The Guardian from London, Greater London, England • 7

THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN, SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1938 1 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR PENAL REFORM 8 SB (B) THE CRITICS OF THE ANGLO-ITALIAN RELATIONS The Old Vic Tour Some Criticisms of the New Bill I BORSTAL SENTENCES From our London Stall Fleet Street, Friday. The new Criminal Justice Bill is receiving a certain amount of criticism which will be fully expressed when it is introduced in Parliament. Miss Cicely secretary of the Howard League for Penal Reform, told a "Manchester Guardian representative yesterday that, generally speaking, the league was pleased with the bill. One of the really good things in it was the abolition of sentences of corporal punishment. She hoped someone would introduce an amendment abolishing also the use of corporal punishment for prison offences.

One Very useful Shaving Mirrori in Leather Case. 10'6 Hjl igJLfl Early Mormr flex and plug! 25'- AFRICAN LABOUR Lord Hailey on Penal Sanctions To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, In "An African Survey" recently issued, from the pen of Lord Hailey, we have a work which will rank with Lord Lugard's "Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa" and Buell's "The Native Problem in Africa." is a vast storehouse of information with regard to very many subjects of African custom, administration, and policy. But it is more than a record of facts. It contains also considered opinions on matters which are subjects of controversy. One such is concerned with the application of penal sanctions in enforcing labour contracts.

The Grey-book of the International Labour Office which was issued in connection with the Conference in Geneva last June, says of these penal sanctions that "their application to contracts of employment is repugnant to modern legal conceptions. Opposition to them has become stronger with the development of social legislation which is intended to give more positive expression to the respect due to human dignity. At the same time the use of penal sanctions has been more sharply criticised, so that this question has become one of the most controversial in connection colonial legislation. The report called "The Colonial Empire," issued by the Colonial Office last June (Cmd. 5760) says: "The position at the present time is that such sanctions have been abolished entirely, or almost entirely, from the legislation of the four West African Dependencies.

They still exist in the legislation of all the East African Dependencies. On page 662 of his Survey, dealing with penal sanctions. Lord Hailey writes The necessity for maintaining provisions of this character lies in the absence of the factors which in modern economic conditions normally the relations of employer and employee and the complete disappearance of criminal penalties must await the evolution of social and economic conditions which will replace the sanctions which penalties supply." He does say that the ideal (of civil process instead of penal sanctions) is French Novelty Ashtray in Wood with Chromium-plated figure. Natural Oak Cigarette Box with glass sides. Foreign.

Hand-beaten English Pewter Pint Tankard. Continental Novelty Stand for Paper Serviettes. Hand-carved and painted g- figures. Finest Lead Crystal exquisitely Hand-cut, Foreign. Trinket Tray 32'6 Candlesticks pair 21 Powder Bowl 15'- The Church Assembly Mm PREMIER Lord Nuffield's Rebuke To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, The Prime Minister, by his personal initiative and by his masterly handling of the recent crisis in international affairs, saved us all at the very last moment from the immeasur able catastrophe of a world war.

By so doing he has earned the heartfelt gratitude of all of us. Indeed, it cannot be doubted that the enthusiastic reception which Mr. Chamberlain received from the German people on the occasions of his visits to their country in the course of his persistent pursuit of peace was due to their gratitude for what they knew him to be doing. We are, however, by no means out of the wood yet, and our Prime Minister will need the fullest possible support from all men of goodwill in this country if he is to succeed in bringing to fruition his policy of peace by negotiation. In my opinion.

nothing could be better calculated to prejudice his efforts, and ultimately to bring upon the world the catastrophe from which he has so recently snatched us, than the nagging criticism to which his policy and efforts are being subjected almost daily in the House of Commons, not only by the Opposition but also by a few members of his own nartv. I am no politician, but to me it is little short of a tragedy that in this country during recent years grave questions of foreign policy should have become issues in the party political dog-fight. I plead now for an immediate and salutary change of neart and of. practice, and in so doing I am satisfied that I am voicing the views of the ordinary man in the street throughout the whole country. Let the Oonosition.

together with the malcontents in the Conservative party, stop these tactics. Let them cease criticising the man at the wheel, and let them at the same time stop hurling abuse at those who are controlling the destinies of the States with which the Premier must negotiate if he is to achieve European peace. 1 teei satisfied that the great mass oi people in this country and, indeed, throughout EuroDe wish Mr. Chamberlain God-speed in his efforts to ensure European peace, and thus to save them from destruction and they win not ngntiy iorgive any indivi duals who, for whatever motives, handicap him in achieving his objective Yours, Nuffield. Cowley, Oxford, November 17.

