The Guardian from London, Greater London, England • 11

11 THE MANCHESTER WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 27, 1926. WOO MANY DEATHS IN CHIED-BIRTH. SUGGESTIONS BY DR. tWIRELESS NOTES AND PROGRAMMES. RELIEF iWORKS HELD yP- Economy Circular's Effect in Manchester.

COMMITTEE PROTEST. The Manchester Works for Unemployed Committee in its schemes for relief work CHARGE AGAINST SPINNERS. Alleged i Short-tWeight- LANCASHIRE LETTER TO NOTTINGHAM. Explanation and Further Details Invited. One oft the'" matters brought before the Short-time Organisation" Committee of the' of Master Cotton Spinners' at its meeting-in 'Manchester yesterday was a report in- the Daily Mail THE CULT OF SIMPLICITY.

(From a Technical Correspondent.) One of the chief faults in amateur wireless construction is a tendency to over-elahoration. which finds expression in a plethora of. connections and the inteiposi-1 tion of needless components, sucn as superfluous condensers and switches. The latter have a peculiar fascination for soma workers, and for certain purposes they are extremely convenient, if not indispensable. But in probably nine cases out of ten where a switch is installed it is only used so rarely, except for "showing off," that, ils entire absence would not be at all seriously missed.

aurifh for I tnsumce. Is often fitted by amateurs 1Q6 lUUlitlAL tiou sets which are hahitually used on one adjustment or tho other. Unless the switch itself is a high-class anti-capacity one. and tho fitting is very carefully carried out, small but appreciable losses may osisily occur in the very feeble current flowing at this stage, losses which may be simply and, as a rule, quite satisfactorily avoided ly sticking to either the series or parallel connection and cutting out thp switch altogether. Condensers are another story, since it is eafo in when a condenser recom mended in diagram can he omitted -without a manifest diminution of either Or volume.

But personal experiment will not infrequently prove that in this or that individual case tne iexoixK ranilv.Tnak no difference bevond adding 11 f.l,;!K,,rac tr. tlia met of two or iulcc auuiiiiba set and necessitating four extra connec tions. It, cannot be. too strongly insisted upon that, more especially iu a set intended to fulfil one particular purpose, sucli as broad cast reception, simplicity 01 consiriiciiuu should ba a primary consideration, and there is little doubt that iu the early future thn orinciDle will be applied much more freely than it is at present. It will bo good for wireless if progress in this direction comes to mean, among other simplifications.

the eventual abolition in oroaacasi reception sets of that "spring of woes unnum bered the reaction coil. But it is possible to carry simplicity a little too far by letting it interfere unduly with the effectiveness of controls. For nvmrmla onfl mav be teinnted to make a single rheostat serve for two or three valves. It is not a sound methqd, if only for tho reason that all valves, even if they possess the same characteristics, do not. "wear" alike, and at the end of, say, six months, one or other of two or three valves controlled by one rheostat may he getting more or less niament current tnan us optimum requirement.

BROADCASTING'S EFFECT ON READING. (From our Edinburgh Correspondent. According to a report prepared by Mr. Savage, librarian of the Edinburgh Public Library, broadcasting seems to have increased rather than diminished the number ot readers. Books recommended by wireless lecturers are frequently demanded.

The TO-DAY'S WIRELESS PROGRAMMES. LEVINSTEIN Need for. Defensive Research Work. EXAMINATION OF FOREIGN PATENTS. Under the title Philosophy in the Market Place," Dr Herbert Levinstein, who is the new president of the" -Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, delivered his presidential address at a meeting of the society yesterday evening.

His subject was scientific and especially chemical invention in relation to industry, and the greater' part of his address was devoted to a survey of the conditions under which, in the modern new industries can' be established on the basis of scientific ilis-civeries. Dr. Levinstein said that the- people of this country were now readjusting their attitude towards science, and barticiilarlv towards the inveiitive industries, bu. there was -still, in minds, a complete misapprehension of tho means to be used -for a successful-industrial It was a step forward to secure our best creative minds in science" to- help the State in war and commerce, but it was uuite-another thing. to create new industries out of 'scientific inventions.

In the first place'it must be remembered that--scientiBo dis-' coveries were published to -the world. Itj did not follow that because an invention i was made in England it. would be exploited in England. It was. not' yet recognised, in this country that a very special type rof industrialist was required to combine with the men of science, and that a different type of market man was required.

We had few people in' leading positions in this country with the vision that came-from knowledge, to adopt a half worked out. process, to solve its difficulties, and to create a world -demand, as did Dr. Mond with the Soli-ay Incurious Business Men. It had been said that the younger-generation was incurious; that youth was no longer a quest. The fact is," said Dr.

Levinstein, that Iho middle-aged business man is incurious. He is still under the mid-Victorian idea that it is hardly respectable to be a scientist. I saw but one leader in the cotlou trade in this room when Dr. Robinson recently lectured on" diseases in tin cottou plant, a subject which deals with the fundament of the cotton plant. There was here uot a single representative of those great industries which depend on the produce of the humble potato when Mr.

