The Guardian from London, Greater London, England • 14

2 14 THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 1926. A PROCESSION OF AEROPLANES. Grosvenor. Cup Race. LARGEST "FIELD YET SEEN.

(From our Aviation Correspondent.) LYMPNE, SATURDAY. For the last day of the Lympne meeting there was a general feeling of holiday. All the tension of the serious competition was over, and we turned light-heartedly to the. cheerful business of air racing. The weather seemed to share in general lighthearted spirit, and, thanks to the anticyclone, we enjoyed a very fair imitation of.

a heat wave. The programme opened at noon with the handicap race for a prize of 200 guineas offered by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. The course was six laps of the regular Lympne racing triangle, totalling. 75 miles. The race was open to machines which have 50 per cent of the "Daily Mail competition.

There were five entries. It was open to competitors to fly light or to carry their useful load, as in the competition, and, of course, they were handicapped accordingly. The Avro team decided that the Avian carry its full load of and the should, also carried its 701lb. Mr. Twins, in the Brownie, was the limit man, and went off sbarp at noon, followed in sequence by Courtney Pixie, Chick in his Cygnet, Hinkler in the Avian, and Broad in the Moth.

An Easy Winner. There was a heat -haze along the ridge which forms the second leg of the triangle, and the machines were not visible when flying above it, but with the naked eye one could see the sun gleam on the silver wings as they banked round on to the third leg. For the first three laps the order remained unchanged, but in the fourth lap Hinkler passed Chick and Courtney, and at the end of the fifth lap he was hard on the heels of the Brownie. Accordingly he came in a very easy winner, having flown the race at an average speed of 90 miles an hour. Uwins, in the Brownie, kent second place, and Maintained a speed of 71.

In the last lap Broad brought the Moth up into third place, and his speed worked out at 94. Considering the weights carried the speed of the Avian and the Moth was quite remarkable. In the afternoon the handicap race for the Grosvenor Cup, limited aeroplanes whose engines do not weigh over produced twenty-one starters. There has never been such a large held for any air race in this country. The race was a continuous stream of aeroplanes going round and round.

The mist had cleared, and the machines could be followed all round the course by those who had binoculars. Two Machines Forced Down. Sixteen of the 21 completed the course. Three landed on th. aerodrome because their engines were not running satisfactorily, and two were forced down without damage in the country.

Squadron Leader Longton in the Blackburn Bluebird with Genet engine was an easy winner: Courtney in the Pixie was second; in the Hurricane snatched third place by dashing up under the supermarine Swallow just before crossing the line. The last event was called the Lympne open handicap, and all types of aeroplanes were admitted. There were fourteen starters, -and again we bad a Ane spectacle and a race full of interest. Six of the starters had been competing in the big competition, and cight others came up specially for the racing. Among the latter was Mrs.

Eliott Lynn, who flew her light blue Moth in the Grosvenor race, but a much faster machine of the piloted, A in the open. A service pilot, Flying Officer Waghorn, entered a similar machine, and these two started scratch. This gave a criterion by which to judge Mrs. Eliott Lynn's abilities, and she certainly did not lose anything by the comparison. This race was won by the Cygnet, which belongs to the Farnborough Club, second by in Flying Officer Ragg.

Courtney was the and a single-seater Brownie, flown by Mr. Holmes, was third. A very fair crowd assembled on the aerovalue drome to-day. and they certainly got good for their money. SCOTT MOTOR-CYCLE TRIAL.

Only Sixteen Finish to Time. The Scott motor-cycling trial, notorious for its stiffness, was this year worse than ever. Starting and finishing at Ilkley. the course of nearly 100 miles was over the worst bills and moorland stretches that could be found, and at one place it went up the bed of the River Wharfe for a hundred yards. Of the 125 competitors who started onl- 16 Anished within the time allowed.

The best performance was by a trade rider, E. Flintoff, of Bradford, on a Sunbeam, who was also the winner last year. The best performance by an amateur was by T. Hatch, of Warringtan, on P. and and the fastest time was by W.

Evans, of Coventry, on 8 Triumph. Evans dropped 12 on to some rocks ten. miles from the start and covered the rest of the journey without either silencer or footrests. One of the competitors ran. out of petrol three miles from the finish and completed the run on paraffin, which he obtained from farmhouse.

Miss Cottle. the Raleigh rider, and MiSs E. Foley, of Stockport, on a Triumph, both completed the course, but not within the time allowed. Both were thrown many times. It was just.

a nightmare from beginning to end," Miss Foley said. For Miners' Children in Secondary Schools. Dr. Phillips, secretary Women's Committee for the Relief of Miners' Wives and Children, writes from Parliamentary Labour- Club, 11, Tufton Street, London, S. W.

an earlier date some of four readers were kind enough to assist with money for clothes and boots for miners' children who had won scholarships at secondary schools. These schools are now reopening, and we- hear from several carters of boys and girls who cannot take sdvantage of this for education because of the parents. opportunity, some cases what they need is clothes. In others, where the number of free places has been drastically reduced, a stall fee has to be paid for the majority of children who bave qualified in the. examnination before they can be It is a desirable thing that the one chance that these children will, get of higher education should not 'be lost to' them because.

of this protracted dispute. demands upon our funds for food; boots, and clothing are now so heavy that it.is quite impossible for us to meet these special charges, and I beg that you will' allow me to appeal once more through your columns for help for these boys and girls whose whole future is now at stake. All contributions should be sent to Lady Slesser, 11, Tutton Street, Westminster, Landon, 8.W.-1: UNLUCKY NUMBERS. Yet another illustration of the hold that superstition still maintains on a generation accustomed to wireless and motor-cars is provided by the London County revelation that several applications have recently been made to it from all over the capital to permit householders to change the number 13 'to 12a, or some other number. And so shunned were the bathing cabins numbered 13 at each of the various pitches on the front that Eastbourne Corporation has had to withdraw them, jumping the numbers from 12 straight on to 14.

