The Guardian from London, Greater London, England • 16

16 THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1934 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR OBITUARY Sir E. A. Wallis Budge Sir Ernest A. Wallis Budge, whose STOP-PRESS NEWS LORD SEMPILL SAFE' Lord Sempill, who is flying to Melbourne, and of whom there had been no news since he left Adelaide on Saturday morning, landed at Ocean Beach. Portsea, near Port REVIVING INTEREST IN LANGUAGES Commercial Value PLAN TO TEACH THE UNEMPLOYED LIBEL ACTION A Betting Account Demand SENT TO WRONG MAN At the Manchester Assizes on Friday before Mi.

Justice Lawrence damages for alleged libel were claimed by William Henry Bains, of Delamere, Stonyhill Avenue, Blackpool, from the Northern Bookmakers' Protection Association, of New Briggate, Leeds. Mr. E. G. Hemmerde, K.C., with Mr.

J. Catterall Jolly, appeared for the plaintiff, and the defendants were represented by Mr. A1. Benis Gerrard. Mr.

Hemmerde explained that Mr. Rains was the manager of the branch ot the Eagle, Star, and British Dominions Insurance Company, Ltd. On THE HERON In the silence that followed the quarrel John looked at his family sitting round the dining-table, withdrawn in spirit, each nursing a private resenlgneiit. His, father was -cracking nuts with unnecessary violence crumbling, her bread, his mother sat looking straight' "in front of her as though no one was in the room, as though the room, even, with its enclosing walls had ceased to be; Mary was staring at her plate and slowly scraping cigarette ash from the pattern round its rim with the point of her fruit-knife. And while their fingers performed these masking tactics, in their minds they were busy justifying to themselves the fact that they had said too much.

John had not joined in it had been, as usual, about money, a thing which always struck him as too trivial to quarrel about, and suddenly he was surprised to hear his own voice: "I SCOPE OF THE ARMS INQUIRY Not Fishing," but Searching To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian. Sir, The statement of the Foreign Secretary on the subject of an inquiry into the private manufacture and sale of arms gives rise at once to relief and to anxiety. Belief because we are at least now assured of an inquiry into this vital question; anxiety because Sir John appears to indicate that it is to be confined only to the study of the proposal for a State monopoly from the point of view of national security," while what he calls a "fishing" inquiry into every idle rumour is to be barred out. But unless the inquiry is to be searching (perhaps a more suitable word than not into every idle rumour, but into the. way the present system has operated in the past, unless its dangers are made known to us, unless we clearly understand what methods have been and are employed by private manufacturers, and whether they are or are not inherent in the system, we shall have no criterion by which to udge whether the changeover to a State monopoly would be a change for the better or not.

"We must be able to put our finger upon what has gone wrong and why and how it has gone wrong before we can hope to right it. Mr. Neville Chamberlain said that this country had been rightly shocked by the reports of the findings of the American inquiry. That inquiry was in the nature of what Sir John calls "fishing." It produced a valuable haul. I suggest we cannot afford to disregard the object-lesson it has given us.

Yours, Eldeed Horsley. 10. York House, Church Street, Kensington, London, W. 8, November 23. THE PEACE BALLOT Mr.

Baldwin's Speech at Glasgow To ihc Editor of the Manchester Guardian. Sir, To those of us who have some faith in Mr. Baldwin as a worker lor peace his display of irritation at Glasgow about the ballot is intensely disappointing. Surely he must have realised by this time that there would have been no question of a ballot if the Government to which he beloners had shown any intention of facing and try ing to carry out our obligations as a member (and a leading member) of the League. Over the Sino-Japanese trouble our Government simply turned tail and lea the others in the foremost night; and all throuch the Disarmament Con ference it acted as a free-lance, playing solely for its own hand in utter disregard to any obligation towards the League or the cause of the world peace.

It is simply puerile to suggest that those who organised the ballot and those who will vote are inspired by petty party political considerations or so feebleminded that they allow themselves to be led by the nose by party wire-pullers. It is doubtless quite true that few of us quite realise all the difficulties inherent in questions 2, 3, 4, and 5, but that is no reason at all for not expressing onr desire that those difficulties should be tackled in earnest and overcome, if it is humanly possible, by our Government in co-operation with other Governments. It is for the people to express their desire, ana lor the Government to nnd vays and means of attaining it, and in a democratic country the which cannot brinsr itself to apply those ways and means should resign. All that is needed is for the Government to cast aside now and for ever the pre-war mentality, which etui freelv in some ot its members, sand particularly in that section of the people which has most influence with it. The results of the ballot so far show that the mass of the people have now adopted a post-war mentality, which impels them to look to co-operation rather than isolation (however to be prepared for some sacrifice of their old traditions, and to take risks for the cause they have at heart.

1'atriots leel that JSnciand should be first end foremost in the fight for peace, and the results of the ballot will, perhaps, impress that fact on the Gov ernment. One can't help feeling and hoping that Mr. Baldwin spoke under some temporary duress. xours, J. Price Williams.

Swinton, November 24. The League and Sanctions To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian. Sir, The history of the League of Nations up to date is the answer to the conclusions come to by Mr. R. Williams.

