The Guardian from London, Greater London, England • 16

THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN, MONDAY, OCTOBER: 18,. 1937 THE REFORMER U'tne, near Bombay, representative the great majority of India's 700,000 villages, is a speck on the bleak expanses of greyish ooze. Men, women, children, cows, goats, buffaloes, and mongrel dogs make up between them U'tne a population of a few hundred living beings. U'tne first heard of Mahatma Gandhi in The tidal wave of NonCo-operation in that year swept over U'tne, it is true. swept nothing away and left little behind.

U'tne had been particularly attached to its great annual fair at Kalyan and to its smaller weekly or fortnightly fairs. Here the men refreshment in cheap and fiery liquors; here they bought for their wives and daughters brightly coloured glass beads and bangles, and neat, new-smelling bundles of saris from Lancashire. (For what wife could stand her lord and master returning drunk if there were no bundles under his arm for herself and the children Many earnest young men from the cities had come since and preached long- opium and liquor, against buying of foreign cloth, even against bidismoking and tea-drinking. U'tne folk had suffered them patiently. And because certain civilities are due to guests, however boring the guests might be, the U'tne elders had agreed to put a stop to these evils in the village: agreed, in principle, with much nodding of wise heads.

The Mahatma's envoys were go back and tell their master not to worry; U'tne was all out for reform. The then gone back to homespun-clothed toongressmen had report U'tne's transformation, and U'tne had resumed its customary tenor of work and excitement drinks for the men, gauds for the women and children, the debts ever mounting. there was one thing which the 1920 Non-Co-operation did leave behind. This was the "charkha," or the spinning seen then in U'tre first time. It was a soun, Brahmin who brought it there fist.

A very quiet young man, he did not wait on ceremony: he merely took up a corner in the open 44 office of the Patel's and, as it occurred to no one to question his right to be there, he remained there for a a a a a a a year or so spinning out cotton yarn-miles and miles of white cotton thread which he teased out with one hand from the point of the spindle while with the other hand he turned a wheel. The villagers at once gathered around him to watch: they squatted all over the Patel's open office" and watched fascinated, in a silence broken only by the expressive spitting of one or other of the spectators, as if to mark his solemn appreciation. The young Brahmin served his Mahatma by concentrating on precept and cutting out the preaching. At the end of a year or so of this devotion he perceived that even the power of precept was no longer needed, and he took many sacks full of his cotton yarn with him and left U'tne. But after a week or so he came back.

The Pandit disclosed to the village that our young Brahmin had earned a high reward: it a letter from the Mahatma in which the Mahatma had said am indeed proud of U'tnethis little village has, for its small population, given me the highest yield of yarn. I shall remember U'tne when we have won our This time the young Brahmin was ready to talk. The great annual fair had come, and the village was brimming over with good cheer. This was the time he chose to break his silence: Learn wisdom from your bondage! Swaraj can be yours to- if you would learn this wisdom and act it But you are children-you upon are deluded by toys! They are the Devil's toys--these foreign fireworks, these Lancashire cloth-lengths which you wrap round your wives and daughters, these liquors with which you sear your stomachs and fatten the revenue of a foreign Government. Boycott these tyrants and to morrow you can be free!" U'tne folk were delighted to have this added entertainment.

As soon as the fair is well over." said one of the wiseheads, we must consider these matters in council." The young preacher pulled him up sharp: You can't afford to wait. What you have to do you must do now. The best celebration you could have would be a bonfire of these bundles of satanic foreign cloth. Get them out end see for yourselves what a blaze they can make!" Perhaps a hint of Savonarola in our Brahmin. and for that very reason he 1 at that instant marked out a failure.

The novelty of his point of view was childish. They were in an excellent mood to be tickled. but who would be amused a bad joke? Such an error in taste? They left him alone. How the little school had come into being is not very much to the point here, but our Brahmin was now the schoolmaster. Among the scholars there were Balu.

the Patel's own son: Vicu, the carpenter's son Ganpat, the coppersmith's son; Yashvant. the son, and horror of horrorsPira, the untouchable. the cobbler's son. The Brahmin decided that it was imperative establish direct touch with an untouchable. When therefore the time Pira, the cobbler's son, stood before him in the classroom the teacher did not wait for untouchable to put his writingdown on the floor at the teacher's feet.

He just put his hand out and took the slate from the boy. The boy gave a cry and stood for a minute, uncertain, trembling as if had seen a ghost. Then suddenly he turned and fled, screaming that it had not been his fault! Had the dumbfounded villagers been able to catch Pira they would have cracked a stick on the wretch's skull. But really the time, had Mahatma-man now to come order. to call His the act had been one of open defiance; deliberately he had extended his hand to take the slate from the boy in full view of the onlookers, for in a village there are always onlookers The class had not waited to be Something momentous had happened and the class had dismissed itself.