Beliefs in the magical properties of numbers go back to the dim red dawn of man, when he feared and killed what he did not understand. Man today, in the mass, is as lazy-minded as then. He accepts what he is told; his inclination is not to question. If he (and particularly she) is told by some other booby that misfortune stalks a group of 13 diners, or a person in -All hotel room, ship's cabin, or house numbered 13, the statement is promptly accepted as fact. It is really very difficult to get at the reason for the dread inspired by 13, but we may sense its origin in the days when West Europeans began to count on their fingers up to 10.

A hairy genius next pointed out, no doubt, that by waggling one's two thumbs subsequently one could indicate 11 and 12. After that, however, the mathematics of the thing got too formidable for a Neanderthal brain housed in hardly less cramped cranial quarters than that of a modern gorilla, and it may well have been the case that public opinion in Esse, foreseeing that arithmetic would give world a lot of trouble, chased into the wilderness and slew the first smart Alecs 32 who devised and sought to popularise the 3-10, 4-10, 5-10 mode of complicating cave computation. This is no idle, waggish reflection, I do assure you. If you had knocked about the world as extensively as I have, you would have seen the thing happening to-day, right under your nose. Had you' been down in the Amazon country you would have discovered that the Yauco Indians count only up to 3.

And you feel that that is perhaps all for the best, as their snappy little word for 3 is: Poettarrarorincoaroac. Onc. day some smart fellow among them will invent 4, with an appropriate name--and 4 may well be as unlucky in the Yauco capital 30,000 years hence AS is faun modern London. Again, the Andaman Islanders simplify life by counting just 1 and 2. If they want 1o indicate more than 9 they start repeating their word for many." ticking up the manys on their fingers.

Six, for instance, is indicated by saying: One. two. many, many, many, many." But they have far too much sense to open their racial door to the curse of arithmetic and economic thraldom by keeping up indefinitely. Seven manys are all they countenance: that gets them up to 9. Then, for 10, they say all right there their mathematical scheme of things comes to an abrupt stop.

Ten of anything, they opine, is quite enough anyone. Eleven will re their equivalent of our 13 some handfuls of centuries hence. The Brazilian Botocudos, had they heard of the Andaman folk (which they have not), would their heads disapprovingly at their rashness in allowing counting to get as far as 2 before lapsing into It does not take long to become a Senior Wrangler in the Botocudo country. All you have to learn is 1. Anything after that is merely 4 urabu," which means "many" or more." Still, the Brazilian forest Chiquita regards his neighbour as a veritable Einstein, for A Chiquita can't even He uses word meaning alone" or all by itself" to indicate 1, and then carries on with many.

The Cingalese Veddahs are another surviving race of prehistoric man who disapprove of counting long before numbers ret to 13. They tolerate 1 ckkamai and 2 thenceforward they say otammikai' (which means once and keep adding. if you drive it, and once more, and once more, and once more: and once more, once more, and once more in a lazy drone that reminds you of the drowsy dormouse at Alice's tea-party. And they scowl at Von if you try to teach them 3 and Ever since the time of Pythagoras, the number two, somewhere or other in the Levant, has been in ill odour and an unpropitious omen. But no number in the world is 60 significant and fraught with traditional superstition as is the sacred five in China.

As Mr. Geil explains it, when the man of the Central Kingdom (as the Chinese call their country) "looks into the sky at night he sees five planets-Jupiter, Mars, Saturn, Venus, and Mercury. When studies the tints of Nature he distinguishes five green. red, yellow, white, black. In the world there are five elementswood, fire, earth, metal, water.

If space be analysed, there are five directions-east. south, centre, west. north. The human frame has five constituents -muscle vein, flesh, bone, skin, hair. The trunk has five organs--kidneys, heart, liver, lungs, stomach; it has five offshoots-head, two arms, two legs.

Five tastes are distinguished salt. bitter, sour, acrid, sweet. The Son of Han recognises only five notes of music. There are five stripes in the Chinese flag. Again, as there are five constant or cardinal virtues, 60 there five punishments." And fire of China's mountains are especially sacred.

D. BOXER FINED FOR STRIKING A CONSTABLE. A Demonstration Against Returned Miners. An assault on a Police constable by a prolessional boxer, who with a crowd of about 300 people was waiting for a number of men who had been working in Cliviger Colliery, near Burley, last Thursday, was described at- the Reedley Police Court on Saturday. when Harold Wilkinson.

known as "Young Wilkie," nas fined £10 for having assaulted Police Constable Schofield. It was stated that on the day when the offence was committed a large crowd had assembled outside the pit when the men who had been working there were due to come out. Police Constable Schofield, with other police officers, was engaged in keep. ing the crowd on the move, and twice requested the accused to move-on. Wilkinson refused to do so, but struck the officer a riolent blow on the jaw and then ran away.

He was pursued, and found crouching behind a field wall about a mile away. The defendant admitted the offence, but said he was provoked into committing it by the officer who dug him in the ribs. There were two previous convictions for assault and one for theft-against Wilkinson, but in view of his "youth the magistrates decided to give him another chance. NORTH CUMBERLAND RESULT. Tories In by Minority, Vote.MR.