It is true that the nations pledged themselves to an economic boycott followed by armed intervention in the case of a country which defied the League, but it is also true that at the first trial the machinery not only failed to act but the League made no attempt to pull the lever to set it in motion. Japan defied the ruling of the League, and nothing was done. The fact is that those who are asking tor a vote in lavour or economic boycotts and acts of war on the part of the League are living in a dream world. It is surely better to face facts and accept the League as a centre of moral and intellectual co-operation, for the creation ot a public opinion above the prejudices and hatreds of particular nations, than to threaten with a revolver which is not loaded. If the League had called upon us to send our fleet to blockade Japan and enforce an economic boycott, would any Government in this country have been strong enough to dare to make such a proposal? The strength of the League lies in the fact that the sanctions are dead and buried and that it cannot exercise force.

'Yours, A. P. Laurie. 38, Springfield Road, St. John's Wood, London, N.W.

8, November 23. Pacifists and Economic Sanctions To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian. Sir, I trust I broke no law, human or divine, in not answering Mr. R. Williams's two questions, which he addressed to the Northern Friends' Peace Board, not to' me.

The chairman of the board has now given her reply, and, if Mr. Williams is anxious for my replies, I will say "Yes" to his first and "No" to his second query. It seems hard to satisfy Mr. Williams's strict ideas of obscurity and frankness, and I hope it is simple and plain enough to say that object to sending our young men to kill other people Tinder any circumstances and I equally object to our starving other people. This is what is ultimately implied by those conventional and somewhat obscure phrases "military and economic sanctions.

The economic sanctions of article 16 of the Covenant and question 5 of the ballot are designed to compel the supposed aggressor to stop, and for this purpose would have to be something more effec tive and jorceroi than tne reiusai to supply him with arms, though this latter step is desirable on quite other grounds. I believe economic sanctions such as a boycott or blockade are indefensible in themselves and would necessitate or inevitably lead to the use of naval or military force. It is no use Mr. Williams saying that military measures or my objections to them are irrelevant. They are the very essence of the controversy and.

in my view, the real reason for the ballot. I repeat I obiect to killing people under any conditions, and the obiects of the League, sacred as they are, would not justify, any more than they necessitate, resort to war. The Great War, in which Mr. Williams fought, was entered into from motives just as nigh as those which are said to justify military measures on behalf of the League, and similar asper sions ana arguments were usea aDoui pacifists in 1914-1S. with as little iustifi- cation, as after events have proved.

The Allied and Associated lowers were the police force, in the absence of a League, for the execution of sanctions against the law-breakers. They were successful to a degree that no League police force could ever hope to surpass. The aggressors were brought to the dust; their punishment was drastic and Draconic. They were brought to the position of obeying the law, whatever it was, and signing any document that was placed1 before them. Can we say that respect for international law is stronger to-day as a result Is any would-be aggressor likely to be deterred by contemplating the police work and the penalties of the Great War? J.

1 1 1 J.1 A 11 suusequmiL History nas suuwii witu, me extreme force exerted and the severe penalties inflicted in the war have not had the slightest deterrent effect on the policies of any nation in the world. The outcome of the sanctions policy against Germany are too obvious to need stressing. The victors are still trying to find a way to reverse their actions with out losing tace. But it is still said we must have sanctions tor use against a nation like Japan. The argument is that the threat of force would be sumcient.

This is dangerous, misleading, and dishonest talk. Neither threats nor the actual use of force are the means of getting any nation to desist from pursuing what it thinks its policy requires. In the case of Japan she ran the risk of a war with America, of another with Russia, and a separate one with the jealously guarding its interests in Australia. Was she likely to have been frightened by 'a few battalions at Geneva, or a fleet of bomb ing 'planes at the disposal of the League This is not a counsel ot pessimism ana despair, but a plea for discarding useless and wrong methods and seeking for right ones. Yours, Douglas J.

J. Owen. 651, Didsbury Road, Heaton Mersey, Near Manchester, November 22. CHILDREN'S COURTS Judicial Birchings Not a Deterrent To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian. Sir, Your correspondent Mr.

Judd, writing of the methods of the juvenile courts, is so obviously actuated by a genuine desire to help young delinquents to a better way of life that one hesitates to criticise his letter, but it is really necessary to point out how utterly at variance with lacts is his belief that whip-ping is likelv to prove a deterrent. Whenever records have been kept it has been shown that judicial birchings do not prevent tne young oltender irom committing further offences. When the Board of made an inauirv into the result of birchings in certain towns where it was widely used it was found that one out of everv four of the bovs whipped was recharged within a month and four out ot every hve withm the Period of two years covered bv the inauirv. The late Sir William Clarke Hall also found that the number of recharges was higher amongst the boys birched than amongst any ofthe other voune delinauents whom he sentenced at his court. In the face of such experience how is it possible to pin our faith to birching as a means of reclaiming the juvenile offender mere is a good deal of misconception about the question of juvenile crime to-day.

