The Guardian from London, Greater London, England • 10

THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 1939 10 STOP-PRESS NEWS LETTERS TO THE EDITOR THE HALLE CONCERT introduction and juietro for Btiinn (Quartet -and Orenutra), Op. 47 Hear Smphoaj So. 4 In flit. Op. 60 Bwttwien Connrto Mo.

2 in minor. Op. 18. for Pianoforte and Orchestra Rachznininon Overture, "lie Carnaval Kotnrin." Op. 9 Berllox Mr.

Basil Cameron has twice in con I EVACUATION SCHEME MEETING THE COST OF THE WAR AS THE NAZIS SAY IT "Mysterious Mines" From a Special Correspondent London, Sunday. The opinion was expressed in a news broadcast in English from the German short-wave station to-day that Mr. Churchill can hardly feel happy these days." This was because Churchill had to admit- another bold success by a German torpedo" (a reference to the damage sustained by the cruiser Belfast), the alleged scoring of four direct hits on cruisers one of the Aurora class in the North Sea on Saturday, and mercantile casualties in the last seven days. Listeners were told that nine British ships were sunk by submarines, and seventeen British and neutral -ships by British mine warfare." In neutral countries it was said that the phrase going the rounds was "Who steers for Britain steers to death." One announcer mentioned the mysterious damage done by still more mysterious mines." News bulletins throughout the day spoke of the "rising feeling" in neutral countries against Britain's reprisal measure which was "a breach of international law." It was said that the German people have rejoiced at the sinking of a British anti-submarine ship "camouflaged as a Dutch steamer by a German submarine. Such a ruse, it was stated, was an example of mean British naval warfare." Rome's announcer, referring to-night to "the lively reactions" to Britain's proposed reprisal measure, said.

Italy cannot remain indifferent, and her moral position as a Great Power must not suffer." He described last week's sinkings as "a veritable massacre of ships." REBIRTH IN EXILE By Stefan Schimanski Finis Polonias cried Kosciuszko as he broke the sword with which he had defended Cracow. The great national rising had the discovery of the plans had led to a premature raising of the standard of revolt and before six months had passed Russian, Prussian, and Austrian troops were once again masters of the Polish soil. Poland was no more. Kosciuszko, her greatest hero, was a prisoner. Wybicki, only recently returned from exile, sought refuge in Paris again.

Dombrowski, the heroic defender of Warsaw, had to The year 1795 seemed to seal Poland's fate. Her territory was parcelled out; her independence a thing of the past. Poland seemed dead. But Russia and Austria proved conquerors of a nation only, never of its Poland's soul lived on, tenaciously and stubbornly, first underground in Poland itself, in Cracow and Lwow, later openly, though in exile, in centres like Paris and Venice. The oppression in their own country was too ruthless and the danger too great to hope for victory from within.

If Poland was to rise again new life and blood had to come from outside her borders. One by one Polish patriots left the country that was no longer theirs to shape the future of their fatherland in voluntary exile. Wybicki and Kochanbwsky were followed in 1796 by Dombrowski. Dombrowski's dream was the formation of a Polish legion which would fight their way across the whole of Europe to liberate their own country. But according to Republican law in France no foreigners were allowed to serve with the French colours, and the Directoire therefore advised him to go to Milan to offer his services to the newly created Cisalpine Republic.

By an agreement with the provisional Government two Polish legions were formed in Italy. Dombrowski's dream had come true. The first stone of a new Poland had been laid. Once again the Polish uniform was to be worn together with the French cockade with the words Liberators of the World written on it- But the fundamental importance of this legion does not lie in the fact that they fought numerous battles alongside their prospective saviours that they bore the brunt of the fighting without ever receiving the reward they had been promised; that they proved time and again their courage and their heroism. The real importance lies in the fact that a handful of people they numbered 6,000, recruited from all classes of exiles, by March, 1797, when the death penalty was imposed on anyone joining the legion began to inspire new hope in the struggle for their country; they showed that nothing short of death could annihilate the Polish spirit they roused the feelings of all liberty-loving nations 'and stirred the hearts of Poles all over the world.

From all parts of the globe the exiles returned to take up again the fight so tragically ended. Kosciuszko, greatest of them all, recovered his strength and left America for Paris. Hand in hand with this spiritual resurrection went the revival of Polish culture and Polish national life. Dombrowski exhorted his men to work, to study, and to absorb every aspect of civilisation so that they might bring back one day to their own fatherland all they had learned in exile. Like the French Revolution, this period produced an enormous amount of literature.

Most of the songs were anonymous, often without form or stvle but full of NAZI BRUTAtlTX TO CZECHS Reports ot Nazi brutality to Czechs continue to be circulated. The Paris wireless says that according to detailed reports 1,200 Czech students were arrested in Prague University and taken to the -Prague Aerodrome, where tenth student was shot by people in the uniforms of German The others were taken to a concentration camp. After the uprising had, been quelled, says the wireless report, Hitler summoned the Minister of the "Protectorate," M. Chvalkovsky, to Berlin and told him that he regretted not to have razed Prague to the earth as so much costly German blocd had been spilt there. British steamer Stangate is reported to have been badly damaged in collision off south-east coast last night.