HOLT'S COMMENT. The regult- of North Cumberland's polling for the election of a Parliamentary representative in succession to Captain D. Howard, now Lord Strathcona, was declared from the County Buildings, Carlisle, before great on Saturday afternoon, as Fergus Graham 8,867 R. W. Holt (L.) 5,871 H.

McIntyre 2,793 C. inajority over L. 1,996 The election was fought on a nine months old register, but of the 22,062 voters on the register 18,574, or 84 per cent, went to the poll. There were 38 spoiled papers. The figures at the general election D.

Howard (C.) 10,586 Mr. Holt (L.) 6,821 Mr. (Lab.) 2,125 C. majority over L. 3.765 It will be seen that Captain Graham sits as a minority member.

The Conservative vote is down by over 1,700 votes; Mr. Holt has added 50 to his poll in 1924, and the Labour vote is 868 up. THE CANDIDATES' SPEECHES. All three candidates, in their speeches after the declaration, spoke of the pleasant spirit in which the contest had been fought. Captain Graham said North Cumberland bad sent a message of confidence to the Government, and he was proud to be the bearer of that message.

Mr. Holt disagreed with Captain Graham in saying that the figures of the poll showed confidence in the. If add them up correctly. he said, he would find the figures meant the opposite. Mr.

McIntyre said the Labour vote had increased, and they must tackle the fight in front of them. Interviewed on the result of the poll, Captain Fergus Graham said: The agriculturists in North Cumberland realise that only the Conservative Government can defend agriculture country the against security and Socialism stability and it requires. The result shows, also, that the electors are behind the Government in its dealing with the general strike and in its efforts to settle the coal dispute." Labour's Useless Intervention, Mr. Holt, addressing his supporters at the Liberal Club, said that everything possible had been done by them to win the election. One prophecy which bad proved true about this election was that by fighting could succeed in banding the seat to the Concervatives.

They had enabled Captain Graham to say the result was a message of confidence in Mr. Baldwin's Government As a matter of fact that was exactly what the electors did not say. There were more than nine thousand electors who they had no confidence in the Government, The Labour party, he said, might be satisfed with the result from the point of view of propaganda, but we must the result of their useless 1t was quite plain there was a solid phalanx of true Liberals in North Cumberland. They must not allow Liberalism to die there. If they kept the flag flying, sooner or later they would win.

That was not predominantly a Conservative -county. He refused to believe that North Cumberland was going for all eternity to let the minority rule the roost. At the Labour party headquarters Mr. McIntyre briefy urged his supporters to begin straightway to prepare for the next fight. Though obviously much disappointed he found consolation in the reflection that the Labour poll was up.

THE NEW MEMBER. Captain Fergus Graham WAS born on March 10, 1893, his father being Sir Richard Graham, of Netherby Hall, and his mother Lady Cynthia, one of the four daughters of the Earl of Faversham. Captain Graham was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. On the outbreak of war he joined the Irish Guards. In February, 1915, he WaS severely wounded, and afle: bis.

recovery he acted 23 A.D.C. to his father-in-law, General Raymond Reade, and later to General Field ing. While with the latter he was gassed at Arras. After the war he returned to Oxford and took course in agriculture. He is now a tenant farmer in North Cumberland, takes a keen practical interest in.

scientific farming. He is a member of the Longtown District Council and of the Cumberland County Council. The September issue of the "Torch," the monthly' organ of the Industrial Christian Fellowship, deals with the action of the Standing Conference of Anglicans and Free Churchmen on the coal dispute, and shows how far the Industrial Christian Fellowship WAS and was not responsible. Copies (post free, 2d.) may be obtained from the I.C.F., Fellowship House, 4, The Sanctuary, Westminster, London, S.W. 1.

HOLIDAY PHOTOGRAPHS: THIS YEAR'S COMPETITION. The Manchester Guardian" Holiday Photographs Competitron is now open, Prizes will be given for the best holiday photogruphs taken by readers at any time during this year and sent in by from onwards up to September $0. The competition will include two sections. The first section will be reserved for photographs taken' with cameras the cost which, when new, did not exceed £5. In the second return, they must be accompanied by stamped addressed envelopes.

The name and address of the sender must be clearly written on the back of each print. Envelopes marked Photograph Competition." Any number of prints may be sent in by any reader. The Editor reserves the right to reproduce any photograph sent in during the progress of the Competition, and the usual fee will be paid for reproduction. section there will be no limit as The names and addresses of the to cost of camera. senders of these photographs and In each section the following the type of camera used will be prizes will be awarded: nublished, and we shall First Prize 250 ledge in our columns all photo- Second Prize £20 graphs that are sent in.

Five Prizes of £5 The Editor of the Manchester Only amateurs are eligible for Guardian 33 will act as judge in the Competition. Employees of the. Competition. the Manchester Guardian" and Every photograph must be other papers nublished from this accompanied by the following office Prints are not unmounted, will coupon, appear duly daily completed, while which the and, where readers desire their Competition- lasts. COUPON.

I submit the enclosed photograph entitled. for the "Manchester Guardian" competition. It was taken this year by me with a camera. The original cost of the camera did not exceed I am an amateur. Signed Address out these words it inapplicable.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Photographs have been receired from Mrs. Anderson, Arryll Place, Aberdeen: Lover Broughton; Miss N. Levingston. ALas H.