It is true that it. lias been increasing during the last few years, but peopte are apt, to overlook the fact that in 1928 and 1929 it was lower than it had been at anjr period since the juvenile courts came into being. The latest official figures are for 1932. In that year the number ot juveniles charged with indict- aoie onences was still rather lower than it had been in the veaTs immediately pre. ceding the war.

and very much lower than in the war period. The peak year was in 1917 when the number of juveniles charged was over 24.000. The latest figure is just under 14,000. In 1917 whip ping naa already taiien largely into disuse the number of whippings ordered in that ryear was no more than are ordered to-day. If the failure to birch really meant that the juvenile offender was confirmed in the ways of crime one would for some years now have expected to find an abnormal number of criminals in their twenties, since that is the age group in which practically all the juveniles of 1917 would have fallen.

This ha3 not been the case. There was a considerable increase in the last figures as far as this age group is concerned, but up to 1931 the increase compared with the pre-war period (or, to be exact, with 1907, which is the latest year for which comparable figures are available) was less than the increase in the population of that age. It is clear therefore that in spite of the absence of whipping the out-of-hand children of the war years have not turned into habitual criminals. I do not minimise the importance of juvenile, delinquency, but unless it is seen in hs true proportions and the success or failure of the juvenile courts truly evaluated it is impossible to come to any sound conclusion as to the best policy for the future. I have no doubt wha that policy should be namely, a fuller development of recreational and educational facilities for young people and a greatly extended and improved probation service.

Yours, Cicely M. Cbavbn, Hon. Secretary Howard League for Penal Reform. Parliament Mansions, Orchard Street. Victoria Street, London, S.W.

1, November 22. SMOKING IN THEATRES The Result of a Plebiscite in York To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian. Sir, At the recently formed Citizens' Theatre," in York, a plebiscite has been taken on this question. In the dre3 circle there was a majority against, and in the other parts of tne house a majority in favour of smoking. Consequently the management has decided to prohibit smoking in the dress circle and to allow it elsewhere.

This compromise seems to meet with general approval, though, of course, the atmosphere ie everywhere smoky. Yours, C. W. Sobenseh. York, November 23.

Mr. Moelwvn Hughes, who fought RhondJs. in 1929 and Southport in 1931 as a Liberal -candidate, has joined the Labour party. In a statement last night lie said-he had decided that "the Labour" party is, and must be, the only effective political force to attain, as far as politics may, the goals of peace for the State and social justice for the death was briefly announced in our later editions on Saturday, was for over thirty years Keeper of the Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the British Museum. He was born 1857.

At school his bent towards Eastern studies received encourage ment, and in 1872 he was introduced to Dr. Samuel Birch. Keener of the Oriental Antiquities of the British Museum, who at once took a great interest in him. Through Mr. Gladstone's interest in Assyriology Budge was enabled to go to Cambridge in 1878.

In 18S3 he became an assistant to Dr. Birch at the British Museum and helped to rearrange the Egrvntian collections and to form for the first time an Assyrian and Babylonian room. In 1S86 began the series of expeditions to and Mesopotamia, through wnien ur. midge so greatly enriched the collections of the British Museum. His methods were hotlv criticised, for in Egypt he nob only bought freely from native dealers and fellahs, but even encouraged them to rifle untouched sites.

Budge, however, made a strong defence for his methods in his book "By and Tigris." claiming that if he had acted otherwise the agents of other great European museums, who were in the field before him, would have secured the objects. Both in Jigypt and in Mesopotamia he won over to his side the army and naval officers and British consuls, and by their aid he succeeded in smuggling his treasures safely out under the noses of the Customs authorities and sometimes against the wishes of the British higher officials. One of his most famous acquisitions was a papyrus containing a large portion of the Odes of Bacchylides, whose works had been hitherto almost unknown. To get this out of Egypt he arranged with a native to act as his servant from Cairo to Suez and took with him a erate of oranges. At Suez he diverted the attention of the Customs officers by refusing to pay duty on the oranges, even clinging to the crate when they tried to take it from him.

During the confusion his native friend slipped through the Customs barrier carrying the papyrus under his master's greatcoat. Another of Budge's great achievements was the recognition of the genuineness of the Tel el Amarna tablets." These clay tablets, inscribed in cuneiform, were discovered by an Egyptian peasant woman. She had unearthed from the record office of King Amenhotet IV. of Egypt (b.c. 1400) a box of 300 tablets, being correspondence between the kings of Egypt and the princes of Syria and Mesopotamia, It is perhaps the most important find ever made TT in jigypc.

iec tne scholars to whom a few were first shown declared them to be forgeries. Budge nromnt.lv bought the 82 shown to him. Among ins important; acquisitions ot papyri were the illustrated Papyrus of Ani, one of the finest copies of The Book of the Dead portions of Homer's Iliad; Aristotle's lost work on the Athenian Constitution the Mimes of TT I li i uciuuna; auu a ion containing tne Books of Deuteronomy, Jonah, and the Acts of the Apostles in Coptic of probably the third century. Budge also paid four visits to Mesopotamia and acquired several thousand cuneiform tablets, many cylinder seals, arid quantities of manuscripts, Arabic, Syriac, and Persian. In 1894 he was appointed keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities, and 1 -Ll.

1 mnn 1T 7- iio Hiia liiiiyiiueu in zu. ne was indefatigable in publishing texts and translations of the Contic. ancient Eirvntian. Ethiopic, Nubian, Arabic, Syriac, and Assyrian MSS. he had discovered.