The social boycott was equally spontaneous. Of course, like a good Gandhi-ite, the teacher- promptly went on hunger strike. But he knew from the that the village had won. Food Sandlot So life itself indispensable is not to strictly a necessary. But water, water to bathe MAN MILES FROM HIS CAR Held to be "in Charge" £15 FINE FOR DRINK OFFENCE When does a motorist on a journey cease to be in charge of his car? Is a man still in charge of his car when walking These one and a half miles away? were among the questions discussed at Dorchester on Saturday, when a Yeovil (Somerset) man of independent means, James Guy Michael Payne Audain, of West Coker, was fined £15, including £2 9s.

6d. costs, and his licence was suspended for twelve months, for being under the influence of drink while in charge of a car. The prosecution's case was that the car was found standing near some crossroads near Puddletown at 5 30 a.m. on October 8. Police Constable Margrie said that at 6 45 a.m.

he saw Audain walking along the road one and a half miles from the car. He first said that be had walked there but later that his car had run out of petrol and he was fetching, a fresh supply. said the constable. he was in a drunken state, and as he was going for petrol I considered that he was still in charge of the car and was not in a fit Dr. G.

O. Taylor, police surgeon, said that at 8 50 a.m. Audain was under the influence of drink and was not fit to be in charge of a car, but he might have been sober at 5 30 a.m. A "Reasonable Distance" Mr. Christopher Arrow.

defending, submitted that even if Audain was drunk at 6 45-and there was no evidence of this he was one and a half miles away, and when that distance away could not be held to be in charge of the car. The Chairman (Mr. E. R. Sykes, a barrister) said that was a very interesting point, but he should have thought it possible for a man to be drunk in charge of a car even though he was not in the vehicle.

Mr. Arrow replied that unless a man was within reasonable distance he was not in charge. He suggested that a reasonable distance would be not more than a quarter of a mile. He argued also that a man could not be in charge of a car if he was not in sight of it. The chairman pointed out that it would then depend whether it was light or dark After the magistrates had ruled that there was a case to answer, Audain, in the witness-box, said that he lost his way while driving from Yeovil to Bournemouth and ran out of petrol about midnight.

He was not going to fetch petrol when the constable saw him but was walking to Dorchester to get a bed and send someone to fetch the car. Superintendent Lovell Who do you say was in charge of the car? Audain I intended sending someone to fetch it. I should say the constable was in charge of it, as it was at the roadside. FOREIGN AFFAIRS A Year's Work at Chatham House From a Correspondent The Royal Institute of International Affairs is a body which, since its foundation at Paris during the Peace Conference, has been working, in one important part of the field of social studies, on the lines that are to be followed in Oxford at Nuffield College. Chatham House might be described as an institute for adult self-education in international affairs.

Its method is to bring together, for purposes of common study. people who have had some experience of international affairs in different lines of activity. Its work is done in part by pure scholars, in part by what the Americans call "executives," but perhaps mostly by people whose life and work lie somewhere between these poles. Its methods of study range from discussion-meetings to the publication of the research work of individual investigators. The different departments which the institute has organised, one after another, as it has felt its way, are clearly set out in the report for the year.

(Royal Institute of International Affairs Report of the Council, 1936-1; Chatham House, 111 pp. 1s.) The Study Groups Department, for instance, has completed and published this year the reports of the work of four groups one on the British Empire, one on the problem of international investment. one on the colonial problem, one on the Republics of South America; while other study groups are at this moment at work on AngloAmerican relations, on problems of Imperial trusteeship, on sanctions, on the limitations of nationalism, and OD international economic policy. The most important single event of the year in the history of Chatham House has been the endowment by Sir Henry Price of chair of international economics. This step--which follows up the earlier endowment of a chair of international history by Sir Daniel Stevenson--marks a notable advance towards realising what is the council's next major aim The council hopes to establish at Chatham House a number of such research chairs.

which will be concerned respectively with different aspects of international relations (e.g.. International Law and Institutions, British Commonwealth Relations, Far Eastern Affairs). Another important event grant of the from year has been the renewal the Rockefeller Foundation for study group work and individual research. But the demands on Chatham House continue to grow rapidly, and the financial problem involved in trying to meet them is serious that it has led the council to appoint an endowment committee. Why is it that in these days an Institute cf International Affairs is perpetually finding that it bas more work to do than it has the means to provide for The answer is that the field of international relations is quite the most backward, barbarous, and.

on this account, dangerous wilderness in the modern world. Research into international affairs 1S a cross between settlement-work in a slum and laboratory work on cancer. And, by the same token, it has a very strong claim for support from all publicspirited people in this generation. Mrs. J.