E. Albery, Adderley Street, Liverpool; Square, Wigan; C. R. Lees, Vicarage Road, Master S. Afrey.

Ashley Lane, Moston; Frank Hollowood: Bertha London. Rote Cottage, P. Akeroyd, Bertram Road, Bradford, Yorks. Padgate, Warrington; Miss H. HitMiss Edith Brooke, Tweedle Street, Rochdale: ton Terrace, Blackley; Miss P.

Lea, Bland F. Bibbi. Park Road, Stretford. Mrs, A Briscoe, Street, Moss Side: Harry and J. Lightloot, Kew Road, Southport: W.

Bridge, Cherry Tree Lane, Stockport Road. Levenshulme; Fred Lewty. Great Mour. Stockport; Thomas Booth, Knowsiey Cartmel Street, Harpurher; Charles Lister, Grauge, Bolton; Margaret Byrne, Audley Lane, Dauesmoor Road. Withington.

Blackburn: R. Burrows, "Knoll Top. Makeney. John Martin. Cavendish Street.

Waterloo Milford, Derbyshire: Kenneth Brown, Ashburn- Ashton under D. McGaw, Ambush Street, ham Road, Bedford; Mass Helena Albert Higher Openshaw; Mason, Scansbrick Road, House, Askern, Doncaster J. W. Ball. Fern- Levenshulme: Miss Muriel E.

Martin. Thingwall dale Road. London; Miss Marlon Park, Fishponds, Bristol; Miss E. Morpby. CinC.

Buckley. Blake, Coppice Alexandra Street. Road. Coppice, Moss Oldbam; Side: Mra. Miss wood, Disley: Miss and ML.

McWhirter, Moly. namon Street, Rochdale: M. J. Mothersill, Kathleen Barton Great Wrstern Street, Moss nezaz Street. Longught: Mendel, Bellott Side: N.

Blake, Cecil Street, Whitworth Park; Street, Chectham, Mrs Bromflow. Hamilton Atherton: R. Field House, House. Hyde: Mrs. Allred Grace Milner.

Marples, Lindur The bate. Road, Birming. near Sheffield: D. W. Brown, Fentham Maze Miss G.

Coutts, Hillside, The Springs, ping, Union Place. Chorlton: Montrose: Frank MusMiss Altrincham: Miss Charlesworth. Linden Avenue, croft Monk Bridge Place, Mean wood, Bowdon: G. Conrad, Alexandra Road, Mulgaoker. 112.

Gower Street. London: Werneth. Southport; Wilfrid Cooper, Norfolk Street, H. Mauson. Markdeld Road, Bootle.

Road. Bolton: Crowe, Coudray Crowther. Road, Somerset South- FL J. Naismith. Chandos Road, Heston Oldbam; Percy tort, Miss.

Doris Cheeth Main Street, Fails- Chapel: Harry Nutter, Paton Street, Picendilly, worth: Vera Cali. Ivy Lodge. Helmshore. Yorks. Manchester; Percy North.

Moorfield Place. Idle. Doran, Stanford Paries, Street. Blakes Street, Longsight: Edgar Ormerod, The Green, Harpield, Stables Doran Argyll Trafford: Henry Trent; I. Toole, Pleasants Street, Dublin, Stoke Dawson.

Langley, Crescent. Aberdeen: C. H. Phillis Ord Sion Hill, Ribbleton. near Preston: Daker.

Regent Street, near Littleborough. Manchester; Dorothy Albert Alan Prophet HuddersBeld Road, Lodge. Miss Clare Eccles. Kay 'Street, Chorlton-on F. G.

Lawnburst Medlock, Miss Edith Emmett, Staley Terrace. John Pickstone, Perrins, Curzon Road, Street. Southport; Brooks's Bar- Miss Ryermit. Aret Isaac Ephraim, Dorothy Porter, Criccieth Road, Stockport: Arrage de. Cheetbam; Elam, Stanley Thomas Pickdord Reddish 8 Reddish; Niss M.

Rusholme. Miss D. Paton. Grandhome House, Aberdeenur H. Foulkes.

Manchester Road, Ashton- shire: W. Poole, Highfeld Range, Gorton; Alerandra der-Lyne: G. Park: G. Farmer, Brantingham Road. W.

Pizgott, Khat, South Park, Mrs. F. Farrell, Thursdeld Macclesfield: Bedford Pollard. Derby Roads Minor Street, and Kathleen Fortune, Heston Moor: Miss E- Pawson, Merefield Street. Street, Failsworth; Miss Emily Fielding, Rochdale: Mrs.

M. Powell, St. James Road. SarRechdale Road, Harold S. Field.

biton: Langley Pearse, The -Lindens, Ripley, Adria Road. Mrs. J. W. Farmer.

Surres. Howle Manor. Wellington Miss Leah M. Old Road, Blackley: wich Mrs. J.

R. Greeley, Bannerman Prest- Bliss Richardson. Mildred Street Lower Gill. Greenfield Road, St. Helens: D.

K. Green, R. Park; Harold Rothwell, Dudley Road, Pendle Green Cardigan Street. ton; Frank Roscoe, Scarsdale Road, Victoria Kensington Road. Annes-on-Sea: Kathleen bury; Fred Rogers, Chelterhem Road.

Middleser. Gudgeon, Albany Road, Endeld Wash, Cheadle Heath: Vernor Rugby, Les Road, Hawkins. Hilton. King's Road, Ansdell: Miss E. M.

Miss Constance Sutherland. Dalebury Road, Keaton Moor. Osborne Amy Hadson. London: K. A.