Efforts are "being made to beach her. WESTMACOTTS SODA-WATER tuU of aparlcle and lor. All Hotel. Cfcemlmi Orocere. ECZEMA, ULCERS, Skin Troubles.

Cured by MC Ointment. 2- at WZETiLACOTT'8. BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS Announcements in this column are charged aft the rata oi is. ta. ptr suit.

i Minimum iwo-imea-i All such announcements must fie authenticated tar tb name ana aaaress oz uu tenner, -ana an vie caso "Engagements" fcy the of both parties, atamps or postal orders may ba seat In jjajjaent. BIRTHS DEACON. On November 24, at Usbum Houu NurainB Borne. Stockport, to ANN, wife of W. Q.

DBAOON, a daughter. THOMAS. On Hovemler 22, at High Leah. Cheshire, Mr. and Mrs.

TERENCE THOMAS "welcomed daughter. ENGAGEMENTS DIMOGK LEIGH. The engagement wMm. between ROBERT, aon at- the late Mr. J.

O. DIUOCK, oi Denney Abbey. -Watertgeaeh, Cambridgeshire, and Mrs. E. O.

Wright, ol Belmont Head, Belcate. Surrey, and BETTST, anungeat daughter ot Ueut. Colonel and Mri. T. H.

ieioh, of Holly Bough, Otielwood Gate. Suasex. R08C0E BLEACKLEY. The engagement 1 announced between NORMAN EDGAR, only son of Mr. and Mrs.

E. KOSDOE, of Sale. Cheshire, to JOYCE ELVIRA, daughter of Mr. and Ura. A.

V. BLEACKLEY. ol Brooklanda, Cheshire. FORTHCOMING MARRIAGE NEWBV DRIVER. The marriage arranged between Second Lieutenant T.

B. NEWBST, R.E., ot-Rams-gate, and MURIEL DRIVER, of Yfeitefleld, Will take place t. Leonard's Church. WaUlnfford, erics, on Friday. December at 2 pjn.

MARRIAGES LACKHURfT HAWORTH. On November 23. at Ladybam Chapel, WILLIAM ERIO. elder aon ol Mr. and Mr.

W. BLAOKKTJBST. of Sale. Cbethlta (formerly of Pendleton), to- EUNICE, jounger daughter of Mrs. and tho late Mr, V.

HAWORTH, of fallowfleld R0BSON HNN4. On November 25. 1939. at St. John's, Brooklande.

Second Ueut. WrLLIAM MAXWELL ROBSOtr. B.A.. elder aon of Mr. and Mrs.

WJUiun Rosson. of Linden 'Lea, Brooklands, to CLAIRE CRAIO youngest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Frederic BANNA, of Cralgmore, Brooklands. DEATHS BARIER.

On November at 43. Peel Street, Bccles. THOMAS- (Tom), beloved husband of Lillian BARBER. xiuierai arrangements isiei. BEARDS On November 25.

JAMES ALBERT, beloved husband ol the late Harriet BEARDS ALL. aged 77 years, of 10. Green Bank Avenue. Oatley. and ot Jesse Broad and old Traflord.

Interment at FUxton Chorea on Wednesday at 2 V.m. Inquiries Frank Fearce. 'Ph. URMstaa 2321. EARDSALL.

We greatly regret to announce that Mr. J. A. BEARDS ALL, director, late chairman and manager, and for 61 years member of the company, passed peacefully avay In his 78th year. In a nursing iiome, at midnight on Friday.

November 24. Jesse Brosd end Old Tritford, Manchester. CAHR. On November 24. at 9'.

Crass Boad, Cborlton-cum-Hardy. -ELLEN CARR' (Nellie), lormerly of Service at the Manchester Crematorium tms day- (Monday) at twelve noon. Inquiries to H. Stevens and Sons, Chorlton. Phone 3074.

CASTLE. On November 25. at South. View, Matley. Stalybrldge, BEATRICE, the elder and dearly beloved daughter of and the lata William CASTLE.

solicitor, of Manchester and Stalybrldge. aged 37 years. Service and Interment Mottram Parish Churcn on Tuesday, Koremfcer 2B, at twelve noon. Inquiries- Shaw Bros, Stalybrlo'ge. Teleshone 2171.

DEWES. On November' 23, 1939, at Harchwood. Malvern. SOPHIA, second daughter of -Thomas and 6oyhla DEWES. of Coventry, la.

her 99th year. FOXTON. On November- 26. 1939, at. 42, Lancaster Road.

(Nurse). H.JF.' rSSSm Mass at St. Kentlcem's Church, Hart Road. Fallow-field, at 9 a.m. Thursday, interment same day at 2 30 pa at Southern Cemetery.

HESKETH. On November 23. at Ashbourne. Anlaby Hull. CHARLOTTE LOUISA, widow oi William Thomas HESKETH, In her 88th year.