THE GOVERNMENT Is a Patriotic Alternative Possible To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, It is possible to combine intense admiration for Mr. Chamberlain's sincerity of purpose and sympathy for his aims with the most profound mistrust of his methods, and this is. think, the feeling of very many people. In the present circumstances it is, how ever, almost impossible for this distrust to make itself elt in any effectual manner. It is obviously impossible to auer ivir.

unamDeriam's faith in him self and his ideas, or the course of events would have done that long ago aiso, as tnings are, tnere is no con ceivable alternative to the present Government on existing party lines. Conservative is impossible. Liberal nopeiess. iaDour sectional. What is required is a truly National Government giving due weight to all sections of the community, and not a more or less Tory Uovernment with a national label.

Many of those who welcomed, at the time, tne lormation of a National Government were none the less perturbed at its assumption of the name "national." with its imDlication that those who did not support it were anti-national. This implication is probably the greatest asset of the present Government, and anv alter native Government, to have a reasonable cnance of success at the polls, must unfortunately, adopt a name with somewhat similar appeal. Various names might be suggested, but actually there is only one which unwilling though I am to admit it really fits the bill. It is the word patriotic," but not. I hope, to be used with the suggestion that those who do not support it are necessarily unpatriotic.

-National and patriotic have many tnings common, out tney lay the emphasis in different places, and for this reason they do, in fact, exactly express the distinction which I believe many of us are trying to make. The distinction may be subtle, but it is fundamental. The world is suffering from a surfeit of nationalism it is no less sunering irom a lacK ot real patriotism. Nationalism is aggressive, it demands its rights from others patriotism is constructive and makes its greatest demands on its own people. Nationalism looks askance at other nations, patriotism glories in its own particular heritage and welcomes the same spirit in others.

English patriots were stirred by the sufferings and struggles of Garibaldi and Mazzini, for they were patriots too. We welcomed Mussolini as he brought new life and order into post-war Italy, but his ideal of national aggrandisement stirs very different feelings. Livingstone and Shaftesbury were great patriots, they certainly were not nationalists. Nationalism asserts rights, patriotism emphasises duties. Nationalism is opportunist and seeks immediate advantage patriotism has a higher scale of values and trusts that the good of all will eventually prove to be the good of each.

Nationalism tends to pride, patriotism to sacrifice. Nationalism broadly is materialistic, patriotism says "My utmost for the highest" It is this spirit which is so lacking in the world to-day and which we feel is largely lacking in our present Government and its policy. None of us wants war, but we believe that war will never be averted without an emphasis on higher ideals than immediate self-interest or even self-preservation. The Englishman preeminently, whenever he has fought, has always liked to think that he is fighting for an ideal, and without ideals we are lost. The world looks to England now for that same spirit of idealism.

It expects us to be patriotic 'with sympathy and supDort for other patriotic causes too. God grant that it shall not look in vain and that those who believe in this higher conception of that nation, which we call patriotism, will ere long be able to form a Government with that name now but great enough to its as soon as- it has done its. work of rallying to itself the best of which our neonle are canable. Yours. i November-15.

Xa. To the Editor ot the Manchester Guardian Sir, We are now committed to an Anglo-Italian pact which the two Governments have brought into existence by methods which we may suspect. But the people of Italy rejoice in all simplicity at the guarantee which they believe is thereby given that their country will be spared what only, a few blood thirsty fanatics have ever desired war against England. Thanks to this agreement those Italian writers, journalists, and film producers who wish to convey truthful impressions about Britain will be indeed are already better placed for doing so. A few weeks ago I witnessed in a small Italian town an excellent English film about English life.

Its effect on spectators, many of them in 'uniform, must have been to dispose them to appreciation of English wavs The good effect of the diDlomatie agreement in rendering an exchange of artistic and cultural values possible does not depend on the quality of the diplomacy. Could your correspondent wno protests to-day against the Old Vic's Italian tour suggest how harm can possibly result from Italian people being enabled once again to witness products of the English theatre worthily performed? Whoever in Italy values the British contribution to civilisation and hundreds of itanans witn whom the writer has raiuea recent years do so is by this opportunitv enabled without incurring reproof. The few but raucous enemies of our country would be delighted if, two years after economic "sanctions," the Old Vic proceeded to inflict a further little measure of "cultural" sanctions. inose in touch with Italy are already aware that the agreement with England has opened up possibilities, inconceivable a year or two ago, for getting British institutions fairly described and assessed in that country. Meanwhile everv round nf applause gained in Italv for a Shake spearean or other performance by the siioum De regarded as a gain for the unity of European civilisation.