Kenneth M. Smith Jectured-on virus diseases of the potato. Would this have been the case in this room fifty, sixty, or seventy years ago?" Let them look down the list of company uucwuia 01 um my iijiiusiiiai organisations. How many of them had had a scientific training, or could tell the difference between a feasible and a useless new process' If this country was coins to relv uoon the usual type of professional directors, men ot title or whoever they might be, it would fail in competition with Germany, as in the dyestuff industry. Dr.

Levinstein considered the reluctance of the average manufacturing concern in this country to employ a research staff was amply justified. Research was not for the average marKet man, and tnere was nothing so expensive as employing a lot. of chemists when there was not, the technical ability tn work their discoveries on a large scale or sufficient discernment to find a market. Organised industrial research could onlv be successfully carried out by great organi sations; it meant expensive sums and expensive plants, and it. must lie rlirecicd by men with technical experience and commercial knowledge- Above all, it required a great sates department able to exploit i invention in all the open markets of the world.

There was a great difference between the discovery of a reaction in the laboratory and the creation of an industry. An Illustration. Taking some of the outstanding successes of recent years in the organic chemical industries to illustrate his point. Dr. Levinstein referred tn the history of the Haber ammonia process.

The fundamental facts with regard to the conversion of nitrogen and hydrogen into ammonia were known," he pointed out. before the Badischc Company commenced their interests in Hie technical solution of the fertiliser problem. The possible conversion by passing the mixed gasses over a catalyst at a given pressure was known, and it was known that the yield increased with increased pressure. From the coat figures it. was clear that the process could not.

succeed commercially, for tlie amount of ammonia, obtained by a single passage dirl not cover the cost of compression. "Whether Professor Haber originally directed the attention of the Badische Company to the ammonia synthesis I know not, hut it was Haber, so I am told by Dr. Ehrhardt, who iioimed otit to the Badische Company that the cost aspect was completely different if the ammonia could be separated from the compressed gases without the pressure being released. In this case the gases could be sent repeatedly over the catalvst for the cost of one compression. This "appealed to the Badische Company and the process was accordingly worked out on.

the small scale by Haber, with the able assistance of Le Hossignol, a Channel Islander. Is any person hold enough to declare that there exists in this country any firm who would 'have adopted this idea, who could have developed it and overcome successfully the great technological difficulties subsequently involved 1 Defensive Research Work. Inventions such as these. Dr. Levinstein said, changed the economies of nations.

They put whole out of cultivation. Where to-day were tlie madder fields and the indigo plantations? And this invention was already threatening, and was meant to threat, the most imnortant export of Chili. Yet. in the true rense of tlie word. Haber was not the inventor nf what was known as tne Haber process.

It had really been made by the Badisctie company. The story of viscose and the production of artificial silk, had the same moral. Its development was due to many; above all, tu the couraee and perseverance and commercial ability of Courtaulds. Xever, he thought, were profits more legitimately earned. We had done excellent work in this country in many brunches of organic chemistry, but bisr business in sencral was at a great disadvantage as compared with the cor responding industries in ntner countries appraisiog and developing new inventions.

Our market was not yet the best market for the chemical philosopher. Discussing the work of the Department of Industrial and Scientific Besearch. Dr. Levinstein suggested that a quick investigation of every foreign patent bearing on an industry was the most important service tnat an intelligence department cou.ttt give. Such investigation suggested analogous lines of research in good time, and later -ihe products, of the Datent could be identified nn the market and countered." This defensive -research work was the mcst important kind of research work, and it seemed to him to be precisely the work which could be carried out by the department.

It would be of great value to our industries' and a great saving' of effort if all this' work' could be centralised in the new. laboratory at Ted-, din'gton. This was a. sen-ice which many firms would be glad to subscribe for. and it was the one direct service which the department could 'render which did not and could not injure any British manufacturer.

Let them consi-Tcr this. The Tednington laboratories were siartine work in high-pressure reactions. The, publication of experiments, made, the Haber process might easily be detrimental.to the interests of a firm which had already worked out the particulars for itself. But prompt reporting on foreign patents could do no harm to anv British company, but only'good. The Patard method cf converting water gas into methanol, which mieht some day get a valuable, yield of liquid fneU from coal, was patented France, but the Patard patents were at once examined by the Badische company, which' surrounded them 'with -a ring of patents of its own.

Methanol -was now made by the Badische company on a large scale, but he was not aware of any firm which produced methanol synthetically in this country. Did not this incident strengthen the case for doine-thia -work of -defensive research at 1 Teddington for doin? it thoroughly and doing it for all! issues in tho mus'ic" section have increased from 5.C00 in 1923 io 11,300 in 1924; and to 15,500 in 1SZS. A portion of this is due to tho influence of wireless in stimulating musical interest. Since Edinburgh station was opened the issues of all kinds, have greatly increased. INTERNATIONAL TESTS.