HIBsERT. On November 24, as the result of motor accident, AUDRIE. the darling wife of Pilot Officer John E. HIBBERT, R.A.F.. and dearly loved daughter of Mr.

and Mrs. J. E. Pontefraet. Inter! ment Parish Church; Chapel-en-Ie-Frlth, 11 30 a.m.

on Tuesday, Sov ember 28. LEE. On November 24. at-his residence, 20a. Fort-land Street, Soathport.

JOHN HOLT, the beloved husband of Elbelrneda LKE. Requiem Mass at St Joseph's Church. Blrkdale, this day (Monday) at ten o'clock, followed by Interment nt Soathport Ceme-Ster then Southport, by no i November 25. at 12. Sanvlno Southport, ALEXANDER RENTON NETLL (formerly of Prestwich.

Manchester). Servlceat Manchester Crematorium on Wednesday next at Suiporflioi FERRY. On November 24, at 119. Seymour Orove uffering, patiently borne! ADA. the dearly beloved wife of William PERR? of EmlthfleM aged 53 years.

'AtiSt: Interment Wednesday at. Stratford Cemetery at i S- Hesketh and Sm. Stretford Road. Tel. Central 6874.

HssOFEn On November' 24, at 1O0. Bibtry Southport, JANE, second- daughter of- ttv Benjamin A. REDFBRN. of In lit, year. Interment at St.

Peter's, -Blaekley, at noon on Tuesday. No Sowers? RILEY. On November 23. "it Chatsworlh St. itanenm-Sea.

MARGARET ALICE, beloved wife ofTOomss Sharpies RILEY, ared 76? years. In. terment this day (Monday) at Park Cemetery. latter servlee at Congregational Church, fit. Annes, at' twelve -noon.

TevEM. Suddenly, as the' result of an operatlonl a1Z! ra-AMET; eldest son of Marshall and Looisa Blarney STEVENS' and husband of Phoebe tL Stevens. Spatti Lodge, Dldsbury. WtLCOX. Qn November CHARLES E.

S. wxixxxr. beloved husband of Laura WILCOX, of 18 Queen's actd 59 year. Inter, ment at tfrmston Cemetery 'on Wednesday at 3 30 p.m. Inquiries Frank Pearce.

Ph. -TJKMston 2321. IN MaMOKlAItf LrrTLE' To the memory of my" beloved husband. TMVffi president ot the Ophthalmologics! Society ot Great -Britain at the time of his death. NICHOLSON.

Treasured memories -of BUInx. Father and -Mother. STOREY. In treasured memory of STUART, the dearly beloved eltfcst son of Mr. -and Mrs.

3. Bennett STOREY. Altrlnehsm. who cjcdden tally killed an No- nber 27. 1929.

c--. Economists and To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, In reply to Mr. Peacock's letter I should like to make the following observations 1. Teachers of economics at Man chester have not infrequently, in peace-time, disagreed with policies proposed by Mr. Keynes that is no reason why when they find themselves in wholehearted agreement with him they should not say so.

2. There is no question of singling out any section of the community for 'exceptional and artificial treatment." If the savings of the workers are to be rewarded by interest at 2J per cent the savings of other classes should not receive any higher interest than this. 3. "Equality of sacrifice" is a nebulous phrase. I should prefer to say, with Professor Pigou, that whereas such equality may be an ideal to aim at in times of peace: in war-time the right principle is that each should contribute not an equal share but his utmost.

To speak of the theory of economic interest in war-time seems to me wrong. 4. Mr. Peacock appears to think that so long as the Government gets the money the source from which it comes is a matter of indifference it must be insisted that it is the quality of savings no less than the quantity that matters. The purpose of savins is that the Government may obtain the goods and services that we should otherwise have consumed.

If a man saves by dispensing with the services of a governess for his children or by ceasing to pay a pension to an ex-employee, there is released for taovernment use the service of a governess or that of an old-age pensioner. If he saves by refraining from buying a new wireless set or a vacuum cleaner the labour, material, and plant can be used for purposes directly useful in the conduct of war. It so happens that much of the expenditure of the wage-earners is of the second type, and this is the reason why Mr. Keynes and others rightly stress the importance of economy on the part of the workers. That is not to say that curtailment of expenditure by the relatively rich is unnecessary.

Far from it. But the number of wage-earners is so great that their co-operation is essential to a maximum effort. If the problem were one merely of raising money it could easily be solved; as it is, it is a problem of obtaining resources, and the hard facts of the situation are that these can be obtained in sufficient quantities only if economy is generalised. No one would ask that anyone should save at the expense of health or efficiency beyond that limit there are few who cannot make a contribution. 5.

It must be emphasised that the workers, like the rest of us, are not asked to forgo but only to defer unnecessary expenditure until after the war. The real resources needed now must be obtained by one method or another a war cannot be fought with future supplies. Apart from the dislocation which results from war, the burden on the future consists of the annual transfer of income from the taxpayer to the bondholder this will give rise to less friction if the two do not belong to different social classes. The democratisation of bond-holding is not the least of the merits of Mr. Keynes's scheme.