Yours, London, November 18. BOYCOTTING GERMAN GOODS Would It be Wise To the Editor of the' Manchester Guardian Slr 1 fully share the horror indignation of those of your correspondents who have written advocating a boycott of German goods. I would however, beseech them not to allow their hearts to run away with their heads. At this deadly critical moment We must do Snmpthina boycott would be the verv useiui. ior the followine reason would cause the Nazis to JSL- ey revel in the hostility of and welcome it hold thr followers support or non-Nazis.

"A wona: Herr von at th? fural Herr vom Rath 'believes that it is able to delay haired anCe fatl thS blind 5- If new hatre meets us to-aay, tnen a storm of nDalon wlU trough the German 2. The Jews ar But not all Germans are responsible for those torments, nor are they rubbin" it m. As your columns have recentlv viL. opkeepers uuci iu reiuse to sell food to Jews In your columns I also read that Berlin was shocked by the outrages. hit these Germans, and not the pnvileeed Naic provoke resentment, and who would be the first to suffer again 3.

All hostility to Germany, even when justified, strengthens Hitler A correspondent in your paper recentlv affirmed that Hitler had never been so unpopular as he is at present. A boycott would restore his popularity, just is sanctions restored the fast-wanine popularity of Signor Mussolini. Yours o'o i David R. Roberts. Zi.

Belsize Avenue, Hampstead, London, N.W. 3, November THE PERSECUTIONS OF THE JEWS Palestine as a Refuge To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, The Rev. Hubert Wilkinson in his letter to you about the shocking persecutions of the Jews asks, Whatman we do May we indicate what we consider to be one of the most important and practical things that British citizens and organisations can do at this present juncture towards securing a future for these homeless people Great Britain, as the mandatory Power, holds the keys to the gates of Palestine large areas in the Holy Land are waiting to be redeemed by the devotion and energy of the people of the Bible returning to 'their ancient homeland and for hundreds of thousands of Jews in Central and Eastern Europe the hope of obtaining a certificate to enter Palestine is the only thing which gives them the strength to hold out under the weight of political, economic, and racial persecution. Palestine has made the largest single contribution of all the countries of the world towards the settlement of Jewish refugees. From 1933 to 1936 it absorbed in productive work and without any detriment to, indeed to the great benefit of, the country's non-Jewish inhabitants no less than 64 per cent of the total Jewish migration from Europe.

Now is the time for British public opinion to call upon the Government to remove the present artificial restrictions upon Jewish immigration into Palestine and to open wide to the refugees the gates of the Jewish National Home. If all those who at present are expressing in such forcible manner their sympathy for the Jewish people in their time of trial and tribulation will bring pressure to bear not only on their own member of Parliament but also on the Colonial Secretary, a practical sten can be taken which will mean the saving of life. xours, Sec. P. I.

Wigoder, Chairman. Norman M. Jacobs. Hon. Secretary, Zionist Central council oi Manchester and Salford.

139, Cheetham HiTI Road, Man- Chester 8, November 18. THE STIPENDS OF THE No Increase to Keep Pace With of the best things was the recognition ot tne principle that for everyone under tne age ot twenty-one im prisonment should be abolished. The bill says "A court shall not impose imprisonment' on any person under seventeen," except on a certificate of unruliness and depravity, but it gives the Home Secretary the right to abolish imprisonment for everyone under twenty-one by Order in Council. That is important. The most fundamental provision is that giving the Home Jaecretary power to establish State remand centres for persons under twenty-three years of age and to equip them for examination.