Ihere is little doubt that many the listeners who havs been endeavouring to tune-in some of the' American- broadcasting stations between 3 a.m. and 4 a.rh. on tle two opening days of tho International Eadio Week will have lost much of their enthusiasm for long-distance reception. Yesterday morning's disappointment, was, as nn Monday morning, due to the inter-irnntinn nf nneratir.ns on tho American side in fnrmanufiurn nf call from the sea. jo.tDrcas.ea -p -1 the distress call camo from the British, steamer Laristau, which has since been abaadnned ff Halifax.

From 4 a.m. to 5 a.m. the various Continental stations carried out their part in the international transmissions. MORE TELEVISION. Fuither demonstrations of were given in London yesterday by a young Glasgow electrical engineer, Mr.

John L. Kaird. who has been engaged during the last three years terfeclins his. idea. By his apparatus it is possible to reproduce either hy wireless or over telephone wires whatever is placed before tho receiving end of the The invention is now being taKen over oy a company -who will develop it, and as soon us possible commence tho broadcasting of interesting events.

The broadcast wilL begin from Motograph House, St. Martin's as soon as the apparatus ran be set up. As already announced application lias been made to. the Postmaster General and the necessary formalities commenced for ajicence to broadcast. The televisor can be attached to any wireless receiving set which employs valves.

anil it produces 111 its present torm .1 small picture on a groundglass screen of whatever is happening at the transmitting end. About. 40 members and research workers of the Royal Inst ilution attended a demonstration yestordav evening. Among those present were Mr. E.

Sanger-Shephcrd. who is known in connection with tho transmission of photographs by wire, Mr. Philip li. Coursey. the wireless expert, and members who have been engaged in experimental work in connection with television.

Tlie opinion was generally expressed that tho priiu'ipln was sound. CONCERT. A symphony concert will be S.B. from Liverpool to-night. The Liverpool Station Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Mr.

Percy Pitt, will include items by 'Mozart, Monssorgslty, Wagner, and Charpentier, and with Mr. Stephen Wearing, pianist, will play Cesar Franck's "Symphonic Variations." Mr. James Howell, bass baritone, will sing songs by Vaughan Williams, Wagner, and Verdi, and tlie concert will conclnde with a performance by the orchestra of An English Fantasy," by Mr. Percy Pitt. 'cello), and York Bonrcn (pianoforte).

8 SO: Mr. .1. D. Mclvcn. nrim-inal ol tlio Royal Academy at Musac, will reply to Iho toast.

3 0: fclotart Concert. 10 0: Time Sipnal Inm Greenwich, Weather Forecast, am Sreoml General N'eira llutletin; Prnlessor E. Wcekley. "Tlie Jtomaiice ol Words (21 Phrase-tnakers" (S.U NoUiDKham) Local News. 10 30: "The Merry OeorKo Oravea, the inimilalile Daron Popoil.

11 0: Close dntrn. BIRMINGHAM (6 IT on 479 metres). 7 45: Tho Statimt Piarjoforlo Quintet. 45: Afternoon Topics. 5 15: Children's Corner.

6 Orchestra. 0: rionrarnrnft S.1I- from London. 7 3D: Ohnrnl Cnnciirt. 9 15: llndlo ltadiance. 10 Weather Forecast and News: Professor E.

Weekfey, Thn H'jmaiic Worr3 (21 Phrase-makers (SIB. from NnttlnKham) Local -News. 10 30: Geoisre Graves, in cccerpls from "Tho Merry Widow" (S.B. from London). 110: Close down.

CARDIFF 15 WA on- 353 metres). 4- 05 a.m.: Cardiff America: Glvn lienor). Frederick Hull and Die Station Trio. 30 1 30: T.iin'-li-l music. 3 0: Orpan llccital.

3 304 30: Orchestra. 5 0: Cardiff Radio "Five. o'Clncks." 5 30: CtuJdrcn's Corner. 6 30: Musical Interlude (S.B. from London).

6 45: Local Tfillo Societies Builetin. 7 Weather Form-art and News: The Rev. T). II: 8. Ornr.ase.

Litt.D. (S.B. from London). 7 25: Musical Interlude from London). 7 30: A Variety relayed from' the lUiondda Institute, Tony-pandy.

10 0: Weather Forecast and News; Fro-IcsEor Wccklcy (S.B. f'-nra N'ottlnphaml Local News. 10 50: Georee Graves, in from "Thet Vcrry Widow (S.B. from London). 11- Closn 1 NEWCASTLE (5 NO-on 404 metres).

3 03 30: Transmission In Schools. 4 Talk. 4 15: Dance Music. 5 Id: Children Corner 6 Itobert StracgewaVK In Selected Items." 6 20: Farmcre' Corner. 6 35: Concert (continued).

7 0: Programme S.U. from London. 7 35 Ttaval Hortleut- tuml Snr-IHy T.ilk, 7 40; Dfr. J5. Williams, ij.St-., Fermentation." 0: Ballad Concert.

10 0: Forecast anrf Professor E. Wceklev. "Tho Homimre of lragc-mahera (S.B, from Nottinrilaarol lcal New. IO 30: Georfre Craves iu cxccipts from Jlerry Widow': (S.B. from London).