If, as THE MENTALITY OF GERMANY'S RULERS An Austrian's Diagnosis To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, Being an Austrian refugee 1 may perhaps be able to explain the peculiar German mentality which lies at the bottom of all the unrest which has prevailed in Europe since 1914. It was the imperialistic mentality of the ruling classes of Prussia before 1914 which was the principal reason for the outbreak of the Great War. In 1939 it is again a ruling minority which has brought about the disaster, but this time it consists of a different class of people. The upper classes of former times having nearly disappeared, the prominent leaders of the Nazi Dartv. as well as its most ardent adherents, nearly au oeiong to tne lower middle class.

When they talk about Germany having not enough living space it really means that Germany otters not enough opportunity for all those who want to become professional men, company managers, and high State officials. Whereas Germany has to import manual labourers from Italy and Poland, there are far too many middle-class people striving for the so-called better jobs. Their hatred against this country is genuine envy for the opportunities which the British Emnire offers to ambitious young men in Great Britain ana wmcn tney probably overestimate and they canuot understand why Great Britain will not allow them to build a sort of German "Empire" in Eastern Europe. They either do not know or do not wish to know (a) that Britain gives self-government to those parts of its Empire which have attained a certain caoabilitv to eovern thnlws (b) that it is impossible to compare the native population oi Alrica witn mgnly civilised European nations, such as Poles and Czechs, and (c) that Great Britain and -France are striving to promote the welfare of the native races, which cannot be said of German rule in Poland and Czecho-Slovakia. But it is only a minority which has these ambitious dreams.

The German workmen and peasants do not care a bit about Empire-building, which would serve none of their purposes. Therefore, if a repetition of this war twenty years hence is to be avoided, it will be necessary to hand over the enwrnmmt nf Germany to the peace-loving masses of ji pujjuiauon ana to convince tne imperialist minority once and for all that Germans, notwithstanding their good qualities and many of their achievements in, modern civilisation, are unfit to eovern nthPT- nwnin Thii tisc been proved as wen by their treatment Si ereros in south-west Africa at the beginning of this century as -by iucu uiauaer ox nanaung Jews, czeens. and Poles. Yours, An Austrian Refugee. London, November 23.

For carrying a miner's pit lamp unscreened in a pit yard during the black-out a miner ordered to pay costs at Doncaster. It was said that the lamp couia be seen Half -a mil? away. the Keynes Plan I should urge, it were associated with more liberal allowances to the dependents of men in the forces and other measures to raise the standard of life of the poor after the war, we should have made a substantial step towards a society in which wealth was less unequally distributed and privilege less glaring than to-day. Yours, T. S.

ASHTON. Department of Economics, the University, Manchester, 13, November 24. The Real Financial Problem To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, Perhaps the importance of the subject may be sufficient reason for treating Mr. Peacock's letter as a means for bringing out the points at issue in Mr. Keynes's scheme.

As first suggested, the scheme may indeed be inequitable as between household and household. Mr. Keynes, I imagine, was considering how the total deduction from income (tax and savings levy) should increase as income increases, and it mav be that the proportionate amount of income to be sequestered as savings (which, after all, is the additional sacrifice) is unduly low in the higher brackets. As is so often the case, justice is dimcuit to recognise. Again, as Mr.

Peacock suggests, it may be wise to give small savers a higher interest rate. If interest on forced savings is to be taxed and this question and the appropriate rate of tax to charge are points well worth discussion then that is done automatically but, in any case, the scheme could easily be made" to provide for the navment of bonuses to the savings of smaller amounts. Mr. Peacock is entirely right to insist on equitable treatment. but only after the pooling of ideas can equity be achieved.

What needs emphasising strongly is the fact that the financial problem is not that of obtaining money for tne btate but ot curtailing expendi ture by individuals. As we know from past experience, doing the former does not smoothly achieve the latter. Money can be obtained by voluntary methods, as it was in the last war through the assistance of the banks, but financing based upon an expansion" of the amount of money is likely to lead to inflation. And it is this, which can only be ensured by restricting spending out ot income, which must be avoided if necessary, by compulsory methods. Compulsion is a second best but we accept it freely when the alterna- fives are unsatisfactory.

In rationing ano conscription we welcome it: in marketing schemes and industrial control we seem not to be afraid of it There is no point in conjuring up bogies to frighten ourselves. Conscription of wealth may be good if designed to a good end and equitably arranged; a capital levy did not frighten the Colwyn Committee and may prove at some later date a useful instrument of finance. After all, war is not a picnic, and people at home must not shirk sacrifices which, compared with the sacrifice of one's life are not so hard to bear. Yours. Jack Stafford.

Department of Economics, the University, Manchester 13, November 24. OLD DIALECT WORDS To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, In his interesting article to-day T. refers to a use of the word "bishop" for pinafore. Quite 55 years ago, as a very junior assistant behind a drapery counter in the town of Bury, I was much bewildered on being asked for a yard and a haafe o' brown lin for a workin'' bishop." A more experienced assistant informed me that what was required was It yards of 40-inch unbleached flaxen, with which women weavers made wide aprons tor use at their work. I frequently heard the word bishop uaeu in mis sense auerwaras.