Mulliner (50), wife of a farm worker. of Stapeley, Nantwich. was struck by 'a. motor-car near her home the Nantwich-Market Drayton Road on Saturday night and died on the way to hospital I PRAGUE PHILHARMONIC ORCHESTRA Concert in Manchester There were many vacant seats i in the Free Trade Hall on Saturday night for the visit to Manchester of the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra. The occasion was the first of Mr.

Harold Holt's concerts this season, and I hope that this notice will be read by all the people who should have occupied the vacant seats, and that i it will spoil their breakfasts entirely. A more gorgeous evening of orchestral music seldom has occurred in Manchester, or anywhere else. The Prague Philharmonic Orchestra has not the massed precision of, say, the Berlin Philharmonic and would probably be unhappy with it. This is an orchestra of artists as skilful individually as most, but too much in love with music ever to make a drill of it. I have not heard an orchestra of more character.

A wrong note here and there, or an uneven attack, are of no consequence; the general fine and vital The tone is sumptuous. especially in the violins, 'cellos, The trumpets challenge Jericho- -retrospectively, of course. Even the cymbalist is a virtuoso. The dash, rhythm, sonority, and unaffected nuance: all were a delight, a refreshment for senses and spirit. The people who stayed away will probably argue: "But why should anybody go out on Saturday night and face the horrors of Peter Street to hear the New World' Symphony? That is where they would be wrong; the "New World Symphony we heard on this occasion was not the amiably melodious sequence most of us have heard man and boy these many years, interpreted by conductors who usually pick out the top line," and leave the inner parts to the rank and file.

Continental orchestras usually have a harmonic sense; the musicianship diene average Continental orchestral player is usually a serious matter, not just part of a professional calling. I have known Continental orchestral players who preferred to go to concerts and hear other people making music even on their nights off. The Prague Orchestra is engaged on a strenuous tour of this country; none the less, the gusto of everybody was exhilara- ting to feel. But the gusto never ran to waste or ended in that most dangerous of things in performance e-mere enthusiasm. Style and technique went hand in hand.

As I say, a few loose ends of tone the attack of the horns at the beginning of the first movement. of the A WORLD LEAD FOR PEACE Test of Greatness From our Correspondent BARNSLEY, SUNDAY. Addressing peace meeting over which Mr. Joseph Jones, the Mayor of Barnsley, presided, in Barnsley Public Hall to-night, Mr. George Lansbury declared that the greatest British interest was peace, and that Mr.

Eden or any other Minister for Foreign Affairs would go down in as a great man just so far as able and history, willing to take the necessary steps to keep this nation out of war and to give he world a lead which would bring peace. Sometimes," said Mr. Lansbury, "I am tempted to be doubtful of my position as an out-and-out pacifist, but I am always brought back to reality when I read the statements of men like the Prime Minister, Lord Baldwin, Mr. Eden, and Mr. Churchill that another great war must end in catastrophe, with no victors, but everyone vanquished, and that war cannot settle anything." It has been my good fortune to meet the leading statesmen of the world both in Europe and America.

Whatever our judgment may be about dictators and democrats, all of them declare their belicf that universal war will mean universal destruction. They all unite in saying they will be willing to attend a peace conference to discuss the territorial and economic problems which, at the moment, lead them to arm against each other. They all agree that, although it was not possible in the years gone by to organise for the co-operative sharing of the markets of the world and the undeveloped portions of the earth, it was My possible message to to them has been that at this conference all should agree to a standstill arrangement in respect of armaments, and that they should then discuss what international commissions are needed for the purpose of bringing mandated and non-self-governing countries under international control." TO-DAY'S ARRANGEMENTS Exhibition of Photographs of Famous Buildings, 156, Queen Victoria Street, London, 11 30 to 8. Annual London Medical Exhibition. New Hall, Roral Horticultural Society.

Greycoat Street. Westminster, 11. Naval Exercises, Cromarly Firth Lord Samuel at Birkenhead. Manchester and Salford Oxford Road One- ray Trate Scheme: Local Inquiry, Torn Han, 10. Manchester County Court, 10 15.

Salford City Quarter Sessions, 10 15. County Quarter Sessions, Afire Courts, 10 30. North- western Tratsc Commission: Public Sitting. Manchester Torn Hall, 10 30. Chancery of the Vice-Chancellor.

Motions: Oliver v. Walker; Victoria University Shields. Petitions: Crofts V. la; Clayton Carrington; re Leigh Thompa Limited. Motion for Cop Jodement: Dyeing Jar.