He wrote a "History of Egypt," and compiled a "Book of the Kings of Egypt 11 and a Dictionary of Egyptian Hieroglyphs." At the date of his retirement 1924 he had written no fewer than 120 books on his special sub jects. He had reached the maximum age for retirement (65) under Treasury rules in 1922, but was invited to remain at duty in order to complete the series of guides to the collections and the volume of Facsimiles of Papyri and before that was done his retirement was postponed for another vear in order that he might complete other work. After his retirement Sir Wallis took a house near the British Museum, and for several years he was almost a dailv visitor at the museum. He wasa great favourite with King George and Queen Mary, and was olten their guest, particularly when they were at Balmoral. MR.

M. McDONAGH Mr. Martin MeDonagh, a Cosgrave member of the Bail and a pioneer of industrialism in the West of Ireland, died at Galway on Saturday, aged 84 Mr. MeDonagh was senior partner in Messrs. Thomas MeDonagh and Sons, Galway, McDonagh's Milling -and Trading Company, and McDonagh's fertilisers, ana a director ot tne tialway Foundry and Engineering Company.

He was first elected for Galway in the provisional Government of 1923, was deteated in 1927, and re-elected in 1931 and again in 1932. He was born in the Aran Islands. MR. J. B.

NUTTALL Mr. James B. Nuttall, of Heywood, died on Saturday, aged 54 years. A native of Accrington, he was educated at Manchester Grammar School and after serving his articles as a surveyor he became assistant to the borough surveyor ot isuiy. About 22 years ago he was appointed borough surveyor of Heywood and held the appointment until his death.

He had carried out many, large road improvement schemes in Heywood, and was well known in municipal engineering Quarters in VERSE FOR A QUEEN A wool queen has recently been crowned. A1 First Prize of Two Guineas and a Second Prize of One Guinea are offered for not more than eight lines of verse suitable for delivery by or dedicated to any "industrial queen," real or imaginary. Entries, which should not arrive later than Saturday, December 1, should be addressed to COMPETITION No. 47, The "Manchester Guardian," 3, Cross Street, Manchester. The result will be published on Wednesday, December 5.

Phillip Heads, in darkness last night. He sought all night for assistance and when it was finally obtained reported that his machine had a broken tail fin, states' Reuter from Melbourne. Fifty-three miners, it is feared, have been drowned by a eudden inrush. 'of'' the sea at the Matsnshima Colliery's under-sea workings at Nagasaki, Japan, says Reuter. John Albert Healy (76), of Palmers-ton Street, Ancoats, Manchester, fell over a cat in Palmerston Street last night.

'He was taken to Ancoats Hospital, but died before admission, from heart failure. WESTMACOTT'S GRAPE PRDIT SQ'SH. Best on the Market All Hotels 17. Market St. PEAK, SING, and SHOUT CLEARLY with VOCAL PASTILLES Iron WESTMACOTT a BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS Announcements in this column are charged tho rate oi Is.

6d. per line. All such announcements nmst "be authenticated by tha utme nnd address ot the sender, and in the cue ot Engagements hy the signatures ol both parties. Postage atamps 0r postal orders may bo sent in payment. BIRTHS FRANKLAND.

On KoTetnber 25. at Lorna Lodss. to Mr. and Mrs. ERNEST FRANKLAND (formerly Wimtred Isherwood), ot Stouycrolt, Kenyon, a son.

THEOBALD. On Norember 24. at Colmbatore. S. India, to MURIEL, urile oi HUGH WOODRUFFS THEOBALD, son.

By cable. MARRIAGE November 24, by licence, at Catherine Street Presbyterian Oburch, Liverpool, by tho ner. II. Itonard, D.D., NORMAX MAWDSLEY. only son oi Mr.

nnd Mrs. W. K. WILD, of Heaton Chapel, to GWYNETH. younser daughter ol Mr.

and the late Mrs. John MOSTYN, of Liverpool. DEATHS ALDRED (formerly Taylor). On Wocmlicr 25. alter long suffering, patiently borne, at 23, Tonbridao Road, Levensbnlme, ELLEN, tho beloved wifs n( tho late John Edward ALDRED and dearly loved mother 8.

H. Taylor, aged 61 years. Servirn at St. Andrew's Church, Lerenshulme, to-znorrovr (Tuesday). 2 15 p.m., prior to interment at the Southern Cemetery at three o'clock.

Farther inquiries to Messrs. James C. Broome, -Downing Street, Manchester 1. 'Phone, 2902 Ardvrick. BLACKBURH.

On November 24, at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, the Rer. ARTHUR BLACKBURN, formerly rector of St. Paul's Church, Phillips Park, Manchester, aged 68 years. Service at St. Paul's Church Wednesday, November 28, 1 15 p.m., prior to interment at- St Barthojo-mea's Church, Ripponden, 3 p.nu 14, Carlton Road, Smallshaw, Ashton under-Lyne.

Inquiries to Squire Oldham, funeral director, Asbton-under-Lyne. Tel. 1521. RADD0CK. On the 24th at Breeze House Nursing Home, GEORGE H.

BRADDOCK. J.P., of Psrkleigh, Queen's- Road, Oldham chairman of Meters, ied 70 years. Interment at ChacTderton Cemetery on Tuesday, November 27, twelve noou. No -Dowers, by request. Inquiries to Buckley and Prockter, Ltd.