11 0: Close down. 0LABCQW (5 9C-OD 422 mctrci). 11 3012 30: Midday Tranamisaion. 3 25--3 55: Broadrast to Schools. 3 Wireless (Juartet.

Jean Grant (sonrano), 5 0: Afternoon Topics. 5 15: Children's Corner. 6 6 2: Weather Forecast for Farmcre. 6 15: Programme S.B. Irom London).

7 40: Mr. Itobert M- Matters Taste (S.B. irom Aherdccnl: -8 symphony 0: Weather Forecast and News; Professor E. Weeklcy. "Tho Romance of Words (2) Phrase-makers" (S.B.

irom Nottingham). 10 30: Half an i wiuow- wun (Jcorse Grates i.u. nuui sijuooi. ii tviose nown. ABERDEEN (2 BD-ou 495 mctreii.

0 a.m.: Aberdeen Calllnc "America fi (annrox.t: CImc dawn, 45 p.m.: Altcrnoorj Toplci. 15: Children Corner. 1 7 O. Programme liom Concert tb.B. Irom.

Glaigcvr). 10 0-W Gather Format and frofciaor T2L Veckley iaJron, 10 30: GeonwKw in (S.B. from Lon- uuui. ix UOWn. LEEDS-BRADFORD (2 LSon 321 and 31U metres).

11 30-12 30- Music 4 0. Orchestra. 6 Ot ibtr. Ch.ld.en-. .5 50! 'ADiairrtN Mills Bund: nnhy Wik-rirler rionci the Diana).

Harry Burley IOD-. o-S r. from, London. LIVERPOOL. (6 LVor SIC metres).

5:. Midday ConWt. n. MiUnt. "uuj t.ranc Jian.

4 Afternoon Topics. 4 15: Ilance Orchestra. 5 IS- Corner. 6 40; PreKremme.RB. fron? TjoTidonT 7 35- Matron IU rector Monthly Ta)k.

Horticultural Bulletin, f) 0: The Station Symp'honi James Howell (1.a,oarilone, filenniti Wearing pianoforte). 10 1 Programme TL from LCtltJOT). 1 r. NOTTINGHAM fS NG-00 326 metres). 11 3012 30: Graraonhone Records.

3 SO: Mr. t. Jfosley. Astronomical of. -the.

Month. 3 145-Orchestra 4 45r Afternoon PeeovS. SA.V"" "St 63S: GriSoShon? Records. 6 30: Programme S.B. from London.

8 Second Evening, with Kottindiam Artists. Olive .111" IbaritenV)! S.iSf-1 7n "i OilIr.L Kth)cen ITalcomb, lO lO-' 8T0KC-0H TBEHT '(6'ST-on 306 mttres). Orchestra. 5 Children's Corner. 6 46: Teens' Corner 6 0: Station Topics'.

-tVlB- LiSi Jorte'r'- To wSK forte). 10 fT-11 Or Prri2ramm. fl.B.-from Xondon. -DAVEHTRY 15 XJC-0B .1,600 metttl). -1 2 Weather Forecast.

la 1 The Rndiofjiurttt OliveKiiinii (otS Wilfred (tenor). jrj! trom'ndnn" .11 ollY oT'ftanee. UNPROTECTED LONDON TRAM-DRIVERS. Manchester's Exaninje. A- suggestion that a.

'device "in use for tram-drivers under the Manchester Corpora-'. iriviieciioa against sad weather should be used for drivers on London County Council tram cars was. made yes terday meeting of the Council. In the later types of Manchester the'driver is protected by a'-e'lass: screen, Mr. -'X.

P. Hint took Utc form- of a mica 'and'he the Highways Committee" had-fjiven consideration to it, tlsecJS--' some 01 the Manchester. -were fitted rJy -V tbe -or. mica, as a. Mr.

Matthews gave them scientific, cleanly means of spacing their Any. woman' who'had'the means might go a specialist arid tay two or three guineas the necessary information, but tho working women to whom she" was had no way setting the information except auups wiucu.ougiu to: oe -suppressed. Birth-control clinics barl bpn towns, and eomo" which had 'dealt with as' many as cases had not heard of any casualties. -Instead: the' women were, at peace and not wretched and anxious about the child that coming to take the food of those already there. "They were starting a ixt ana sne inought- that was the only way they could help these women and the' babies too.

(Hear, hear.) Her committee was" only- starting theclinic because it was' the best thing they could do at the moment. They -wanted the Ministry of Health to release birth-control infonna-- uon ai trie intant welfare centres. Holland, which had had'-birth-control clinics for fortv years, had a lower rate of maternal mortality wu o. jrei ecus mgner Dmn-rate tnan ours, Mrs. Harrison, Manchester, said that women did-not take' drugs because they wanted to shift -their responsibility as women, but because they had no means of providing for the children' when they came.