Company, PrankHn Wirelesworth; re Elton and T. Talbot. Austze Courts, 10 45. Collere of Technology: Organ Recital by Dr. Dennis Chapman, 12 45.

Vegetarian Society: Annal -Dr. M. Bedso Bayly 00 Pactor in Cancer Hall. Mrs. M.

Howell Dr. Bayly at Public Meeting, Memorial Hall, 7 30. The Manchester Amembly Rooms, Cheetham HID Road: Reopening by the Lord Mayor, 4. Mrs. Missionary Society: District Annual MeetingsArnold Rally.

Bryson Mitco and P. M. Speakman at Youth Hall, 3: Martin Literary Inn Club: and Mr. Mr. P.

R. W. Dean Bome Pick Humour," Reform Club. T. Literary D.

Cobley Platt Hall Gallery: Rev. G. P. Naylor co Picturesque Alliance Francaise: K. Aerienne Central 30.

Institation of the Robber Tedustry: Mr. Proofing." Constitutional 30. Cambridge and Mr. Graduate L. Dinner: Malber Mr.

Wellesley Orr Loris to Institute of Weldinr: Conversazione, Technology. 7 30. International Lanes PA Positive 7 30. Peace Policy Britain, Gad Book: D. Ritchte 8.

a 7 30. Practical Cab: Mol. Realization, Memorial Han, 7 45. Growth IV. Fall Union of Cluta: Annual Miss Meeting M.

Town Yates chester. 8. Shop Assista Rally: Mr. Harry Brocks Ward Charles candidate) at Besid Pisce Schools, 8. candidate).

Defatary Central Parry Wood Jarvis's The Jarrow committee of Sir John Surrey fund scheme was wound up on Saturday, as Sir John has now decided to devote the money remaining in the fund to the promotion of I industries in the town. STOP-PRESS NEWS LETTERS TO THE EDITOR SLUM-CLEARANCE IN CORNWALL The Threat to Two Famous Villages To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian of every quarter our Empire and in the great cities of the United States people of widely different tastes and pursuits will learn with a shock of incredulous dismay that the famous Cornish fishing villages of Newlyn and Mousehole are to be destroyed. Newlyn, by an astonishing order of the Penzance Council under the Slum Clearance Act, is to be swept away. Her cobbled streets, where Perkin Warbeck strode in his glory, her ancient manors and moulded ceilings, her secret lifts and smugglers' passages are all to go. Mousehole, a trading port of the Phoenicians and a Mecca for artist and antiquary, is awaiting her turn.

Both villages are of unique beauty and rich in the treasures of antiquity. And both are the birthplace of a host of hardy men who have gone forth to all corners of the globe to show what Cornishmen can do. Now the land on which their people have dwelt since days beyond memory is to be taken away, and the stout little homes, representing in most cases not only the means of livelihood but all that their owners possess on earth, are doomed, and a community of self-supporting, selfrespecting people is staring at ruin. The unusual. conditions in these villages are Many of the houses are owned by the inhabitants, who are of a fine and independent spirit, scorning outside help if they can possibly help themselves, and facing hardship with dumb and gallant courage.

The majority of them fall into the followgroups -Men with families. whose earnings just keep the wolf from the door; widows with children. who supplement their pensions as best they may; unmarried women, who support themselves by sewing, domestic labour. or keeping a tiny shop; old folk living peacefully on their pensions. If the proposed scheme goes through, what are these people to do will have gone with their freehold homes.

Their livelihood, in many instances, will have gone also or will be hopelessly crippled. They cannot afford to pay rent for the concrete council houses which are offered in exchange and live. Moreover, these council houses are built on a high hill, far from the harbour, with no facilities for the storing of gear or the making and drying of nets. For various reasons it is essential that each fisherman should have his own closed or semi-closed court, which is known as a cellar, and his sail-loft a attached to or close to his own house. But there is compensation for these enforced sales? Yes, but it is inadequate.

On the plan for a slum clearance area houses which come up to standard are marked grey houses which do not technically con- to standard are marked pink." The owners of grey" houses receive what is called market value a term which can be the owners of pink houses receive site value only. There are a great many of these 46 grey" houses in Newlyn and Mousehole built, as a rule, of good Cornish granite. freehold dwelling of this type, which cost perhaps £500 -the life savings, say. of two which could not be built now for twice that sum, may be estimated at a market value of £120. Where can find an cellar and yard, near or on a valuable equally good five roomed house, with sea frontage.

for this price or indeed for the original price? It cannot be done. What. then, is the plight of an owner whose sole means of subsistence is an old pension of £20 a year? As for the site value offered to the owners of pink" houses, it can be a-mockery. For example. the owner of a freehold house comprising three large rooms, a large fisherman's cellar, and roomy sail-loft received £12 7s.