Miss Craven thought the centres would provide for sociological, medical, and psychological investigation of the offender, a reform that various organisations have been asking for since 1927. A radical and retrograde provision in the bill requires the conviction of- the offender in courts or summary juris diction before he. is placed on pro bation. At present these courts may place offenders, when found guilty, on probation without proceeding to con viction, and the number of people so dealt with annually is about 20.000. Apart from the legal disabilities disabilities with regard to passports for instance that come with conviction.

the word carries with it in this country a sense of shame and humiliation, it was abolished in juvenile courts in 1933. Magistrates and Borstal Miss Craven is most concerned with the power the bill gives lay magistrates to commit offenders to Borstal that a court of justices without special training, perhaps prejudiced, and possibly aged, may pass sentence involving loss of liberty tor three years at least and in some cases five. We should never dream of giving lay magistrates such power," she said. "It is a terrible inroad on liberty. 1 However good Borstal may be it means the loss of liberty for three years, and to lads of 16 or 17 three years seems an eternity.

Working-class boys and their parents dread Borstal so much that many would prefer a short term of imprisonment Miss Madeleine Symons, president of the juvenile court ait Hammersmith, had spent the day in court and had not had much time t'o study the bill, but said she thought! everyone would be delighted with the much better provision for the medical and psychological examination of prisoners on remand and persons on probation. She was glad that the report of the Departmental Committee on Corporal Punishment had been incorporated in the bill. She was alarmed by the violent change in the whole legal procedure of commitments to Borstal and taking away the protection which people over seventeen had always had from a higher court. Even with that protection judges had from time to time made severe remarks when reversing Borstal sentences. Everyone would be glad to see imprisonment for young offenders abolished, provided there were suitable alternatives.

She was afraid, however, that we might get drastic changes and stronger measures without the proposed new institutions. SWISS GOVERNMENT AND THE PRESS To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, The Manchester Guardian of October 8 contained a note from its Geneva correspondent stating that the Swiss Federal Government dealt its first blow at the liberty of the press. As a staunch Swiss Liberal who always by principle and conviction stood for the cause of freedom in speech and in press, I take exception to this report. It is not the liberty of the press that is at stake in Switzerland but the liberty of using any ill-considered offensive language. It is quite possible to express an opinion straightforward in decent Language and without insults, and every respectable journalist knows it and does it.

The Swiss Federal Government most decidedly affirms that it does by no means intend to interfere with the liberty of the press, but only wants to stop the abuse of this liberty. In fact, the liberty of the press has since long been shamefully abused in this country, especially by extremist papers of the Left and of the Right wing, and it is high time indeed to try some redress. This is not only right, but the duty of our Government, which consists of honest men. and there is no reason to suspect their good faith. Yours.

Paul Roth. Zurich, November 10. THE MANCHESTER BUS SERVICES A Passenger's Complaint To the Editor of the Manchester. Guardian Sir, If the Transport Department cannot improve its bus services in the direction of safety and comfort the public ought to make its voice heard. The speed of the buses is excessive it is detrimental to the nervous system aha certainly dangerous to elderly neonle.

An extra five minutes allowed for, say. a three-mile journey would give great relief, and. I believe, an even cr-pat Pi- relief to the conductors, who already show signs of nervous strain. The public should be allowed more time to board the buses, especially when several people are' entering, as the last one, with only one foot on the platform, is usually, left hanging or staggering when Hold tight is-called. Even if one dees manage safely to enter the bus it is a.

different matter getting to a seat. The gears are changed so badly in a series of jerks that: the passengers as often as not are thrown on to the laps of those already seated, eventually seating tnemseives in a state ox Slower and more careful running would-reduce the wear and tear of the Attractive Gift by Coty. Talcum Powder, Soap and Bath Cubes. Perfumes Gardenia, L'Aimant ct and Muguet. 3 Real Hide Zip Travelling Case for Men.

Ebony oi and Chromium fittings. A I UtUllliiliKi CLERGY Rising Wages in the cost of living. But this did not operate fos the clergy, who were still regarded by their parishioners as persons of wealth. It was impossible to throw the problem back upon the dioceses. It concerned the whole Church at home as a Church.

The Archdeacon of Basingstoke spoke gratefully of the action of the mover, but invited him to withdraw, having ventilated the subject afresh. A national appeal would not be likely to be successful at this juncture. The Central Board of Finance had already a-clergy maintenance fund in backed by moneys received from tithe-payers who had benefited under the-Tithe Act After a few words from the Archbishop of Canterbury explaining that the drafting of the resolution made it impracticable, Mr. Elwig gracefully withdrew it, having earned the gratitude of the whole House. Student Christian Movement The Archbishop of York commended the report of the Student Christian Movement Church of England Committee.