Telephone '(Oldham) MAIn 3481. CROStPtELO-On the 24th PRANCIS WILLIAM, beloved husband, of Ethel CROSSFIELD and second- son of the late Francis William Cross-field, of Pendleton. Service Manchester Crematorium Tuesday, at -three o'clock, friend please accept' this (the only) intimation. 52, quesn Street, Irlamt-o'-ta'-Height. Inquiries WUUim Pollitt, Pendleton.

'Phone 2624 Pen. GRIMSHAWOn November 26, 1954; at her' mi. deuce. Hawthorn Villa, Albert Road, WOmalow, JANE, wife of the late Joseph GRIMyHAW, in her 92nd year. Friend please accept- thla (the- only) intimation.

Inquiries to W. T. Clegs, Wflmslovr. TeL 6. HARDY.

On the 24th JortiBed by the rites of Holy Mother Church, at 6. Chestnut Drive, Ash-ton-on-Mersey, JOHN THOMAS; the- dearly -loved husband of Emily HARDY. H.I.P. Requiem 'Mas at St. Hugh's Church Manchester Bead, West Tim-parley, to-morrow (Tuesday), 'at lO a nu Inquiries to Messrs.

Fyans and Gorujn. Limited, City 6769 and Cent 3716. HAWORTH. On the 23rd HAROLD ROSE HA WORTH, aged 45 years, of Htil Crest, Southsm Road, Birmingham. JAMES.

On November 24. 1934, GEORGE LESLIE, dearly loved son of George Arthur and Lily JAMES, of Lonsdale Wbitefleld, aged 26 years. Interment at All Saints' Church. Stand, on Tuesday the 27th at twelve noon. KIRKLAMD.

On November 23, after a short illness MAY. dearly loved wife of Harry KIRKLAND, IS, Twenty-fourth Street, Malvern, Johannesburg. Will friends please accept this intimation. Br cable to A. M.

Firth, Worcester.) MULLEN. On the 24th at 18, Winstanley Road, Sile, JOSEPHINE, wife of the late Robert A. R. MULLEN, aged 77 years. Inquiries to C.

W. Clougb nd Son, LW. 'Phono 3241 Sole. NUTTALL, On the 24th aged 54 years. JAMES BRIGOS NUTTALL, borough surveyor, of Heywood, beloved husband of Martha Hannah Nuttall, The Gables.

Hopwood, Heywood, Funeral service at St. John's Church, Hopwood, at twelve noon Tuesday. Friends please accept this (the onlyj intimation. SIMPSON. On the 25th at 15.

Belgrave Crescent, Eccles. EVELYN MARY, the dearly lored wife ot Albert Harrleld SIMPSON, aged 32 years. Funeral arrangements later. flowers, but donations to Christie Hospital. Inquiries Coon and Sons, Ltd.

TeL Pen. 1487. TURNER. On November -23, 1934, near Leelr, aeropUne accident. GEOFFREY WFl youngest son of Mrs.

TURNER and the late Charles Henry Turner, ol Falinge Corner, r1ECemeteryTUneraI VERNON, On the fhst at 40. ahaftesbury Avenue. Blackpool, GEORGE ERNEST. rSoved husband of Bertha A. B.

VERNON, aged 58 years. Funeral service at Manchester CrerMtorium. 1 pjn. Tuesday, 27th last. mn, WHITE.

On November suddenly at a nnnTn, home, JAMES DOUGLAS deJrffitoveS Ffbjna of Helena Wb- of HSfeaead. Woodford, aged 54 years. Serrice at the Stockport Crematorium tbi day (Monday), it tvo vXh s'tocSt. Umm- WITHERS On November 24, 1934, at the borne ot Kjueia jsoaa, itecnuaie. Interment Southern Cemetery, Manchester.

niWea neiday November 23. at twSTOSSkTOoS. quine. to Richard Belt, Ltd. Tel.

Ruslunell5a: WOOD On November 23. 1934. suddenlr -i widow of" the 'late Frederick Sri orT- 2 is Memoeiam memory of Mrs. MTBHXIAir. MTOLi-ilCri? 'H? SL Mr.

SITJSHLIAir. 26- 1933- Ever remembered by and, F. anelson, Macclesfield. In loring inemory ol Dad." who "died November 27, -Tife, Tornt1Sdv5orothV. AMES ft, iBBOOMEr-FaDtfiCDirMtor, ,42, OOWMIHQ ST- MfC r.

AH letter should be addressed either to the Editor The Manchester Guardian, and to -Individual. c.V The Editor cannot be retpot.sibl-'.."tor. -offered publication; though, tot practicable. If not nied they" will tie rrtorned-whia stamped and addressed; enxalopea. Printed and Vabiv-30iNVXSaS'VXm7 i for th NEWS at Guardian Street, Mnchter 2 -qw- Sir Lacon Threlford, a past president of the Institute of Linguists, speaking at the annual meeting of the institute in London on Saturday, said that more and more, in all parts of the country, it was noticed that there was a marked revival in the interest taken in the study of modern languages, and an increasing realisation of their great value in these days of keen commercial competition.