Ministry and Birth Control. Replying to points raised in the discussion, Dame Janet Campbell said that the Ministry of Health had a definite policy with regard to the teaching of birth control by iDfant welfare centres and ante-natal clinics. The whole question was controversial and difficult, and no doubt because of its controversial character, as well: as the limited authority of the Ministry and local authorities under the-Maternity and Child Welfare Act, several successive' Ministers of Health hud refused to allow thp. for giving birth-control instruction. She did not want to give the impression that all child bearing was a dangerous thing and to make young women mora apprehensive than they were at present.

Dr. J. W. who spoke on pre-natal work, said that, fully. 10 per cent of the cases sent to the Children's Hospital at Pendle-bury were cases' of rickets, and of the 2.000 rickety boys and ends about half were airls.

Miss Teale, Invalid Children's Association, muucnesier, saia tnat working women were iue must spienuia set or. women the world. How thev carried on week- riftr wifit in awful surroundings with such great unselfishness and couraee was a constant marvel. They had been neglecting -the iwuiwcrs ami concentrating on tlie babies, and now they wanted to get hold of the mothers. She thought that fathers, who were extraordinarily selfish and did not look after their wives sufficiently, should be taugut to neip a little more with the work in the home.

A young married woman protested against me iaea mat men who were working hard all day for a scanty living should work also in the home. Dr. Wntkins, Medical Officer of Health for Ncwton-in-Makerfield, who said there had only been five deaths in the 3,000 maternity cases auenciea by mm, described the good ruauus no nati acmevea ny toroiddin uulw, "koi. wi ui fJdimuu mixing me im 5 t. lubbb iiiuuiu ji.

jjbo 10 DC maue piam mat animal tood was undesirable, as the women, if forbidden butcher meat, would gorge themselves with pork and ham in the belief that they were Keeping wiLuiu toe ooctors instructions. Dr. W. E. Henderson, County Medical Officer of Health for Westmorland, said that parenthood was a job for two, and thought mere euouin oe ininercrait as wen as inothercraft.

conference resumes this morning. BIRTH CONTROL CLINIC. Arrangements for One for Manchester. A Manchester and Salford mothers" clinic is. shortly to be established, and will prob-ablv have its headquarters in Salford.

Although the actual premises have not yet been been decided upon, a Manchester woman doctor has been appointed to conduct the work, which will be started at the earliest opportunity, and she will have the assistance of rn. 'specially trained and experienced nurse and a staff of voluntary helpers. Both the doctor and the nurse have already been to-London to study the work which is being carried on in various maternal welfare centres there. Tiie Manchester clinic is the project of a small group of interested women, who have appointed Mrs. J.

L. Stocks, of Fallow-field. as chairman, Mrs. Tt. Burrows, of Alherton, as lion, treasurer, and airs.

S. Frankenburg, ot Sandb.icb, as hon. secretary. The necessary funds have so far been obtained by private subscription, and it is hoped to secure sufficient money for the furtherance of the by this means. The services of the clinic will be available only for women -who are already- mothers, and onlv a nominal fee will be charged for the advice given.

The promoters of the clinic, Mrs. Frankenburg pointed out yesterday, aim at providing channel through which married women whose means are insiifri- cicnt to enable them to command the services of a private practitioner, may obtain under expert medical direction access to the best known methods of contraceptive birih control. They do regard the provision of specialised hirth control clinics as the ideal means of achieving their end. The deliberate limita-tion of families should be regarded in its proper perspective as part and parcel of the general question of maternity and infant welfare. Clearly the proper plares for such advice to be given are the existing maternity and infant welfare centres where married mothers normaltv resort.

"Until, however, the Ministry of Health sues auow sucn aavice to oe given at "two me promoters etaxe, tne necessity for specialised birth control clinics will remain. In appealing for public eun- port for the establishment and maintenance 01 BUCU a I'uuio- aeria.me needs ot Manchester, Salford, and the surrounding: area the promoters are therefore convinced that they are acting in the best interests of tl-e most neaviiy nurdened. the most self-sacrificing, and hitherto the most neglected section of the community: its working-class mothers." SCHOOLS FOR DEAF. Appointment of New Head Master. Mr.

John Spalding has been appointed by the governors of the Royal Residential Schools for the Deaf, Old as head master of that institution in succession to the lute William Nelson, who dred recently. Mr. Spalding is a Lincolnshire man and joined the staff of the Old Trafford School in 1911. For the last four vears ne has l.vn master in charge of -the Sir James E. Jones school of Industrial Training.

Be balds nianv diplomas and certificates. His wife, Mrs. 'Winifred E. Spalding. B.A., lias been appointed matron in succession to Mrs.

Nelson. LONDON ROAD STATION LOSES "TIM." A Dog Who Collected 700. Tim No- 2, the London Midland and Scottish Railway, collecting dog at -London. Road Station, Manchester, has just been des troyed on account of old age. Poor Tim's period of service was obviously over, and the necessityto destroy him was much regretted by the station staff.

