karume may lie in his Afro-Shirazi Party, which in recent years had taken on more importance than the Revolutionary Council in the day-to-day running of the island. The party was responsible, in name at least, for the island's new schools, housing projects, and health clinics. But like the Council, the party is largely unknown to outsiders. Washington Post. Chinese aid for Malta Hongkong.

Apnl 9 Mr Mintoff said here today that his recent visit to Peking would enable Malta to set up industries to serve the Chinese market. He described the trip as successful and said an agreement had been reached in Peking but did not give any details. Mr Mintoff told correspondents that he had gone to Peking to learn at first hand Chinese views on the world -ltiidtion. particularly their policy in the Mediterranean, and to explore the vast Chinese market for Maltese products. Malta was determined to industrialise as rapidly as possible so that Us economy would be self-sustaining when the recently-concluded agreement for leasing bases on the island to Britain expired in seven years' time.

With the knowledge we hae gained and the contacts and arrangements have made for the future it is posible for Maltese people to put un industries which will ere the ver important Chinese market." he added. He an agreement had been reached which would be made known when had been worked out But when aked if an overall agreement had been signed he hesitated and then said Let's sav there is an agreement." Chinese assistance to Malta would be without strings, he declared. Mr Mintoff said he had discovered that the Chinese Government had no axe to grind in the Mediterranean. They have no intention at all of establishing military bases or any bases of an agres-sive character." he said. Not only do they have no interest but they oppose big powers who have the intention to do so Mr Mintoff said a Chinese embassy would be set up in Malta verv soon-Peking's official newspaper.

People's Daily, has claimed that the struggle between the United States and Russia for control of the Mediterranean was the cause of tension in the area, the New China News Agency reported today. Reuter. Power Sheikh Abeid Karume's autocratic rule over Zanzibar has ended as it began eight years ago swiftly, shrouded in uncertainty, and stained by violence. The assassination of Karume, who was believed to have been fi6 vears old. may produce a protracted power struggle within the Revolutionary Council that rules Zanzibar with its own version of radical African socialism.

The killing follows recent reports of deep discontent within the 3.000-man Zanzibar Army over food shortages and lack of salary increases for officers. In February. Karume ousted the two most Left-wing members of the Revolutionary Council. But the most opposition to him has always come from his Right, from those who have been hurt economically by the radical policies of the island, which is the world's largest supplier of cloves. There is no clear successor to Karume, who was President of the Council.

The results of any power struggle will probably remain unclear for some time since so little is known about the 13 or so other members of the Council, who remained in Karume's shadow while he transformed the bloody 1964 African revolution against an irh rlf into nnp-man rule that alternated between populism and despotism. f.tO tr lla Announcrmrnts. aaaenticated by tile ntm and permanent address of tfis ndrr iritiy be televhonncl (ub9criber9 only) or sent to The Guardian at 21 Mm Street. London WCIN 2BS iul. 01-SS7 7011).

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after Karume Rhodesia's Minister ot Information, Immigration, and Tourism, Mr P. K. van der Byl, is not amused by the British magazine, Punch. It is, he said, a vitriolic, left-wing political journal with very little humour except of a rather debased sort." It is apparently. also dangerous to white well-being for the Minister accused Punch of "undermining public-morale." Mr van der Byl was defending the banning from Rhodesia of William Davis, editor of Punch, who had planned to come here after a visit to South Africa.

Rhodesia's newspapers hae attacked the ban. The Sunday Mail commented "Like a trembling virgin fearing the approach of a satyr, the Minister of Immigration has slammed and bolted the door against yet another dis-inguished commentator. struggle From JIM HOAGLAND, This uncertainty and the violent way in which Karume was removed from office, will temper the relief that Karume's passing might otherwise have produced on the mainland of Tanzania Zanzibar and its sister island of Pemba are 25 miles offshore. The islands" total population is 350,000. compared with 13 million on the Tanzanian mainland.

Karume'': crude racial outburst against the Arab and Asian traders of th. inland, hi forcing teenage Arab girls to marry elderlv members of the Revolutionary Council, and his penchant for executing political opponents. have deeply embarassed Tanzania's President. Nyerere, in recent years Karume was also one of China's staunchest allies in Africa. He accepted a lot of military and economic aid from Peking soon after taking power, and assailed Western countries as imperialistic.