We have in this country a very large number of unemployed youths," he added. "It has been proposed that they should continue their studies. Would it not be possible in promising cases to endeavour, by a concentrated course of instruction, to teach them to speak a modern foreign language? They might find, if successful, employment in hotels, on the railways, and in tourist centres in tlr.s country. we appear to be badly equipped the knowledge of foreign languages for the reception of foreign visitors to our shores, and a greater efficiency in this aireciion snouio help materially our tourist trade. Large sums of monev.

many millions, are expended each year in this country upon modern language tuition, with little, if any, practical results. Yet, with proper direction, with new methods and enterprise, this vast annual expenditure of national wealth might be productive of satisfactory results." Sir Lacon read a letter he had recently received from Dr. Leslie Burgin, the Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, in which Dr. Burgin stated: "The average Britisher, when he gives his mind to it, can become as good a linguist as anyone. There is, however, a rather irritating attitude of mind which seems to think that the English language is quiits Bumcieni, ana mat any learning of a foreign tongue must necessarily be some coming off a pedestal.

Openings for British trade are increased by a knowledge of languages. Salesmanship of British articles is gravely hindered bv lack of knowletlsrp of -languages. Representation of British manufacturers the markets that matter is aimmisnea it the knowledge of languages is not possessed. Tiine is savea ana oiten inendship preserved by an ability to understand without interpretation." THE WEATHER Forecast for To-day The Meteorological Office issues the following forecast for the period from ba.m. to-day till midnight to-night: Tnfria A 1 i- a anucyejone extends Irom Southern England to South Germany, while Trp11 ro i lnw aw T.T-..

cmtiu. vrcaiDer will DC cloudy and jnild and will be dry except ia the London. lAght south-westerly to westerly wind mainltt cloudy: local morninc mint S.W.. fi.E.. nd E.

England, E. ana Midlands. jy to westerly wina; mainly CloudTJ local mnrnir.tr tuT- I Moderate south-westerly to westerly Wlnrl? 'In nr. i 7n11 mill) 8.W. and S.E.

Scotland. Moderate to fresh or cuiu-it ulna: Cloudy Or dull perhwij local drizzle: miM Irish Sea. Light or moderate iouth.westeriT or westerly wind; cloudy; sea slight. Further Outloolt Similar. Ban rites Sets.

Moon rises. Sets. To-day 7 53 3 59 8 52 p.m.. 12 05 p.m. Tc-morrow 7 55 3 68 10 12 20 p.m.

Vnr HVJirvT t.n nrwth 0 t-. 1 it uv.i,u vt duMivijinLar auoni is earlier by 43 seconds. LAMP.TIMB FOE VEHICLES 4 29 YESTERDAY IN MANCHESTER WMtworth Park Meteorological Observatory. Sunday, November 25, 1934. Cloudy.

Barometer Tendency i Steady. To.rtav. 05terrtv. Barometer, 9 p.m. (Millibars) (The millibar is the International nnit ot barometric pressure.

One thousand milllbari (one bsrl equals 29.53 inches oi mercurj. One inch oJ mercar, equals 33.86 mi'tibarl Shade Temperatures. I To-day. Test. Dry bulb 9a.m.

50 ...51 Dry bulb 9p.m. 48 I 44 ...48 To-day. Yestrrday. Humidity (percentage) 9 a.m... 69 93 i 9 p.m...

74 85 Balnrall (In millimetres) nil trace Sunshine nil nil A COUNTRY DIARY Cumberland, November 24. Kestrel land is around the summit of the mountain pass. Over the lanes of deeply rust-tinted bracken among- the dark coniferous tree3 planted on the fell slopes hovered the small hawks, their wings seeming never to tire as they searched for mice and beetles. Seldom is it that we see them perch on the stone walls or the telegraph poles. Occasionally a sparrow-hawk swept up to the higher contours, but there were no small birds, save wandering tits, for them to prey on there.

We dropped 300 feet and we were among the blackbirds and fieldfares and tit-larks. This is the sparrow-hawk country proper, though a little lower down, where rabbits are in plenty, we came across the buzzards taking advantage of the enarer's knowledge and skill. They are in no need yet of the carrion that comes of falls of rock in coombes where the Herdwick sheep graze. No ravens were in the sky above the tops, but carrion crows, two of them imitating their bigger kind's barking-, shouted from the topmost bough of an aged Scotch fir. As we passed he head of the lake we saw widgeon and mallard in the bays, and cormorants and gulls on a scar running far into the water.

All were resting. G. W. M. SCOUT OFFICERS IN COUNCIL The annual general meeting and open conference of the South-east Lancashire Connty Scout Council was held at Longford Hall, Stretford, on Saturday.

The delegates to the conference, which was purely for scout masters and officers, were given a civic reception by Alderman F. W. Bates, the mayor of Stretford. In the evening an addrsss was given by Mr. D.

Francis Morgan, of London, assistant secretary to the Boy Sconts Association. CATHKDRAL SERVICES Matins at 11; Etentonr at 3- Holy Commnnios-Weeadaja daily at 7 30 a Holy Days and Fridays (choral) at 11 a-m. Baptisms after doe notice. Monday. (Services rendered by men' voices only.) Matins: Steggall in fiat: Anthem 56 "Lord of sU power and might (Earaby).