Stobbs, Arthog Drive, Hale: Lander Lane Road. J. F. Shuttleworth. Glebe Stret.

Stockport: Clifford Arid Avenue. Miss Hood. West May. View Scott. Hillside Avenue, Oldham: L.

Smets Regina d'A. Schofeld, Brookheld Crescent, Cheadle; Miss Terrace. Wilmslow: J. P. Haynes, Khartoum Ererton Road, Liverpool: Horace Street.

Brooks's Herbert- Bar. Haugh, F. G. Hewit. Overbilt.

Cross Todmorden: -Mrs. N. Spencer, Stephenson, Eric Hardie, Gardners Lane, land Road, Stockport: Swin- Scar, Bacup Stanwix, Waterloot: D. H. Sharples.

Shepherd. The Road, A. ton: Hunter. West W. E- End.

wistle: John Hoyle, Road, Smithills. Bolton: Miss F. D. Shaker, Church South Fitzroy Drive, Road, Choriton: Bradford A. Road, Yorks: G.

T. Bank Street, Clayton. Stockpart: Failsworth: E. H. M.

Hargreaves: Grore Woods Moor. Taylor. ja0. Oakenrod. Hobson.

Wrigley Head. E. Tomlinson. Market W. Holme: E.

M. Houghton, Park Road, Lane, Monton: Cheadle S. Taylor Foward Elmanrst. Road, Garstanc: Norttenden: John Miss Taylor, cor Haughton, Taylor, Miss Hartshorne. Muriel Street.

Broughton: Street, Oldham. F. Haydock, Sheep Lens J. Vaughan, Thomas Maybeld Road, dale. First Chemical Research Hey, Laboratory.

Radclife; T. J. Hedley, Harle Liverpool: Syke, Verity, Arthur H. Towaley Vickery. Street.

Park Hindle Church Brow, Clitheroe: J. Road, Bowdon. Homer, Wood End -Road. Erdington, Birming- Harry Victoria Road, Douglas: J. Miss J.

8. Galalaw. Kelso. Williams Elm. Grove; Ashton-on-1 M.

D. Ingham. Stone Hurst, Hebden Bridre. Worthington, Lichfield Road. Blackpool: Moor; Miss Johnston.

Derby Road, Heaton Whitaker, Jerond Prestwich: Miss William E- Jackson, Bond Street, Nelson: Walker. Myde Bond, West Didsbury: M. WhitMiss Wigan. J. Jackson Spring Bank, Pemberton, Oaklands Road.

Swinton: John 8. Wood. Kaye. Birkdale; P. Whitner, Jacksop.

Buersill A venue, Rochdale: C. -T. Stretford: Miss Westbrook, Knight, The Hill. Knutriord. Road, Walkden: Clifford Winter- BurbA.

Lewin. New ley: Miss M. Walsh, Dale Street, AshtonPowell Lingard. Broombeld' Lane, Hale; Samuel Lewis, Lone; H. settler, Co.

Street, Borr: Arthur B. Lott. Whitelow Miss L. Whitehead, Watson's Road, Road. Choriton; Lappin, Street, M.

Whitlam, Marshfield Goola. IN PRISON FOR DEBT The Present System and an Alternative. By A. H. M.

Brice, Recorder of Tewkesbury. There- can be little doubt that the time has arrived for considering afresh the problem of imprisonment for debt, especially when the debt is so often the result of total if temporary incapacity to- pay it. Naturally, there are some, times other reasons for remaining indebted than incapacity to pay. At one time the county courts committed most of the debtor prisoners ostensibly for neglect or refusal to comply with a judgment of the court to pay a certain sum that was shown to be owing. Now, however, the supply of debtor prisoners from the county courts has fallen into comparative unimportance.

Out of a total of nearly 11,000 debtor prisoners, the county courts only provided in the last statistical year a little over 2,000. Nearly all the rest come under the heading of civil debtors 1 and are the product, if not the victims, of comparatively recent legislation. Civil debtors consist chiefly of males who will pay or are greatly in arrear with their parmented for the maintenance of their families. or for. the sums which have been levied upon them in respect of bastardy and affiliation proceedings.

Secondly, a considerable portion of the total number of civil debtors is composed of men and women who will not or, or in any case, do not pay their rates or or their income tax. In the North and the Midlands the last class has become of recent years fairly numerous. Those who Can Pay and Those who Cannot. And now let me say a word about those who are in the last resort able to pay. They may have to borrow to do it, but, after all, that is only running the business of their private lives upon credit; but not infrequently they are quite capable of paying if they could only make up their minds to do it.

They go to prison too often out of pigheadedness, and they eventually leave it from a natural preference for liberty. In one prison over thirty persons purchased their discharge on Christmas Eve by paying up. The unlovely prospect of spending a merry Christmnas in prison was the inducement. Generally speaking, when obstinacy days of imprisonment the county arcounts for payment, the first few court debtor to yield what is due. Let us remember, he does not go to prison until the judge is quite satisfied that he has the means to pay his debt, though we must not forget that he may have other debts from which he may be sheltering by going to prison.