China has around 300 military advisers and technicians on Zanzibar. There are no indications that any members of the Revolutionary Council who might succeed Karume would be less enthusiastic about the Chinese, or more favourable towards the West, or to strenathening ties with the mainland. Karume's peculiar style of speaking Swahili added some in DARLING. IK) YOU LO LIVING? Com-Pai Computer Dating love; to Mvfn vou up CorauK Limited. 31.5.

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BIRTHS COSGROVE To GABKIELUh IGayl die Lapidus. and MALCOLM, a durlmq son born on April 8. 1072. brother (or Ben and Danny, and third ennidchild ot Mrs S. P.

Lapldua. 2H5 Proper Avenue Los ngele. tjliiomtd 900Z5 Lntte4 of Atnt II VANS On April 4. 1972. at uwtir-tKhaive Maternltv Hospital, to vowt- (nee Smith).

and LHKLl.i. the precious gift or a on (Ilionias Edward), deo gratiaa. A brother for Alexander end Ictoru Our grateful thinks to the nu-Miiu stall 5 Patterdale Avenue D.in liulmc WILK1NS. ADELF (nee and HODNtY. have stent io In announcing the birth o( their 6rst son oo April 8 1D72 at St Man's Hospital.

Jh Pari. Lane Court. Salford 7. ENGAGEMENT HA RDM AN HI LI Mr and Mrs R. HILL ot lie Hnjal Schools for ma Deal ChertUl" Hulme.

hae pleasure in annouiti inq the gejMmarrt of Ihi-ir JANET LESLEY, to DI RI7K ions, elder son of Mr end Mr. J. VRDMAN, of 8 West rsu Kuad Bremhall. MARRIAGES ELL MCADC Oo April 6. I51ai-i' New KtlpetricV Partsh CTurai, RearsdenV HUGH G.

BELL. MSc TeVfl F.I.E.E.. Of WunMlOW. to BARBARA E. MEADE.

-den. Future address i 0 College Close. Wilmslow. DEATHS liaCASC. On April 6.

1973. tn kO pilal. 1NE CAROYLN. aged 14 veetrs. of 12 HlabaeW.

Parkway. Bramttall. Cheshire. txtovd daaobter of Jean and Bob. dear sbcer of Djvid and Anne, ffemce at Brajn-hall Pan5h Oiuroh.

oa Wedoeadary. April 1 J. at 2 pen. foUowad by conimfttal (private), at the Stockport Crematorluni. Intruirles to Corge Meredith.

Stockport. TelepbOD Obl-480 2065. OOLMAN. Oo, April 7. 1973.

In HowiUl. Maaobeatrr. C.I.DN& nad 84 yara. ot 16 Krnsinqion Gror. ritnperley.

darl bIord Ife of the I at Alfred ItrlaHvM to met at the Manchesfr Crr tortum lor crv and coin-mittil on Tue-lnj April 1 nt 3 41. pm Inouirte to d. Wilkinwn Int Co -Optra a ya FuneraJ Servior Maorbtr 21 ffclcpbooa 881 Addis Ababa, April 9 weight to reports that he was born in the eastern part oi what was the Belgian Congo, around the border with Uganda, and had come to Zanzibar as a stevedore Karume preferred to leave his origins shrouded in mystery. He became an active trade union leader on the island His role in the African uprising that easilv toppled the Arab sultan whom Britain left in power after granting independence to Zanzibar in December. 19R3.

has never been established The bands of men who seized the main armouries on the island and went on to kill perhaps 2.500 Arabs and Asians in the takeover were led at first by John Okello, a Ugandan drifter who styled himself a field marshal and gave incoherent radio speeches announcing the revolution in January. 1964. But Okello was forced to leave the island soon after the Revolutionary Council was formed, and Karume became its unquestioned leader. Vowing that Zanzibar would not hold elections for at least 50 to 60 years, Karume established a police State on the island. Both Zanzibaris and tourists who came less frequently were kept under surveillance, and no one criticised the Revolutionary Council in public.