Yours, p. H. D. 23. To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir.

T. second nnfa nn Lancashire dialect words refers to a Scandinavian survival in the use of the word attercron isrjinVr'). Wrinhf in his English Dialect Dictionarv. otvcioA cAouiiucs uiusuaiuig xne use 01 the word, but does not, I think, adduce any Scandinavian parallels. The aweaisn word lor spider is spindel," but the "crop" is found in "murkry-paren (spider-catcher) and in krvn (insect probably associated with the yerD "to Most of the L.ancasrnre uses of the word have crap or with an which might suggest some remote Scandinavian form.

But there is one curious feature about attercrop." The Anglo-Saxon was "attorcoppe" (without the which has a parallel in the Flemish "spinnekop," and the "kop" or (surviving in Would annear tn Via Montinal with -tv, Welsh pryf copyn." Does this suggest the derivai of "coppe" and "copyn" from some pre-Germanic Celtic stem or IS the Welsh vmrA rtorivori frnir. 1Vi Anglo-Saxon, which would be a rather uausuai procedure Yours. Geraint V. Jones. 2, Milton Place, Halifax, November 23.

To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, The verb fto hill" referred to byJ T- I seems to be disappearing with the passing away of the older folk. Years ago I used to hear it. most commonly, in the negative form "She comes unhilt in the night," and as late as 1931 1 heard a man say, I have it (nay knee)' healed in red flannel." There can be little doubt -that it is a survival of the Anglo-Saxon helan," conceal, cover up; and. as T. surmises, hilling potatoes has more to do with covering them up than with making a hill of them.

It stillsurvives in a few other Plants are' healed or bealed-in when -they are -put-in the soil temporarily on arrival to keep them alive until taey ca be properly dealt with. Another form, of it is the word "helL" meaning originally the. covered or bidden place. I am informed by a native of Devon that the word "hele" is used in the same sense in the West of England. Yours.

Ac. V- Joseph Jones. Howarth Cross, Leigh, Lanca shire, November 23. secutive seasons been called upon by the Halle Concerts to take charge of another conductor's programme at the last minute. Yesterday he again proved his resourcefulness of musicianship and technique he has now a claim to a future concert here in his own right the concert told of the conductor's fine sensibility and a knack of achieving musical ends without harsh driving methods.

Probably some sense of strangeness in an unaccustomed scene interfered for a while with Mr. Cameron's prepared rhythmical plan; he once or twice took some little time to establish an ease'ul tempo. The beginning of the Elgar Introduction was obliged to change gear to get well under way, and the main melody scarcely sung to us with its proper breadth and eloquence. But with the advent of the Allegro suspicions of the tentative or empirical were dispersed, and the work went forward to a thoroughly Elgarian end, though the Halle strings seemed curiously thin for music which ought always to rejoice every fiddler's heart and fingers. The Fourth Symphony of Beethoven is still regarded as rather the Cinderella of the nine in this country; it is, of course, one the most inspired and lovely and joyous of the world's musical masterpieces.

Beethoven here is entirely the artist, the poet, the witty and prodigiously inventivel craftsman. The first movement of the Fourth presents that most trying of con ductor's problems: incessant motion must be arrested suddenly, then the rhythmical course must be spontaneously resumed. with no disturbance or rough emphasis giving a hint of the familiar Beethovenish fateful dynamic in a movement, indeed a whole work, of ravishing lyric grace and bubbling fancy. Mr. Cameron opened out the introductory adagio in the true style of symphonic enlargement, a device known enly to Mozart and Beethoven, -and one demanding from the players the nicest calculation in the treatment of detached quavers.

This introduction is one of the mysteries of music what is the imaginative connection of this brooding and gathering solemnity to the lilting beauty and geniality to follow The logic of the mind puts the question maybe, but the logic of the heart dismisses it as irrelevant and prosaic. Mr. Cameron's transition to the allegro vivace was one of his rrost dexterous touches The slow movement just missed its own incomparable felicity of movement and poise; the main melody had rather too pointed an accent or gait None the less. the conductor attended with much feeling for nuance to the delectable accompanying material, and kept a nice balance as the subsidiary figures came into prominence at one moment and then fell into place, like page-boys holding the train of the princess. The finale, with its snapdragon chatter and mischief, crowned remarkably good performance.

It has become the custom of orchestral concerts during recent years to include in a scheme at any cost a performance of the mmor Piano Concerto of and by Bach maninoff. The composer is not available to play the work for us at present, and only Rachmaninoff has the power to main tain musical interest throughout the many repetitive decorative passages. Still, Mr. Cyril Smith, the soloist yesterday, was more than a convincing substitute; he played brilliantly and individually, and if the interpretation had an English clarity and firmness in the moments of languor, this was only to be expected. Bach.

maninons genius at lending a warm sostenuto to isolated notes is his own secret Mr. Smith played beautifully. mingling strength and delicacy; no other English pianist gets as much out of the concerto as he does, or controls so equably the strongly marked 1 sentiment, military abruptness, and mounting rhetorical melody. Mr. Cameron conducted Mr.