It is, however, very different with the majority of prison debtors, who arrive because they, do not pay finesI am glad to say that this number is decreasing now that the method of paying fines by instalments has been legalised and is being daily adopted more generally (though two years ago out of 16,000 committed in of raying a fine as many as 12,000 were given no time in which to pay it)-or because they fail to pay maintenance allowances to their wives and families, or for the support of their illegitmate children, or for their rates or their income tax: I am quite certain that in Et great many cases these persons cannot at the time pay the necessary sums. A man is out of work, and his income for the time being has entirely or he has been reduced to disappeared, narrow that he has absolutely no for anything but the barest means money of existence. Again, long delay in the execution of the warrant of committal may find him in entirely changed circumstances. A man may be in full work when the warrant is applied for: he may be out of work when, after considerable delay, for one reason or another, it is executed. Or, conversely, after spell of unemployment he at last secures good work, and no sooner has he settled down comfortably into this than he is arrested on the warrant, and at the very moment when the honest worker becomes able and often willing to renew his old payments he is swept into prison.

The Suggested Alternative. Imprisonment does no good whatover, except perhaps to extract the money from the minority who are able to find it. Is it not possible to substitute an alternative for imprisonment in the case of those who do not pay the fines and levies imposed by the various courts? I suggest that there is such an alternatire, but it will have to be provided by legislation. This would be to give the courts a power to make an order on the employer of the man by which he would be: legally entitled and, indeed, compelled to withhold from the man's wages such a weekly allowance as the order would prescribe. In many cases this would appear to the man himself as fair and, at any rate, to the public it would seem a just solution.

The man would be allowed to go on working and earning money for himself--that would be justice for him; and a proper proportion of the and family--and that would be justice money he earned would go to 1 his wife for them. The same principle might well be applied to those cases where income tax has to be paid. is, I. must admit, a large residuum of prison debtors of a most unsatisfactory character. of gaols, men' of humanitarian instincts and great experience, tell us repeatedly that this residuum is too often marked by natural indolence, lack of selfrespect, and a low standard of living.

Not only is their ignorance appallingly dense, but their personal fitness is well below the ordinary labour market value. Even in these cases I am confident that the shepherding of such men by the means I suggest would be a great improvement upon the present system of trundling them off to prison. One word in conclusion. The life of a in prison is occasionally described a8 a life of comparative luxury. Of it is nothing of the He -does belong to the class condemned to hard labour," his lot is only slightly different: He is kept at work, generally associated with others: he is provided with prison clothing, and he lives on prison fare.

As a rule his term in prison is too short to allow him that share in the amenities which have, been recently introduced in the hope of preserving or arousing the self-respect of the inmates, and unquestionably he is subject to that peculiar contamination which, in the. best- of prisons, pollutes the atmosphere. In any. case, better out of it, and to keep him out of- it- should be our continuous aim. DOUBLE RESCUE AT DOUGLAS.

Mother and Son in of Drowning. (From our Correspondent.) DOUGLAS, SATURDAY. An exciting incident occurred tere this evening, a woman and her son narrowly escaping with their lives. The boy, Michael Clague, aged nine, while bathing climbed to one rubber floats which are provided for the amusement of bathers. There was a strong -ebb, and the float was carried seawards.

His mother, who was on the shore, rushed 49 his rescue fully dressed. She reached the boy, but, as she could not swim, was carried out of her depth. A man named Makin went to rescue, but because of the struggles of the woman and her son it was not till other assistance arrived that the pair could be got ashore. The woman was unconscious, but recovered in hospital. The boy was none the worse for the adventure.

AT HOME. For 44 new houses built by the Ashtonunder-Lyne Corporation there have been 337 applicants. The houses are to be let at 93. week, Mur Ellen Caunce, aged twelve, of Rotherbam Road, Sheffield, died on Saturday from poisoning through eating belladonna berries. With other children she gathered the berries in a local wood.

During the fifteen weeks ended August 28, 1,236,304 free meals were provided to children in Lancashire county schools, at an average cost of approximately 2.69d. per meal per child. Blackburn's September holidays began en Saturday, but there are signs that they have been seriously affected by the depression which has hung over the cotton trade since the mining dispute. Ordinarily the mills would restart next Wednesday, but comparatively few will do so. The majority of the mills, in fact, will be closed the entire week, THE WEATHER.

Forecasts for To-day. to The following Meteorological forecasts for to Office the issues twenty-four the bours ending midnight General anticyclone apreading in from the Atlantic will replace the ballow sion over the British Isles. Winds will be variable to northerly, and light in force, and the weather will be fair, apart from a few local showers in the north and west. London -Light indefinito winds; mainly fair: morning mist tog; very 8.E and E. England and East indefinite winds; manly fair: morning mist or fog; very warm.

SW and N.E. Engund, West and North Midlands, and Soutt Wales. northerly winds; mainly fair. perhaps fow local showers; moderate to good; moderato temperature, beconting colder N.W England and North northerly winds: mainly fair, perhaps a few local showers: visibility moderate to good; rather low temperature Isle of northerly winds: mainly, fair, perhaps a few local showers: visibility moderate to good: rather low temperature. Irish northerly, moderate to light: mainly fair, few local showers; visibility moderate to good; sea slight.

Further fair; moderate temperature. YESTERDAY IN MANCHESTER. Whitworth Park Meteorological Observatory Sunday, September 19, 1926. Fine; very warm. Barometer unsteady.

Shade Temperatures. Dry 10 10 12 67 70 Maximum 82 80 To Yest. To day. Yest. bulb, p.ma.

70 Minimum 60 58 Solar To-day. Yesterday. maximum (black bulb) 128 125 Rainfall (in millimotres) I Sunshine Humidity (bours) (percentage) 10 a.m. 50 74 71 10 p.m. 92 65 Sun rises.

Sets. Moon riara. Sets 6 50 7 15 17 p.m... 4 14 To-morrow 6 52 7 13 7 39 p.m... 5 43 a.m.