Evensong lifffe in Anthem 428, "lord, teach us to number our days" (Lloyd). At 7 30p.m., Diocesan Service. A six-week-old baby who disappeared in its perambulator from Outside a chop in Regent Terrace, Bridlington, on Saturday, found two" hours later after a search in which extra police and relatives of -the child had joined. It was found lying in a pool of water in a building at some distance froiii Regent Terrace, 7 February 7, while in conversation at the office with Mr. Turner, the chief fire assessor from the company's office, a letter was opened addressed to Jfains, iiranch Manager, iiagie, Star, and Br'tish Dominions Insurance Company, 33, Abingdon Street, The letter, reads as follows: Dear Sir, P.

H. B. Bleasdale, Blackpool: Account outstanding, 9 13s. 9d. The above member of this association informs me that after repeated efforts he has been unable to obtain settlement and has placed the matter in my hands; I therefore request remittance by return.

For your information, should you not comply with my request I shall be compelled to insert your name and address in our Defaulters List, which is circulated to over 4,000 members of the association in protection of their interests. I trust you realise the seriousness such a procedure involves and accede to my request to oDviate the necessity tor such action. Yours faithfully, For the Northern Bookmakers Protection Association, I. Shcttleworth, Secretary. Counsel said that in the course of correspondence the defendants said they had been in correspondence with Mr.

Bleasdale, who informed them that the plaintiff was not indebted to them at all. They also said the sending of the communication to him appeared to be an unfortunate mistake for Mr. Rains and they regretted it very much, but the mis. take was entirely bona fide. Company's Rule In evidence Mr.

Rains said he had been with the company since 1929, and there was a law of the company that any mem ber of the staff found betting would be dismissed. He had never had a bet in his life. Replying to Mr. Gerrard, the witness agreed that by a coincidence he and a Mr. Rain had addresses in Corona tion Street, Blackpool, at the same time.

He was not satisfied on thinking the matter over that this was a very unfortunate mistake and no more. He held a very responsible position and had a great duty to perform to his company. He agreed that Mr. Turner was the only person aDout wnen the letter was opened and mat ne naa ceen onerea an apology. Mr.

Gerrard: Not an apology in measured terms, but one offering to sign on behalf of the association any letter or certificate to be sent or given to any person who you may think thinks worse of you because of the letter? Quite richt. Mr. Rains added that he had brought the action to show the people of Blackpool that he owed no money to any bookmaker. Asked if there was any reason why anyone should doubt his character seeing that only Mr. Turner had eeen the letter and an apology had been made.

Rains eaid thoy might think, if he got a letter of apology, that lie had arranged it. He wanted a public apology, aim ii au apuiugy wtie given iu open court he would regard it as a vindication' of his character. Public Vindication Mr. Gerrard (to the Judge) I am instructed tc pologise to this gentleman on behalf of the association on the same terms as before. Asked by Mr.

Gerrard if that satisfied him as a public vindication of his character, Mr. Rains said it did. Godfrey Harrison Turner, of Cleveleys, said he reported the matter to a high official of the company as lie thought it was his duty to do so. He denied it was curiosity that made him read the letter when he saw what it was. Now there had been a public apology he had no doubt as to Mr.

Rains's character in regard to betting. The hearing was adjourned until to-day. PROTECTION OF ANIMALS The Humane Education Society, whose object is the protection of animals, held an exhibition and bazaar in the Memorial Hall, Manchester, on Saturday. Rehearsal duties in London prevented Mile. Yvonne Arnaud, who was to have opened the proceedings, from coming to Manchester, but Mme.

Elisabeth Kenyon, president of the Speech Fellowship, and Miss Jessey Wade, editor of the Little Animals' Friend," gave short addresses. The most interesting section of the exhibition was a collection of drawings and essays by school children, among whom the society does much work. There were also specimens of artificial furs on show, made out of yarns and wools, some of them remarkably clever imitations. TO-DAY'S ARRANGEMENTS Hcuso of Commons: Debate on Labour Amendment to the Address (continued) London Elementary Schools' Jubilee Celebration. Connty Hall.

5 50 to 7 30. Meeting on onr Imperial Responsibilities, Central Ball, Westminster. 8. Sit Themis Inskip at Reading. Manchester and Salford Manchester County Court, 10 15.

Manchester Assizes. Cinl Causes: Rains T. Northern Bookmakers' Protection Association, Ltd. (part heard): Bullen T. W.

Fliher and Sons. Trammel t. Manchester Guardian and Erening ncwi i.iu. ana breenwooa; ieign ana Anotnex v. Hallas; Pennington t.

Pea re, li 30. Korth.western Traffic Commissioners: Arkwright House, jtancnester, iu ou. Manchester and Salford Medical Charities Fund American Tea, Memorial Hall, 5 and 6. University Science Federation: Sir E. John Russell on science in tna inangrng countryside, University, 5.

Manchester Guardian Society for the Protection ot Trade: Annual jauuana Hotel, oo. Piatt Hal! Art Gallery: Mr. F. Bladen-Smith on The History of Stage Decoration," 7 30. British Italian League: Mr.