Smith admirably, and the orchestra clearly enjoyed Rachmaninoff's scoring, which is. so to say, splendiferous. K. C. A COUNTRY DIARY Cumberland, November 25.

While small companies of duck, chiefly tufted and goldeneye, did their long vanishing tricks at the bar of the lake, the dippers were similarly engaged thirty yards below on a river-bed that has just recently been dredged by an excavator. The disturbance of the gravel jias not apparently been followed by any ill result for the squat little birds now singing as though determined their voices shall not be drowned by the noise of the wind and tumbling waters. Four curtseyed on their different stations, in one case a spile and in the other three cairns of stones left by the mechanical digger, while they rested in between foraging expeditions. The going must have been good no doubt the trout ova is already infested by the minute, creatures upon which dippers feed for they fished steadily for thirty- five minutes. Six or seven seconds were as long as they could remain under water.

here flowing with a force that no man could have withstood even if he could have waded it Yet seldom when the dippers reappeared were they more than a dozen yards distant from the point at which they flopped in. This fishing was in striking contrast with that of dippers we saw later in the day floating awash in a cataract in a pool ot a salmon-ladder. G. W. M.

SUH MOON Bisea Sets Bbea Seta To-day. 7 55. 3 59 4 S3 p.m... 8 05 a.m. TOJnorrow.

7 56... 3 58. 5 49 p.m... 9 04a.m. For every ten miles of Manchester amuet la earlier by 44 econda UGHTIIf O.UP HUE TO-DAY- 4 29 p.m.

TO-DAYS ARRANGEMENTS Dr. Maode Hoyden at Women's Freedom league Memorial Service to Mrs. Despard, King'a Weigh House Church, Doke Street, London. 3. MANCHESTER AMD 8ALFOBD Manchester AatTrei (Civil Court: Bridges t.

Vlekers; Oldham v. Banks; Ball v. HIpwood and Omndy. Oairagher Y. Norrls T.

Taylor; Smith v. Wadsworth; Smith t. Howarth). 10. Chancery Court: Beiore tne Vice-Chancellor (Adjourned Susunons: Bkelton r.

Cross; Mblesvortb r. Beewldce-Kords. Motion: Be John Chadwiek and Ltd. Petitions: Walkden t. Walkden: District Bank, Ltd.

t. The Attorney General: Public Trustee r. McDongall; Be Dora Mill. Be Bewley Publicity, Terras v. Mather; Be AlrranrtiT Bias; Brown and Ltd.

In the Vice-Chancellor's private Boom at the BlUns of tba Court: Fox r. Stones): Assize Courts, 10 15. sasnehesler County Court, 10-15. Manchester Qnmnflan Society for Protection of Trade: Annual Meeting-. 47.

Motley Street, 11 45, Ccsmnerelal Temperanee Leno Xamch to Her. B. Benson Perkins. Onward Hall. Deanscate, 1.

-From War to Feace, Maurice L. Bowniree Friends' frrttrw TTtnTtf. .1 15. -Painting and Decorating TMilMtlon (UU December 9): Municipal School oC Art. Piatt Ban-Art Gallery: Mr.

T. B. Harlech and Abersocti." 7 30. Howell. Bound Post Office telephone, directories utilise about 12,000 tons ol paper every year and it is now.

axmounced that in view of the urgent need to conserve theupply of paper, the Post Office has decided to issue directories- at less: frequent intervals during the war. Its Success Dependent on Willing Sacrifice To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, The evacuation scheme was decided upon, by the leaders of our nation and the Government and it was supported and hurried on by the Labour leaders. In other words, all parties had decided that it was the best course to take for the safeguarding of the children who live in dangerous areas (which, by the way, are still dangerous). But tne success or. xne scneme depended upon willing sacrifice on the part of all concerned.

It meant sacrifice on the part of the teachers. It meant sacrifice on the part of the parents, who had to endure parting from their children and had to combat loneliness and anxiety and the natural -jealousy which comes from the thought that those they love are in other people's hands. It meant sacrifice on the part of all children who were old enoueh to understand its meaning. They had to bear the pangs of homesickness they had to adapt themselves to greatly changed conditions and to tne loss ox many lauuuar pleasures. It meant sacrifice on the part ot those who received them, who had to give up their leisure and their ease and under take the responsibility and the hard work of looking alter cnuaren not their own.

The success of the scneme depended and still depends on the willingness to sacrifice on tne part oi au concerned. If it fails, as it may fail, that failure will be caused not by the difficulties of the scheme, many as they are, but by the fact that the necessary sacrifice has not been forthcoming or has not been maintained. In Germany, under a dictatorship, evacuation would have been ordered and all would have had to obey without question, whether they liked it or not. In a free country like Great Britain the sclierne was ordered bv the people for the people, and the people teachers, parents, children, and those who receive the children could make it a success or a failure according to their capacity for willing and continued sacrifice. There seems to be a great deal of talk about what tne teachers, the parents, and the children ought to get at Christmas and at other times.