He was a -familiar figure to those who used the station regu larly, for he had served at his post for ten (years, uurtng tnat time ne collected an average sum, of TO a year for railway chanties. It is hoped that a successor will be found for him shortly. Silr John and Lady Simon are' returning from their 'holiday in India, at the end of this wt Manchester Conference i Statements. EFFECTS OF FACTORY AND HOUSE WORK. Health Ministry and Birth Control.

Maternal mortality was discussed at a conference called by the National Council of Women in the Friends' Meeting-house, Manchester, yesterday. Mrs. W. H. Johnson, who presided, said that -although Manchester had a fairly low maternal' death-rate it did not seem to have taken the same pre cautions as some other great towns.

Dame Janet Campbell, senior medical officer for maternity and child welfare at the Ministry of Health, said that the maternal death-rate associated with childbirth, was unduly high in this country. There were about 700,000 births each year in Encland and Wales. and rather fewer than 3,000 mothers died in childbirth. For every mother -who died a great many mothers suffered some sort of injury or disability. dome or tne aeauis among intants ana mothers were preventable, and much damage and illness in mothers could be avoided.

Often Lancashire weaving towns showed the highest death rate in the country. The most important consideration was the quality of the professional attendance. It was difficult to say that insanitation and bad housing had definitely bad effect on midwifery, as babies were born in horrible conditions, safely and naturally, while the mothers made a perfectly good recovery, but the handicap of bad housing was always emphasised when anything went wrong with the confinement. Rickets, a great predisposing cause, were gradually disappearing in a severe form, thanks to ihe better ways of bringing up children, but there were yet women who had suffered from rickets in their youth. In northern towns, where there was more stunted growth than in the South, they had more difficulty at confinements.

Effects of Factory Work. Was it disadvantageous for a woman to go I to -work when married, rind iln emn mnrimt 1 ueiuiu or aiier marriage nave any effect on the mortality rate? That was not an easy question to answer. She was not inclined to think that there was an adverse effect from employment itself. Women worked in very good conditions nowadays; work was not, as a rule, unduly- heavy; the women wore accustomed to it, and did not often continue at work right up to the end of pregnancy. What was hurtful was when the women combined factory work with -heavy housework like washing and the lifting of tubs.

One had th impression that mora damage was done by attempts at abortion women who were accustomed to work in factories than in women who did not work outside the homo. There was nn rcyul tom to prevention. Dr. Campbell said. They wanted better education for the doctor and the midwife in midwifery.

The care, of the mother during pregnancy was a development of midwifery "practice of which most doctors new practising had never heard as students. With proper ante-natal care they could foresee mast of the dangers that might arise, and wipe out not only the maternal mortality but the injuries and disabilities which arose frum difficult confinements. Mothers ought to be educated to expect examination and to ask for it. The ante-natal clinics estab. lished by the local authority were advisory centres to which the woman could go and find out if she was all right.

More maiernitv homes were needed, and an important reform would be the abolition of the handy woman, the lineal descendant of Mrs. Gamp, as the maternity nurse. She was a great source of potential danger, but it was difficult to know how to get rid of her. Jn conclusion. Dame Janet Campbell said.

she hoped that sonie.day they would be able to make it compulsory for every woman to iiave a midwife, and that it would ha possible tor tne lccnl authority to provide the with sterilised outfits, which could be paid for as cost price if the patient was able to afford it. They had laughl the mothers to take care- of the babies and bring their, to the centres, but it was much move difficult to get the mothers to take care of themselves. Husbands should be just as much concerned as their wives in maternal welfare. Evils of Drug-Taking. Mrs.

Sydney Frankcnburg, Salford, said that in factory towns women were taking drugs, and would not put themselves in ihe hands of a qualified person during pregnancy in case they might be watched. Only when absolutely rotten with drugs would they go to the clinic, and she firinly belicved that file drugs were largely responsible for what the doctors called these unexplained septieaima and iiremorrhages." She knew that women were trying to get rid of their babies. One woman told her that she had thrown herself twice from the top of the stairs and had not been nnie to aciueve ner purpose. Baoies -were often born with broken limbs, and mentally deficient i-liildrcn were occasionally born from healthy- parents, and she believed those incidents were due to attempts at illegal operations and the appalling tilings that the women tried to do to themselves. They would never cure these women of this very prevalent habit of drug-taking or get them into the antc-natal clinics until they THREE EQUAL PARTIES ON A COUNCIL.

How Chairman was Elected. 'After a prolonged meeting of the Newry (Ulster) Urban Council the deadlock in the appointment of chairman was removed. The Council consists of six Unionists, six Nationalists, and six Labour men, and each refused to support the nominee of the others. Three names were put in a hat, and the first two taken out were voted on, the iiichest number competing with tie third nominee. The result bat a Unionist was elected.

ACIDITY THE CAUSE OF DIGESTIVE TROUBLES. Indigestion and most digestive troubles fcre caused by excess acidity due to the fermentation of food which remains in the stomach longer than it should do owing to weakened stomach muscles. As this acidity. Iricreaser it sets up further fermentation, and the sufferer endures intense pain. as the stomach is dilated by gases.