(The figures are corrected to the new summer For every ten miles north of Manchester sunset Is later by 2 seconds. LAMP TIME FOR VEHICLES 7 15 p.m. MOTOR LAMPS FOR NUMBER PLATES 6 45 p.m. The law doe not require motorists to light all their lampe belf an hour before other vehicles are illaminated but the lamp which shines on the number plate must be lit at the earlier hour stated. THE HEALTH RESORTS.

The following reports indicate hour weather at health resorts for the twenty-four. hours ending last Rain- Temperature. shine. fall. Low- High- Remarks, Hrs Mm.

ent. est, 54-77 Fair 46 62-79 Fair Bridlington 4:7 65-71 Fair Skogness 62-77 Fair Black pool Cloudy 52 59-77 Fair Wallasey 35 61-79 Fair Ibyl 26 59-77 Fair Colwyn 57--74 Fair Llandudno 60-73 Aberystwyth DR 62-74 Cloudy Felixstowe 62-72 Fine 63 76 Fine 10 8 55-72 Fine Brighton 60-75 Fine Bournemouth 9'5 62-78 Fine Penance 11011 Fair 85 60-75 Fair Ilfrncombe 33 63-78 Fair Leamington 58-85 Fino A COUNTRY DIARY. CUMBERLAND, SEPTEMBER 18. What we see at a by-pass in the weir while the river is in autumn flood is what we see at the fish-pass in time of drought. There beside the surge of deep water in the scoop of the by-pass an overflowing trickle on the wing of the apron, and it is this that affords the small trout a passage to th darns above.

In barely an inch of water the brown trout and the herling ride barebacked. as do the sea trout' over the of the ladder when the river is dead low. is a prodigious amount of energy expended in making the short journey from weir-foot to weir-sill. Above the roar of the flood can be heard by the onlookers the sound of the whirring of fins. The herling with their silvery coata and the native trout with their yellow bellies and red-spotted sides make a pretty picture as they stem the current and throw up little fountains round them.

There are, of course, scores of fish that do not discover this easier access to the dam, and are washed back every time they shoot into the hill of water. G. W. THE -HARVEST MOON. (From a Correspondent.) The moon will be in apecial prominence this week.

To-morrow's full phase happens 50 near the time of the autumnal equinox that the distinction of the harvest moon is indisputable, and during the course of the present week the average daily advance in the time of rising will only be about 25 minutes. Besides this, the moon will be in perigee, or the earth, at seven o'clock to-morrow morning, a position which not only will effect an apparent enlargerent of the lunar disc, but also will produce the biggest pull of the year upon the tidal especially later in the week as cue moon travels northwards of the equator. A rather increase in depth to-day and some fine scenes should be witnessed will quite lead up to tr: a end of maximum the week. on It Thursday is, indeed, night, a period wher. a visitation of rough weather may severely test the protective devices instituted by sea coast authorities, particularly in places exposed to the full force of the wind.

VOUR UMBRELLA BE COVERED FOR -ANY SIZE WEAR THE '18, MARKET STREET. TRAINING LEADERS FOR: INDUSTRY. 'An Urgent Problem. OXFORD, SATURDAY. Addresses by Sir John Ferguson, president of the Institute of Bankers, Viscount Burnham, and Professor J.

Harry Jones (Chair of Commerce, Leeds University), were features at to-day's session of the Conference of the Incorporated Secretaries Association, Balliol College, Oxford, under the presidency of Major Richard Rigg. Sir John Ferguson, in his address on Charaeter in business," said ambition might be cruel, but it was sublime. Young men, he said, would do well to apply their minds to the discussion and discovery common-sense solutions to the present absorbing finaucial and economic problems. Asking them not to confuse character with Character is what a man is: reputation reputation, Sir John remarked that may be what he is not. Character will endure; reputation may, like a shadow.

precedo or follow you, or disappear in moment. If you are determined to get on in your profession or walk in life, character is indispensable." Character was Dower. and he urged them not to forget that character was also capital. But there were other excellencies of character to which he would draw attention. Foremost -mong these he would place assiduity.

To know how to work and how to wait was. in his opinion, almost the whole secret of success. The young man in a hurry did not, 35 rule, get very far. And the expression "Everything comes to him who waits irritated him more than any other he could think of. Sir John said that he was surprised some time ago to read that in the opinion of one of our most prominent public men the young man of the present day was not of the same material as his father.

He was less energetic, less ambitious, less easy capable, doctrine and more inclined to accept the of let well alone. 'I must say-and I believe my experience as President of the Institute of Bankers entitles me to hold reliable, if not indisputable opinion on such a matter--that I have no hesitation in asserting that such a statement is both inaccurae and unjustiable." Lord Burnham said that character was of supreme value in the world, and never perhaps more than in these dull and depressing times He still believed that our national character was the greatest asset of the Empire. At the same time we could trade too much upon it. We must not make it an excure for slackness. The New Revolution.

Professor J. Harry Jones, in the course of a Iecture on Training for a commercial career," said were now in the middle of an industrial revolution, the effects of which on our own country might be as farreaching as the effects of the industrial revolution of century and half ago. The future of coal, the chemical industrics, of steel, and mechanical enginering in this country, would be determined by the method of organisation that we adopted, and by the leadership that would be shown by the business men of this country. The problem of training leaders for industry was to-day not only more important but far more urgent than it was before. Lord Burnham, speaking at a luncheon, said headmasters of our public schools had told him of the I great change that had come over the proportion of their students who looked forward to professional and business careers.