Surely the question is. What are they prepared to give up in order to bring success to a difficult and good venture? If the venture is not good it should be dropped at once, the sooner the better. Yours, Samuel Taylor (Billeting Officer). Millom Vicarage, Cumberland, November 23. THE OUTPUT OF BEER Plea for a 50 per Cent Reduction To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, Soon after the outbreak of the Great War and at a tune when 1 was resident in Manchester you published a letter from me in which I advocated that the output of beer should be limited by fifty per -cent.

I was informed later that this proposal came to the notice of the present Lord Runciman, who shortly afterwards took steps to conserve valuable foodstuffs by reducing the beer output by one-uura. The Minister of Agriculture now announces that tis and poultry pro ducers must expect a cut of at least one-third in the feeding-stuffs available from abroad, and that, with a much greater jag and poultry population than during the Great War, there will be short rations for many of them. This intimation warrants me in askine when are the wewers who monopolise so much shipping space oy the importation of foreign barley to be rationed too Is it to be a case of beer before bacon or eggs We nave been scornful aDout "guns beiore butter. In our case, is it to be beer before both guns and butter I should like to hear the voice ot the farmers on the matter. My letter twenty-four years ago caugnt tne eye ot a sensible and sym pathetic Minister of the Crown.

May I hope this one will have a like fate and that the present Minister will have the courage and foresight to press at once for the immediate reduction of liquor output by fifty fper cent at least, thus saving the foodstuffs so badly needed and reducing the flood of drunkenness to which your own columns have borne recent testimony 7 Yours, Ernest Winterton, formerly M.P. for Loughborough Division. Chapel St. Leonards, near Skegness, November 23. PHYSICAL EDUCATION An Indispensable Branch of Social Work To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir, The letter from Dame Janet Campbell and Miss Lloyd-Williams about physical training in your issue of November 22 is most timely.

It is certainlv essential that in tho Hiflfijiiltips of the immediate future the standard of physical education an the country as a whole should not be lowered by wartime neglect or, in particular, by whole sale dismissals of trained staff. It is essential, too, as the writers of the letter nointed out that thp new Youth Committee and the Central Council of Recreative Physical Training should receive sufficient national financial help to enable them to organise what is necessary on a national and regional basis. So far there has been little evidence that either of these bodies is likely to receive anything like the official help that is needed, even on the most modest computation of the job to be done. Indeed, the evidence suggests that the Government has 'so taken to heart the criticism levelled against the lavish overheads of the National Fitness Council that they have now gone to the opposite extreme. But there is still time to meet the needs of the region on a slightly more adequate basis than seems contemplated.

What will be particularly needed is the closest co-operation between trained social workers, physical training organisers, and child-guidance experts (these last being normally accustomed to deal with children up to IS). In the north-west region there should be a small local office in which representatives of each of these groups would be able to work together. This more than anything else would help to remove the present gulf "between physical training and most other branches of social work. It will.be necessary for the organisers concerned to be in' the' closest touch with local authorities otherwise they win. go the way of former bodies who tried to ignore these in the past Whatever is done or left' undone, the need for proper- organisation, of social welfare, (including physical welfare) is going, to.

be more and brought home-to us in the near and the' measures taken to deal' with, this need will be watched with interest. Yours, Mabel Allen. Orsett -Cottage, Thehvan, -Warrington, November 25. A.R.P. TRAINING IN SALFORD Report Scheme Tested A scheme devised by the Salford A.R.P.

Executive Officer (Major C. V. Godfrey) and the Chief Air Raid Warden (Captain S. H. Hampson) to ensure the successful operation of A.R.P schemes in actual air-raid conditions and based on the rapid and accurate reporting of the fall of bombs and the resultant damage was tried in a district of Higher Broughton yesterday.

A test message was sent out to report posts indicating that an air raid was imminent, followed after a short interval by a second message intimating that an actual air raid could be assumed. The wardens were mobilised and patrolled their sectors, and at certain points special constables handed to them a map of the locality on which was shown the damage that had resulted from the fall of a bomb. From these maps the wardens wrote out their reports, which were transmitted to the report centre. The Salford Report Centre is linked up to 4.4 wardens' report posts, through which an reports ot air-raid damage win be forwarded. All wardens have, there fore, to be well trained in reporting accurately and concisely all events as they occur.

WAR SAVINGS Bonds and Certificates in Great Demand Both the Defence Bonds and the new Savings Certificates are being taken up enthusiastically by the public. Requests for the bonds have been so numerous that the Post Office authorities have not been able to make a complete return applications received on Wednesday and Thursday. So far as they have been examined, the returns, show 2,000 applications for bonds to the value of 300,000. There are also indications of large sales of the bonds through the commercial banks, but detailed information is not yet available. A man in a Bedfordshire town who tried on Friday to buy bonds found that the banks had exhausted the necessary forms.