8d. It is true that certain parts of Newlyn and Mousehole should be cleared the inhabitants provided with new and good homes. This would be real and welcome progressvery different from the wholesale. sweeping destruction which is contemplated and the appalling hardship it will involve. A deputation came to me to-day.

The spokesman was a grand, old fisherman, Godfearing and wise. He said: Miss Phyllis--for we shall always call ee -we've been thinking that if you was to tell England-and Scotland and Wales and the people over to Ireland- -what was happening to we-how the homes we've laboured for are being took away, and how there be'nt no money to pay lawyers to help surely there'd be some as would plead for us, some as would say This must not be And it you was to tell how the fishing is looking up and how 'tis a reviving industry if we gets a chance. And if you was to say to some great newspaper, We've got treasures in Newlyn bricks made by the Phoenicians and houses made with boulders still there from them ancient times when and all the houses were built of boulders; got the old manor with its ghostie; more 'tis the same over to Mousehole. There's cottages hundreds of vears old, as snug and watertight as the day they was finished and there's Spanish swords and Spanish cannon-ball. and a score of things that is rare and secret." If you'm was to tell all that.

Miss Phyllis, surely there'd be some as would help us, and show us how to act-and we would not be turned adrift in our old age after we toiled and saved and done our best. This, then, is the tragedy which threatens Newlyn and Mousehole. I have told a great newspaper, and I have told the people of Britain.Yours, M. DE VERDIERES. Hon.

Secretary Newlyn, Mousehole, and District Housing Advisory Committee. Newlyn, October 12. GERMANY'S CONCENTRATION CAMPS Political Prisoners Without Hope of Release To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian your issue of September 22 you gave extracts from a report cf the Howard League for Penal Reform to the Fifth Committee of the League of Nations Assembly drawing urgent attention to the situation of prisoners awaiting trial and of internees in concentration camps. It is true, as the Secret State Police in making stated in the report. that Germany arrests are completely free from judicial control and that the arrested persons can be kept under lock and for an indefinite period without legal process.

In the interests of historical truth it seems to me to be essential to point out that in this procedure Germany has made a step back to an immeasurably distant past. The institution of police custody (Schutzhaft) existed, of course. in Germany the Prussian statute of February 12. 1850, provided for the taking of persons into police custody when this was urgently necessary for their own protection or for the preservation of public and order. But under paragraphed of this statute.

which might almost be described as modern, the person taken into custody had to be set at liberty at latest in the course of the following day unless by that time a judicial order for remand in prison had been procured. Largely owing to the steadily growing terrorism the National Socialists, these provisions in regard to arrest and custody were rescinded by an emergency decree issued in 1931 by Chancellor under which custody was permitted to continue for a period not exceeding three months. But in 1931 and 1932 only 2,600 persons in the whole Reich were affected by this decree. The three months' limit was removed by the Presidential decree issued the day after the Reichstag fire: paragraph 1 of this new decree declared that restrictions of personal liberty were permissible. And on January 30.

FREDOON KABRAJL. his body daily, is life, death. eternity in the Brahmin idea of and being. Without water to bathe his body a Brahmin is indeed irreclaimably lost, perished to a whole millennial cycle of rebirths through which the meanest thing in creation may ascend, painfully, to deliverance. The social boycott of.

an Indian village can be economically effective in a startlingly irrational way, and it had in U'tne cut off a Brahmin's water supply. The young Brahmin slipped away by night, and from the train 44 he looked out upon window eternity. India through the ages -the phrase fitted into his restless mind. self-determinationslowly he syllabled the words to himself. But something of their magnetic charm had gone.

FREDOON KABRAJL. The L.M.S. engine No. 5527, was christened Southport by the Mayor of the town (Councillor H. W.

Barber) at Saturday. Chapel Street Station, Southport, on symphony: the stray wisps of string tone end of the largo- did not mean anything; it would be ridiculous to question the general technique of the orchestra; nobody but the 'legitimate successor of Beckmesser would think of it. Dvorak was made to sound a composer of some symphonic substance. The native work were given fullness, strength, tang. The derived Wagnerisms were put in their place as skin-deep blandishments.

But the playing in the Venusberg echoes of the last movement was sumptuous, heralded by a stroke, on the cymbals which evoked enchantment. Towards the end of the Largo we were given a chamber concert of brief and rare, beauty. The scherzo was genial, not the usual racket and rattle. Each movement carried 8 style of its own, and in the end Dvorak assumed the mark and stature of composer of rich and original fancy and of no small orchestral power and resource. The performance provided a necessary act of re-creation.