Even at Eton College, his old school, many more boys in these days were destined for business callings for the learned or armed professions. CATHEDRAL SERVICES. Matins st 11; Evensong at 3 30. Fridays (choral), at 11 Baptisms after Holy Communion -Week-days, dare daily at due notice. Monday (services rendered by men's volces Naylor In A fist; Anthem (No.

8), Laudsts Nomen Domini" (Tyc) Bronsong: Lay in minor Anthem 143, Comfort the soul" (West). WEST IN BOTTLES AND SYPHONS SODA WATER, WREATH 8 THAT PLEASE. WILLIAMSON'S, Smithfeld Market, Oak 8t. end, Mia TTITONICA (Regd. Brand).

Exhilarating. refreshing. pure. Hotels, Clubs, Grocers, Chemists, WHITE Gerrards' HANDS Almond and a Tablet Velvet at Skin Westmacotts. are Announcements this column are charged at the rate of 11.

6d. per line. All such announcemorts must be authenticated by the name and address of the sender. Postare stamp or portal orders may be sent 10 payment. MARRIAGES.

Saturday, September 18, 1 Marylebone Parish Church, by the Her. Edward Dawson, vicar of St. Anne, Bristol, ARTHUR LESLIE, younger son Mr. and Mr. William AIREY, 01 Port Erin, Inlo of Man, and late of Marple, to PHYLLIS KNOWLES, younger daughter of Mr.

and Mra. P. Hunter GILLESPIE, of 78, Blenheim Gardens, N.W. 2. the 18th si St.

James's Church, Mows Side, by the Her. 8. J. Sharplos, assisted by the rector, the Rev. C.

M. Clarke, the Rev. WALTER ALLEN, M.M.. D.rd., Joungest son of' Sirs. and the late J.

T. Allen, at Gorton, Manchester, to CONSTANCE, ol Mrs. and the lato H. C. CRITTEN, of Whalley Range, Manchester.

On the 18th Spat. at the Parish Church, Northenden, by the Rer. H. Chignell, M.A. ARTHUR LESLIE, SOD af Mr.

George Robert VINE, to GERTRUDE DORIS, eldest daughter of Mr. and Mri. R. 8. CLARK, of Northenden.

DEATHS. BAYLEY- On the 18th the at Queen's Arms Hotel Liverpool Road. EDITA, dearly beloved wile al Edward BAYLEY and widow of Albert Honketh. Interment at Eccles Pariah Church on Wednesday the 22nd at twelve noon Inqulries to Mr. Edwards feasts.

John Bye and Company). On the 19th CHARLES BESWICK, of 72. Derby leave Road, Heston Moor, aged 67 sears. will 18, Rosedale Road, Heston Chapel. 11 15 o'clock.

for funeral service at gt. Paul's Iraton Moor, on Tuesday the 21st at 11 30 o'clock, previnue to interment at the Willow Grove Reddiab. Inquiries ta Mcasrs Froggalts, Stockpert. the 18th inst. at a Birmlagham home.

JOSEPH. the beloved husband of Mary CAUTHERY formerly of Crumpsall). Faneral arrangements later. the 16th at Belmont, Bowdon (suddenly, of pneumonia). LOUISA, the dearly laved wite.

of the late John Henry CLEMSON, of chester, Service al Bowdon Church this day Monday). at 12 15 noon, and alter wards at St, Margaret a Church, Prest wich, at 1 30 p.m. Inquiries to John Bye and Company. Manchester. WILLIAM On the JOHN 17th COOKE, at Bryndynaon, Conway, the dearly loved husband of Interment Sarah I.

Cooke, Brooklands aged 69 formerly of Manchester). at Cemetery Tuesday, 30 p.m. September' 17. at Hesthcate, Ilkley. Yorks.

JOHN T. HEMINGWA director Geo. Richardson and Co. Bradferd and Margaret's Manchester), in his 70th at 2 year. 30 Service at St.

Church, interment p.m. this day Monday), prior to at Ilkley Cemetery. Culmore. the '17th September. at 'his residence, British Cotton Whiteneld.

and Wool -JAMES HILTON, (late with Dyers' Association, Ltd azed 63 fears this Interment Stand All Saints' Church, day (Monday), tweive DOOR. Friends please accept this (the only) intimation. On Beptember 16. 1926, at his rest dence, ERNEST 130. RADCLIFFE, Trafalkar aged Street, years, Ashton-ander-Lyne, 46 retidence to-morrow, at one o'clock, previous to, inter.

ment at Auden baw Cemetery. HAIG'S British Legion Appeal Fund can' place Poppy in made by the disabled on aDJ STaTe Wreath ur Memorial France or Flanders op any tails versary. to 26 Eccleston prices Square, from, 10s, London. Write 8.W. for 1.

de WREATH'S. QUET 8. FROM EACH DINGLEYS, Piccadilly. MANCHESTER UNDERTAKER 51 Est half WELLINGTON ROAD SOUTH: STOCK PORZ. century.

2065. BROOME, Funeral 42. DOWNING ST. Ardwick 2902. All letters should ba addressed either.

to the -Editor OF to individusIe. The Manchester Guardian, not to articles for be responsible -for the return of The practicable, offered if not used publication, they will though, returned so far Printed: the and Published' MANCHESTER by JOHN RUSSELL NEWS. at the 3, Crow A GUARDIAN EVENING Manchester. Monday, Septent 120, 1986.:.