Waller on The Rossetti Family," Natural History Theatre, University, 7 50. Mr. E. Howard Harris. "The National Poetry of the sunns." Lesuai uorary, Mr.

K. Stuart Pilcher- on "The CUJ Transport Serrice," Peter Street, 9. Manchester and Salford Bleed Transfusion 6ervice: Annual Meeting. Salford Royal Hospital, 8. down, to earth so soon? Not stay in the primrose sky a little longer Like the heron? Mary looked down at the pattern on her dessert-plate where the ash was scraped away.

"Two fat birds were cickine at a cluster of (trapes a third had spread its wings and was -nearly gone, one had to break the silence. "John, where did it go, the heron?" John was vague. "How do I know? It flew away." J. Paliceb saw a heron this evening. Surprised, the silence drew away, then came closer again to listen.

A heron. John's father looked at the two legs of the nutcracker in his hand and saw a heron, standing alone in a quiet pool, fishing. He searched about in his memory where had he seen it? Killarney, years ago. Ah, that was it. It was evening and the water was still, waiting for the sunset to colour it.

The young reeds stood up stiffly in armies at the edge of the pool, and when the heron moved the shadows cast by its legs struck out across the water like forked lightning in a steel sky. No sound but the rustle of the dead, yellow sedges in the wind from the mountains. He hadn't married Eleanor then she was only nineteen and he twenty. In the evenings they always walked past the pool towards the lake, away from the old house, from her martinet grandmother, the interruptions and irritations that kept them two people, not one as he knew they were, as they came to be as soon as the lake and its serenity was reached. It came upon them then, this strange blending into one, as soon as the garden gate had clicked behind them and their feet were on the path that led down to the water.

It was nearly perfect; they walked in, two shining circles of light that touched at the rims and were the move beautiful because they had the desire to blend into one circle yet did not. Their love gleamed in the silver under-leaves of the willows and was reflected in the tranquil water. Eleanor had seen the heron first: they hid behind a tree and watched it, pressing their bodies against the trunk, she peeping one side and he the other. When he held his breath he heard the tree breathing, and the bark was rough against his cheek. The heron was standing motionless in the water, looking at the evening, and alone.

And suddenly he saw that this delicate communion between himself and Eleanor was dangerous. Their love was becoming too etherealised it might vanish before it had been brought to earth. Thpn he had touched Eleanor. He remembered her startled face looking at him round the trunk of the tree. The tree ceased to breathe, and the heron, spreading its wings, rose with slow flaps into the evening sky, leaving the water polished and still.

But Eleanor was still there and they stayed under the willow saying nothing at all until it was dark, and even then had hardly dared to move because they knew that the moment would never be recaptured. Eleanor stopped crumbling her bread, and the flight of the heron cut across the circle of thoughts going round and round in her mind, the arguments she might have produced to prove her point, all the biting things she might nave said if only they had occurred to her in time. She looked through the wall and across the garden and saw it flying over the poplar trees, coming from but she couldn't think where it was cc-minp from or where it was going, only that it was there, sailing over the trees, its trailing legs and claws like black threads against the paling sky and its grey wings defeating space with great silent flaps. Beautiful and unhurried and serene. Growing smaller and smaller, more meaningless.

Like life itself less and less meaning as love became habit, children crew independent. and one was no longer necessary to anyone's completeness. Gerald, now, always bickerint about money and extravagance. Was there anything left between them? Anything that mattered as it really did years ago? When she had lain awake beside him that morning the gardener had been cutting the lawn outside their window. She listened the sound drifted in extraordinarily light and brittle in the brilliant sunlight, and she saw that Gerald was awake too.

But she hadn't touched him, she hadn spoken of what was suddenly in her heart, a desire to find out if he felt as she did, if the light, brilliance of the morning was any lovelier because they were together in a quiet room. With one breath she had felt it, with the next it had gone and they lay separate, silent. Was there any love left when people were like that? If she had spoken would the morning have grown in brilliance, the day have been like those other days long ago? And would there have been any quarrel? Couldn't she have stayed this evening at the dining-table with Gerald, the children, the warm, gleaming plates, grapes in the silver dish instead of wandering into the to see a bird fly over the trees, coming from nowhere and going it didn't matter how far after it had passed the tenth tree 1 Mary closed her eyes and saw the heron flying into the sunset. She went with it, left the house and the garden far and surprisingly remote from the evening. She couldn't let it go she had to catch up with it before it was 'too late.

It had something that no one else could tell her. But it flew along, unheeding, in the primrose sky, and suddenly it croaked. A harsh sound it sounded like advice. Mary fell down earth. And she had so wanted something new and strange, some secret to put her a little mysterious distance from Alan when he took her out after dinner in his car.

Not just -to sit there helpless and ordinary because she -was in lovej and- waiting to be simply a waist for him to hold as soon as got out in. the country. Would understand if she told him about the heron, how strangely it had flown for her across the dining-room and how Father and Mother had never noticed 'it, of course, because they were too old to see anything like that? Wasn't it extraordinary? She could hear Alan's voice telling her about the wonderful stove that only used so much coke no coal and the money saved. Why pay rent a building society perhaps two years instead of three Wasn't 'there -anything besides these Must coke into love at eighteen? Had everything got to comej.