Mr. Rafael Kubelik, the conductor; is a young man of much temperament; some day he may become a masterful man at his job. At present he is obviously working out his technique passionately. It is his good fortune to have under him an experienced band of artists who can be trusted not to go astray. Mr.

Kubelik's excessive gestures do not lead 'the orchestra into unnecessary emphasis or after all Mr. Kubelik, ardent young Czech, cannot be expected, while conducting to observe the calm reticence of certain of our English masters. The programme included Smetana's Vltava Poem, which was transformed into a ravishing flood of tone; again a vital performance, inspired by belief in the music, revealed a composer of no slight genius. The concert was alive in every note, and proudly and happily alive. Lovely string-playing, with noble and poetic 'cellos, made two pieces of Suk well worth while; and apparently "The Bartered Bride" Overture and some Slavonic dances of Dvorak were composed only yesterday.

Players become hackneyed; audiences become hackneyed; and many critics are born that way. Music, if good in the beginning, remains good to the end. The concert lifted the audience out of themselves. Also it sent us home much in love with the Czech spirit and the art it has kindled. N.

C. THE WEATHER Forecast for To-day The Meteorological Office issues the following forecast for the period from 6 a.m. to-day till midnight to-night General anticyclone is centred over Western Germany, and a deep depression near Iceland will move north-east. secondary depression will probably develop rest of Ireland and more north-east. It will be fair and rather mild in many districts, but in West and North Scotland there will be occasional rain.

variable or south-westerly winds; fair: local morning fog: rather mild. S.E. and E. England, E. and W.

variable or south- winds; fair; local morning for; rather mild. S.W. England. variable or southerly fair, local morning for: rather mild. S.

or moderate south -westerly winds: falr; rather mlid. N.W. and N.E. England, N. Midlands, N.

Wales. SE. and 8.W. Moderate southWesterly winds; fresh locally: mainly fair; rather malld. Irish south- westerly winds, fresh at times: mainly fair; visiblilty moderate; sea moderate, rather rough at timer.

Further Outk fair in most districts. Sun rises Sate Moon rises Bets 6 41 5 07. 4 08 p.m, 45 a.m. Tomorrow 6 43 6 05. 4 32 p.m.

6 06 a.m. For every ten miles north of Manchester sunset curlier by 17 seconds, LAMP.TIME FOR VEILICLES TO.DAY... 5 37 p.m. YESTERDAY IN MANCHESTER Whitworth Park Meteorological Observatory Sunday, October 17, 1957. Fine Barometer Tendoney: Steady Today Yosterday Barometer 9 p.m, (Millibars) (The milliter is the international unit of baro.

metric pressure, One thousand millibars (one bar) equals 2953 inches of mercury. One inch of mercury equals 33:85 Shads Temperatures Today Yest. 1 Today Yeste Dry bulb 9 9 a.m. p.m. 536.

542 54 510 0 45 60 46 Today Yesterday Humility (percentago) 9 a.m. 75 81 9 p.m. 16 78 Rainfall (in nit nil Sunsbine (hours) 3-7 all A COUNTRY DIARY CUMBERLAND, OCTOBER 16. A grey-lag was walking erect in a grassing at the head of the lake, and scores of hundreds of mallard and teal were among the lanes in the reed-beds. It was impossible to get near them from the marsh, so we approached by boat, Fifteen cormorants, which we had not espied, rose before we were three-quarters of the way on our journey.

They were flying to a promontory from which they fish, but directly they saw us they paused and wheeled back, shooting high in the air as though to make sure they should be out; of gunshot. The seemed- to startle the goose. He also took fright, and instantly the teal sprang up from the water with a velocity that was amazing, while the mallard, do following suit though not SO quickly, sheered off to pass over the mountain ridge. Then came a surprise. We put up small company of duck which but for an incident a fortnight ago we should have been puzzled to identify.

The drake had a crest rather like a pewit's and a goldeneye, though smaller than that of a goldeneye, and a peacock sheen on his blueblack back. The females were all brownish but showed more white underneath. A drake was caught and skinned and sent to the Sweden Museum the before last. It was identifted as a pochard OF red-eyed poker, ringed as a young bird, on June 29, 1933, on the island of Gotland. G.

W. M. THE INDIAN BALSAM A Northenden correspondent writes: It may be of interest to record (it no one has done so already) that the Indian Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) has established itself in profusion on the banks of the Irwell in Salford The precise: spot at which this has occurred had better perhaps be withheld, as it is a handsome plant with 4 thick, dull crimson stalk and rosepink flowers which might attract unwelcome attention. Last year there were only a few plants, but a visit last week revealed that it had spread along the bank for several yards and was forming gay border to the sombre stream. CATHEDRAL SERVICES Matias st 11; 30.