Students withdrawn from home parishes required specially organised work and were often in natural reaction against their seniors. The student world to-day, as distinct from yesterday, was strongly political. Outside the resident universities student churchgoing had almost ceased, but there was great readiness to attend regular courses of study or concentrated missions as recently at Oxford, Bristol, London. Belfast, Cardiff, and Leeds. The Bishop of Manchester seconded.

Speaking as chairman of the Central Council for the Training of the Ministry, he expressed his gratitude to the Student Christian Movement, which had given inspiration to many vocations. In Manchester he was especially grateful for the Church hostels and the S.CJU. in the University. The S.C.M. was interdenominational, not uhdenommationaI and rather favoured definite After the Bishop of Derby had drawn attention to the increased mutual understanding between, clergy and ministers, arising from association with the S.CJrI.

during their student the was carried unanimously. The motion in favour of the appointment of diocesan auditors moved by Canon F. 'J. Edmond (Glossop) wax rejected. The Assembly then concluded its session LIBERALS AND THE JEWS The Liberal National.

Parliamentary party at a private meeting at the Houser of Cc mmons on Thursday prof ound- abhorrence" at the persecution of people in Germany on. racial, religious, or political grounds, -and assured the Prime Minister and the Government eol support of any measures' they may take in conjunction with thelfnited States.and otoer democratic countries. to give immedjat practical help to the victims. Travelling Holdall, contains Bottles for Lotions, Boxes for Powders, Towel, Face -M Cloth and Soap. From an Anglican Correspondent could be a national appeal, and help from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners.

The scandal must be removed. The "Official" View This sympathetic speech was, perhaps, stronger in its presentation of a case than in provision for a solution. The Bishop of St. Edmundsbury, whose knowledge of the resources of the Commissioners and Queen Anne's Bounty is unrivalled, immediately pointed this out. He said that he deprecated overstatements about the poverty of the clergy.

There was no reason why any benefice need ever be under 350 a year, provided that the patron made the advowson unsaleable. The Commissioners had no surplus income unappropriated, and if they had it would go to the clergy. A stipend of 350 a year did not make a man so terribly poor. The clergy were not in hopeless poverty. Moreover, the Commission on Endowments was actually dealing with this very matter.

In the main it had two objects first, to secure a reasonable income from endowments for each benefice, and, secondly, to arrange a sufficient amount of work for each incumbent. The report would soon be ready, but the death of the chairman. Sir George Middleton, had been a grave loss. No Desire for Riches The Bishop's speech may be said to express what may be called the official view, and it was rather coldly received. Canon Berry pointed out that under the pensions measures it was possible to reduce a benefice income to 300 a year and under.

The Bishop of London added the testimony of a warm heart. If the matter were left thus, he said, the Assembly might be misunderstood. In London they raised each income to 380 a year and a house, but it was very difficult. And how were the clergy to educate their boys? They ought not to paint too rosy a picture. The clergy wanted neither riches nor charity, but only a.

sufficient income to enable them to look after their own wives and children. The living hand should give 1 for each 1 contributed by the dead hand. He was glad that in the motion the laity had taken it in hand to give adequate stipends to the clergy. i The Rev. J.

C. Boyd (Bath and Wells) took the discussion into a new field. The Englishman in a difficulty always says something should be done, the Scotsman does something. The clergy can do something to help themselves. In Somerset they had' formed an association for self-help, and deductions can be obtained in rating assessments and income tax.

There is. again, a market for ovcrlarge parsonages. He had sold his' own recently with great advantage to himself. In ten- years their association had saved the clergy 16,000 a year. Mr.

S. J. Bartle. denied that wage increases were dependent upon collets tive bargaining. This was only so in part A stronger factor was the rise one towards which every administra tion should work, but he lends the weight of his great authority in favour of awaiting the evolution of modern economic conditions.

In other words, until we have brought the African labourer to the point where he is largely dependent on wage-earning. If in Kenya we have to work and wait for this consummation the prospect is indeed dismal. The most racent figures give just under twelve hundred convictions under these penal sanctions for the year. The system dominates evilly the whole relationships between employers and employees. Lord Hailey's judgment on this matter must be challenged.

The questionnaire sent to Governments by the International Labour Conference asks if penal sanctions should be replaced by civil process. Abolitionists must endeavour to make it difficult for the Colonial Office to maintain penal sanctions in the face of a critical world. Yours, W. E. Owen, Archdeacon of Kavirondo.