To correct these digestive troubles quickly, easily, and surely, there's nothing to equal naif a teaspoonful of Bisurated Magnesia taken in a little water after eating or whenever pain is felt. This immediately etopa the ferment action and neutralises the excess acidity, enabling the process of digestion to be carried out in a. natural way. -'Bisurated" Magnesia heals the. inflamed stomach lining and generally Op the- digestive organs.

To avoid tha. unpleasant taste in the month 0D. Sng in tne morning, which acidity, take a dose Of fJlSUWiea Magnesia at night before S2 cbemist sells Bisurated Magnesia at Is. in either powder or tablets need cost yon-no -more to avoid digestive for many doctors recornmend it as the' finest thing known in all cases of. acid-caused stomach, ills.

finding its way obstructed by the policy of the present. It was announced to the members of the Committee at yesterday's meeting that a number of Manchester schemes- submitted to the. Ministry for graot had been rejected, and it has been found in view of the Ministry's attitude to suspend work on a number of other schemes. The' Committee, therefore, have decided to ask the City Council to pass the following resolution at next meeting -as protest 'against the system: That this Council, protests against the requirement made by the that the Unemployment-Giants Com-- mittee shall iu future satisfy themselves approving any -501151110 which may be' submitted to for the provision of work be undertaken bv local authorities with State assistance for the relief- of unemployment that tbe work is one which- would not othern ise Le undertaken fo 'a considerable period (ordinarily more 'than rive vears); that' the Town Clert he instructed to write to, the Prime Minister, the. Minister of Health, and the Minister ot Labour, urging that such condition be withdrawn, as otherwise it will he practically impossible for this Corporation to put forward further schemes of utility in relief of although the extent of unemployment in the city is still serious.

This resolution is the same in substance as that passed recently by a meeting of representatives of all authorities in Lanca shire and Cheshire. Both have been evoked by the "Economy' Circular on unemployed relief works issued at the end of last year. The Committee regards the position as serious, for it has long been pressing for a more generous measure of State assistance in relief of unemployment; MANCHESTER HOSPITALS. Sir Milligan on How to Clear Off Deficits. At the annual meeting of the Middleton and District Hospitals Committee on Mon day it was stated that thesum of 1,530 had been raised during the past twelve months for the Manchester hospitals.

Sir William Milligan said many people were of the opinion thai tbe voluntary hospital ship was heading straight for the rocks of financial disaster. He pointed out that while in 1922 there was a deficit on the hospitals in England and Wales of 203,000, in 1924 there was a surplus of 177,300. Those figures did not indicate that the British public had tired of Bup porting the voluntary hospitals. He be lieved that if collections were taken Manchester as they had been in Middleton their deficits would soon be wiped off. Of the income of the Manchester Boyal Infirmary 21.3 per cent came from endowments, 32.3 per cent from publio authorities, and ISA per cent from voluntary gifts.

If they had a uniform system of collections such as was operating so successfully in Middleton instead of their numerous agencies in the city for the hospitals they would soon be in a very healthy position. CHILD'S DEATH IN CANAL. Coroner's Strong Comment on Mother's Conduct. At an inquest held by Mr. J.

Hopwooi Sayer, tho Wigau Borough Coroner, yesterday on Albert. Hamill fsix), of 10, Canal Bank, Wigan, who was drowned in the Leeds, and Liverpool Canal on Monday, it was stated that tho child was wet. on an errand for some cigarette for an uncle and had to go down th cenid bank to tho shop. His body was recovered from the canal later in the day. Tho Coroner commented on the mother sending a child so young for cigarettes, and asked why the uncle did not go himself, seeing that he could hive goric there and back in three minutes.

No serious effort seemed to 'have been made at once to find the child, whose absence was noticed ten minutes later. He added that it was customary in that part of the country for men to rely on women, but to rely on children of tender years exceeded everything. A. verdict of accidental death was returned. THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.

To ihe Editor of the Manchester Guardian. Sir. Mr. M. Ellinger in his letter of the Z2nfl seems to have gone far beyond what my letter -implied- I pointed out tlrat was unable to record my vole for the retiring directors because I did not know their views on any of the pressing questions of the day.

I mentioned tariffs and banking as the two most prominent. Possibly the directors are unanimous on every issue that has arisen, the reports of which I have seen in the Monthly Record and the daily papers. In that case I agree with Mr. Ellinger, and it is not desirable to disturb such a combination; and I suggest it. would be better to make them life directors, with power to add to their number.

Now, I am quite as interested in the doings of the Chamber as any "member, and it was mly when I found a number who would not give a vote for the same reason that I suggested this election should -be fought on the tariff because I am of the opinion that it everything else. Mr. Ellinger thinks otherwise, 'and the matter Witb regard to his further remarkB that if such a vote were taKen members wouia subordinate their fiscal views to their political opinions, and, further, that the Chamber would probably have a majority for Free Trade, differ from him on both, iasiies. Yours, W. H.