Holy and Fridays 50. 0. das Introit: Give Dangelist.) wings 7 of Nation Holy to 351. Brever in How beauteous are their feet 631. RAIDS ON CATALAN COAST TOWNS Barcelona had a two-hour blac-.

out last night when rebel aircra: flew over Catalan coast towns dropping bombs. There were no casual ties, and no material damage wa. done as the bombs fell clear of the objectives, states Reuter. Six men were treated at Liverpo Infirmary as a consequence of juries following a disturbance outside a Liverpool club last night. WESTMACOTT'S All GRAPE Hotels.

FRUIT SQ'SH 17, Market St BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS 1937. Herr Himmler, a Minister of the Reich and the head of the Secret State Police (Gestapo), to a representative of the Lokalanstated, zeiger" that for the enemies of the State the gates of the concentration camps would. never open Germany must be freed from them for ever." There are still some 400 political prisoners in police custody who have been in concentration camps, undergoing unspeakable sufferings, since the National Socialists seized power. and who, according to Himmler, have no prospect of ever regaining their freedom. Among them are Social Democrats like Dr.

Karl Mierendorff, Ernst Heilmann, and Kurt Schumacher, all three former members of the Reichstag. and Heinrich Jasper, formerly Prime Minister of Brunswick; Communists like Ernst Thaelmann, Dr. Neugebauer. and Stocker, and Hans Litten, who never officially belonged to the Communist party but was counsel for the defence of many Communists. Litten and Schumacher are victims of private vengeance.

Litten called Hitler as a witness in the so-called Eden Palace case. Kurt Schumacher hotly attacked the method of agitation of the National Socialists on February 23, 1932, describing it appeal to the innere Schweinehund the beast in man. need to describe yet again the physical and mental sufferings of these lifelong prisoners. The Howard League has rightlystated that torturing is on increase. The land of the Habeas what Corpus Act will fully appreciate has been going on in Germany for nearly five years.

I hope that enough has -been said here to bring a response from England, which would carry great name of undying humanity. -Yours, KURT GROSSMANN, formerly General Secretary of the German League of the Rights of Man. Prague, October 11. DISASTER WORSE THAN WAR "To Lose a War The Minister of Pensions (Mr. Herwald Ramsbotham), speaking at ment's foreign policy, said that Lancaster on Saturday on the servation of one's country from armed conflict with others was the touchstone of a successful foreign policy.

The greatest interest of Great Britain and the Empire was peace. The Government was determined not to be seduced from its policy of peace either by the taunts or rash enthusiasm of its political opponents. was, however, one disaster even There worse than war, and that was to lose a war. They were taking all possible steps to avert such a calamity, and as every day passed they became better able to- ensure their land against aggression. Announcements In this column are charged at I rate of 1s.

6d. per line, All such announcements must be authenticated by name and address of the sender. and in the dim of Engagements by the denatures of 1Am parties. Postage stamps or postal orders may tr sent In payment. BIRTHS October 17, 1937, at Derby Rout Nursing Home, Fallowfleld.

10 WINSOME 1 11 Wheal), wife of LESLIE CUSSONS. sot. Home. On Cheadle October Huune, 15, at WINIFRED the Crofts Nursu: to Horub and ERIO W. GIBSON, of Cheadle, son MARRIAGES On October 16, at Bale Congregational Church, GORDON NORMAL son of Mr.

and Mrs. N. E. ANDREW, of Kent, to MARIAN, elder daughter of Mr. and J.

D. BROADHURST, of Bale, Cheshire, On October 16, 1937 Hale Chapel, by the Rev. O. L. Phelps.

the eldest son of Mr. H. L. BEHRES and the late Mr. Behrens.

of Mobberley. SYLVIA MART the younger daughter of the 11 Mr. Charles J. HADFIELD. of Altrincham.

aft Mrs. Hadneld. of Hale. October 15, 1937. St.

Andrew's Presbyterian Church. Heaton Moor Stockport, McCARTHY PETER REAGH, younger son of Mrs and the late Mr. McCarthy. of to AGNES (Nancy HUNTER, daughter of Mr. 8111! Mrs.

Robert HOLMES. of Heaton Moor. WHIT On October 16, 1937, at St. John's Parish Church, Altrincham, LESLIE, on son of Mr. and Mr.

Owen A. WHITTAKER, Mapperley. Nottiogham. to IRENE, only daughter of Mr. and Mira.