Stocks Green, Hildenborough, Tonbridge, November 16. FAMINE RELIEF IN CHINA Flood and War Victims To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, Under this heading a letter appeared in your issue of September 28, and as a result of that and a private circular I have received and transmitted in full for relief work in Shantung the sum of 132 by cable (without expense to the fund) Writing on October 6, Mr. Harris (who has, succeeded Dr. R. William son in charge of refugee work in Shantung) said The need continues to be great, and I want in this letter to report on our com mittee, held on September 28, when nine of the ten members (five Chinese and Ave foreign) were present.

It was held at Chowtsun. In addition to a considerable sum received as the result of your personal efforts we had a grant of nearly $3,000 from the National Christian Council, representing the Christian Churches of Australia. We also had a most touching gift from a small Baptist Evangelical Mission at Toulouse. The various kinds of relief work now going on, and planned for the coming winter, are as follows 1. The children's refuge at Chowtsun for 100 children from the flooded areas and districts where villages are burnt or work is at a standstill.

2. Relief camp at Peichen for winter and spring. It is planned to have about zou reiugees lor tnree months from three counties. 3. Soup kitchens.

We hope to have four of these in operation for the very hardest part of the winter. 4. Relief for sufferers at Poshan and Chih Chuan, where upwards of 100 villages have been burned. Industries formerly employing many tens of thou sands are now at a standstill. 5.

Relief for Christian families in certain needy areas, where either crops xiuve xauea ur viuuges nave Deen curat. This work applies at present to five districts or Hsiens. 6. Refuge for old people in Tsing-chowfu coming from wide and thickly populated area. This' is a piece of work nlanned for the winter.

The tntal amount in dollars available for use. at the date of your committee was $21,000. and we have ventured to allocate in faith the. sum of $22,900. We hope to receive some more from the ZiOrd Mayor's China Fund, but we cannot be sure of that Since our committee last week further needs have arisen, such as the case of a large village, six miles to the -west of Chowtsun, which is completely burnt down.

Our church secretary has KOne out to-day to investigate conditions. The reason for the burning of this village is in tne nature or a reprisal ior car-bouring irregular troops. Any further sum sent to me will be cabled to Shantung without delay, as" I know; the need is great and becomes more urgent as the winter advances i ours, E. H. Edwards.

Regent's Park Road, London; N.W. London, Friday. The hone that the Assembly would break up to-day with all arrears of motions cleared off, leaving a clean slate for next session, has not been fulfilled. Eight motions stand over. The nroceedings started with the debate carried over from yesterday rm a motion of Canon R.

F. Roberts designed to forward congregational singing. His Grace the Archbishop was invited to nominate a committee "to co-operate with the existing committee of deans and cathedral oreanists in Dromotine a more con gregational use of the canticles and reponses at matins and evensong and in editing Merbecke's setting of the Holy Communion service." The results of their labours were to be minted in a special issue of the Prayer-book and to be commended by the Assembly. The Archbishop of York pertinently inquired the identity of "his Grace the Archbishop," and if titrnorl mi that- tVif -mntiori had originally been framed for the Lower House of the Convocation ot t-anter-bury, where it had been rejected. This was hardly a promising beginning, and it also appeared that a autncnsaiion wouia aepena upuu Convocation and not upon the AnmMv Tfio mattpr was ulti mately dealt with by a reference to the School of iUngiisn unurcn music.

"Reasonable Subsistence" In the absence of Sir Charles Marston, Mr. H. El wig moved a long resolution that whereas the standard of wages in this country has risen greatly during the last twenty years, partly as a result of the adoption of the principle of collective bargaining, and no corresponding increase in the stipends and fees of the clergy generally has taken place, this Assembly respectfully 'requests the Presidents of the Convocations of Canterbury and York to consider the advisability of appointing a joint committee of the two Convocations to formulate some policy to help the clergy towards a reasonable In opening his case, Mr. Elwig said that the need of the clergy was, to-day, greater than ever. He instanced what had been achieved by Methodists and Presbyterians and.

to the Church of England. Conditions and money values. had altered. All other classes had received increased remuneration, and the clergy had no trade union to help them. Nearly 4,000 livings were still under 400 a year, and 773 tinder 20O.

He had no cut and dried remedy. He desired the Convocations to-fonnulate a scheme. Perhaps there gears and would oe thankfully welcomed by all bits users. Yours. Stbachut, Manchester, November 16V.