Remarkable sales of the new National Savings Certificates have also been made during the first few days of the war finance campaign. Full totals are not yet known, but on Wednesday the opening day of the camrjaien thp salps at some post offices jumped to four cr five times the average daily number. By Friday the sales at some offices were eight times greater than the average. YOUTH HOSTELS The North Midlands Region It was reported at the annual mprHnr of the North Midlands Rep-inn nf the Youth Hostel Association held yesterday at Partington Hall, near Buxton, that during the past year the membership had increased from 6.508 to 6,735. The number of bednights also showed an over xne previous year, although the figures included the whole of the month of September.

During the VPnr -fOlir TIeW tlnctnle Mrova 1 two of the largest, Ilam Hall and wvciiuu xiau, nave Deen leased for evacuation purposes. Opinions were strongly expressed that no other hostel in the area should be closed to the member. Alderman J. G. Graves, of Sheffield, was elected patron in place of the late Sir Robert McDougal.

LITTLE JOBS FOR SCOUTS Mr. Stanley White, assistant director of Scouting War Services, ajt a conference of South-east Lancashire patrol leaders at Bolton yesterday, said that in addition to helping with big tasks like A.R.P. and t10 mllsntinn nt paper there were many little jobs which Scoute in well-organised patrols could do. He mentioned one group who were taKUlS it in fllmu -tWcit BiilB.u. fcnvi women each evening during the black- rp "rem company, other Scouts had made it their responsibility to i whiten the kerbstones of the district where they live every six weeks.

Scouts wuiu. uw mane tnernseives useful in doing the gardening for women whose husbands were serving in the army. About November 10 Mr. Georgt Lansbury a short letter to the press inviting all those who took the view that the Government should take advantage of the Belgo-Dutch offer of mediation to write to him at the House of Commons. Nearly 14,000 people from all over the ccunrv -responded personally to this appeal, and resolutions of support ware received from organisations.

Mr. Lansbury has now communicated these views to the Prime Minister, urging the Government to seize any opportunity which may offer itself in the future to end the present conflict. patriotic feeling and emotion. Mickiewicz, Poland's greatest poet, writes thus about this literature Despite their lack of poetic form, the whole Polish nation took to these songs. Their most characteristic feature was their straightforwardness and their plain expression.

They were sorrowful and sad, but they stimulated the knights to be righteous and brave in their fight These songs were sung by the soldiers, read by the officers, and became in turn the treasured possession of the nation at large. Among them was a hymn more solemn and deeper than the rest, a hymn which contained in a few verses the whole agony and suffering of a nation, hurling back in every line the defiance of Poland at her oppressors, culminating in the conviction of ultimate victory. It was a moving hymn, stirring all hearts and keeping awake the soul it was a challenge to life and death, a symbol of Poland's fight for independence. Poland has not yet died while we are alive was this song which was destined ultimately to become the Polish National Anthem. It was written either in 1798 or 1799.

and although there exists some doubt it is generally attributed to Wybicki, a politician and a man of letters of considerable fame. The music was by another well-known Polish figure, Michael Kleophas Oginski, who sent a March -for the Polish Legion" to Dombrowski in 1797. Never has a song expressed more poignantly, never more accurately. the situation of the moment than did this song of protest. "Poland has not yet perished became the driving force not only' of the legionaries but of all Poles.

These are. the- most sublime and distinguished words Pnland Viae lit fAVPrl -fiw nAntnnr They are the essence and the very oeing -or tne Jfoiish national conscience," wrote Stanislaw Witkiewicz. What foreign might has torn from us Our swords will seize again. is the underlying theme of the song. To-dav.

nnro attain Pnlsm) kr conquered, but it has not perished. Again the song resounds on foreign soil to show that Poland may nave disappeared out tnat its soirit has not vanished. "The soul of Poland is indestrurtibip" said Mr Churchill "She will rise again like a-rock, which may for a spell be submerged by a tidal wave but which remains a rock." And in France- the newly formed Lerrinn sines aoaim er. -c. a ULKU iu Poland's history, the song that heralds uie reoirui oi tneir country.

CATHEDRAL SERVICES Hoy Communion. fianlmn it 8 SO am. and after Matins. Weekdays daily at 8 30 sjh. Holy, Days and Kb -t-j.

a.m. -jMpuanu alter vue no ice. Monday. Matins- Mid at 11 a.m. Ktotouc: Chidwyek-Healey in flu; Anthem.

"But the Laid Is of His own (Mendelssohn) Services sim, voices. ntM. it Intercession, each weekday fes Cm Regimental Chrpd. 1 -as to 1.50 pja. All letters ehoold be addressed to the Editor or' sfanchester Guardian, -and not- to vi The Editor- cannot be.

for. thej return of articles offered for. publication: -though; So far as practicable, if not.used they, will be returned when stamped and addressed. envejopes.sre. enclosed.

and Pobllihed JOHN SOOTT. --lEU MANCHESTER AN EVXMTNO 5KSf- the Guardian Btnldine-, 3. Street. Manchester 1939..