John TYRRELL, of Hale, Cheshire DEATHS ASHTON- On October 15, st 12, Kingaton Roar! Didabury, suddenly, MARGARET, daughter of late Thomas ABHTON, of Pord Bank, Didabury, 1n her 82nd year. Service at Manchester to-morrow (Tuesday), at tweive noon. No by request. Inquiries to Kendal, and Co. Memorial Bervice will be held at Manchester Cathedral, on Oct.

20. at twelve noon OD October 16. at 14. Stockpot Road. Altrincham, ADA HARRIET, doughter of Jate Mr.

and Mrs. Samuel BROADBENT. at St. George's Church, Attrincham. (Tuesday), at 2 p.m.

Inquiries to Byroma, King WAY, Altrincham. (Telephone 1163 Altr.) On October 17, at Stathim Lodee, JOHN, the dear husband of COXON, In his 80th year. Arrangements 1 CURTIS- -On October 15. 1937, suddenly. at Valery.

Abbotswood, Guildford, EDWARD HERBER I the beloved husband of Clara Ada CORTIS, from 1900 to 1924, the editor of Daily (Manchester editions) Fune? on Wednesday, at 2 30 Brookwood Cemeter DANIEL- On October 16, ALICE MAUD the loved rife of the late Charles DANIEL, aged of 20, Kingsield Drive, Didsbury. Seri in Emmanuel Church, Didsbury, (Ture. day), at 1 45, 30 prior to Interment Souths, Cemetery, 2 Inquiries Wm. Peatur Telephone Didabury 3397. On October 15, fortified by the rites Holy Mother Church, his residence, Riverad.

Whaley Bride, and of 277, Wilmalow Road, Fall. Deld, EDMUND, the dearly loved husband of En. in 15rd year. Requiescat in Requiem at 88. John and Thomas Churc', Chapel-en-le-Frith, on Tacaday at 10 a.m..

folio Ar Interment at 8t. Joseph's Cemetery, Mos'ar Manchester, at No Rowers, by request. 1 quiries to Mesas. Fyans and Gordon, Ltd. C- 6727 (2 tines).

DUNKERLEY. On October 17. at Cheshire, WILLIAM CHARLES Interment at Rostberne Parish Church, st 11 a.m. Inquiries to Attrincham. Telephone 1248.

On October 17. at Buxion. RICHARD the beloved husband of ELIZABETH and for many years with the Prudendal Company, in his 80th year. Service at to Kendal, Milne and Co. to 2 30 On October 16.

following An EDERICE GIBBON. of Westrate, Ha aged 67 years. Service at Manches Crematorium to-morrow (Tuesday), at No mournine. flogrers, by request. Ingu to Altrincham.

Telephone 1248 borne, MEGGITT. On October 13, peacefully, wife of E. Palmerston Road. Coventry, ETHEL, Stanley MEGGITT (late of Lyther BL. Annes).

PEEL On October 16. 1937, at Marden Bournemouth, PEEL (sal writer), youngest son of the late Gerald Pest, J. formerly of Swinton, Manchester, aged 59. Pune Hold pear Bournemouth. OD Wednes next, October 20.

October 17, her resider 11. Road. Fallowield, ANNIE. at the John and Jane years in and Brown's R. Service Southern Cemetery morrow (Tuesday), st 11 October 17.

at 92, Didsbury. HANNAR, beloved wife of Jouch Tildes Rideway, aced 66 Jears. Intr Southern Cemetery, to-morrow (Tuesda at two o'clock. SWALLOW the October 16, at Coniston. Terr Drive.

Swinton, ANN. widow of John Hy. SWALLO (late of Una House, Sutntoo). in her 82nd Interment at Southern Cemetery, (T. Inquiries 2142 R.

Barlow. tuneral On October 16. 1937, st the M.D. aged 10 63. 30 Funeral service at Trinity Chuff: Hospital ANNIE FLORENCE THEOB ALE cremation at Stockport.

Wednesday pert. prior IN MEMORIAM lovine of THOMAS ROL: 111; wise Claremont died 17..1950. Pendleton. memory of HERBERT HEHRT Lieutenant Black Watch. who to action In the British advance 01 October 18, 1918.

grateful other Britis: who ther that we might their souls 'in Paradise. the fruits of in wet -loving memory of our father ant mother. WILLIAM HENRI 104 MARY SUSANNAB JALLAND. DEAFNESS DROPS make bear sod 17. 8t An litters be do the Editor or to the Manchester Guardian.

and pat to Printed and Publined JOHN SCOTT. MANCHESTER GUARDIAN EVENING NEWS, at the Goerdan Banding. 3. Crass Manchester 2. Monday, October 18.

1937..