S. 'Manchester January 26. HULME LADS' CLUB. The committee of the'Procter Gymnasium and Hulme in-their Teport for the year .1825, state that the rebuilding' of the gymnasium roof caused a heavy load of debt which year's" work extremely difficult. 1 Thanks, to the generosity of 'subscribers and the hard work.

of "the staff tnd members the- load, has now been removed. Including "a- sum of 55 raised" by. special efforts, tne-)COntribarions-to tbe-roof fund reached over 193. It was DOSsible to provide the -required balance of ordinary There is still a deficiency on the dub of 137, which, although serious, is not crushing, and the committee are confident that by help oi the subscribers it would he possible to carry on this most I necessary work. a of the Nottingham Chamber oi Commerce on Monday evening at which Councillor.

Wallis Binch, a lace manufac turer, complained that '-'Nottingham lace manufacturers were having to buy thousands of. pounds' worttr of cotton yarn frum Belgium, because it was better or cheaper than English yarn, but because they could not 'get honest weight from Lanea--shi're 'Yorkshire whereas on. the. contrary, -always supplied good' honest we.ight.'.' A Letter to Nottingham. After the 'meeting of.

the Committee both Mr. Holrdyd, president of the Federation, and Mr. F. Mills, chairman of the 'Committee' and also of the -Oldham Master Cotton Spinners' Association, emphatically repudiated the imputation of dishonesty as far as' the general body of Lancashire cotton spinners. are concerned; and later in the day.

the following letter was" sent by Mr. Holroyd to the secretary of the Nottingham Chamber of Commerce: Dear -Sir, At a' meeting my Com-mitlee held this morning attention was drawn tu a' report appearing in to-day's Daily Mail under the heading, Short Weight Yarns. English Spinners Blamed. Why Nottingham Buys from Belgium," purporting to be the remarks of Councillor Wallis Binch. The report concluded that the question oF short weights from Lancashire and Yorkshire should be referred to the yarn trade section of your Chamber." lu reply, I am authorised, reinforced bv the experience of Lancashire and Yorkshire spinners who supply yams for the Nottingham trade, tu rebut strongly the statement referred to.

The offending article is tantamount to reflecting on the honesty at the members of this Federation, and my Committee feel sure that it cannot be substantiated on -actual trading experiences. 1, personally, am very largely interested in this section of the trade, and I do not recall a single instance in the course of my own business where Nottingham lace merchants have conscientiously had any real complaint of snort, weights. The statement: "I wouldn't buy an ounce uf foreign yarn if Lancashire and Yorkshire would supply honest weight" is negatived largely by the fact, that Belgian yarn, which of recent years has done much to mist the home product in the Nottingham market, is bought in spite of the fact that for quality and weight Lancashire and Yorkshire yarns cannot be rivalled in Belgium. The determining factor in the buying of Belgian yarns in prefeience to Lancashire yarns is one entirely of price. If, however, your Chamber has any particular instances of short" weights from Lancashire and Yorkshire to complain of.

and you will furnish me with the names of the spinners concerned. I will promise that the grievances shall be closely inquired into, and. as far as lies within the power ot thB federation, shall be rectified. The matter is also to be discussed at the next meeting of the Yarn Committee of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce. Statement Examined.

One of the statements attributed to Councillor Bincb 13 that not in one consignment in ten from Lancashire or Yorkshire do we get the weight we pay for. It is not unusual io find up to ten ounces, short in a bundle of ten pounds." "This statement," a representative of the Manchester Guardian was informed by a cotton trade authority last evening, "certainly calls for an explanation from tho one who is said tn ha-p. made it. In the first place, spinners and agents alike would wish to know exactly what Mr. Binch means by the weight the lace manufacturer pays for.

ami, in tho second place by ten ounces short in a bundle of ten pounds-' What, he is probably referring to is the quantity of moisture in the yarn. If be merely means that ten pounds of yarn obtained from Lancashire not unusually contains ten ounces of moisture he would cither appear to he ignorant of the iact that the percentage of moisture allowed in the Lancashire trade is Si or 9 per cent or to be suggesting that that percentage has been exceeded by the ten ounces." No 'one, of course, can speak for others in such a matter. There may be cases of excessive moisture. But. if the report be correct, it would seem that, the statement was made in substantiation of the general charge of dishonesty against spinners as a body and as the reason why Nottingham manutacturers have transferred their custom to Belgium.

Personally," our authority continued, "I am inclined to think that the charge will not bear examination. Nottingham manufacturers must know of the water-absorbing properties of cotton and of the conditions under which it is spun into yarn, and in any contract they it is an easy thing to stipulate? that the yarn must not. contain more than an agreed percentage of moisture. Lancashire spinners and merchants are well aware that the Beleians have been in the habit of snfnninsr "hosiery varn vprv dry and selling it dry, but that is no reason why, because the practice has been different in this country, they should be accused 0 dishonesty." RETIRING LIBRARIAN. Mr.

T. Curtis's Services to Stretford. The retirement of Mr. Thomas Curtis, chief librarian at Stretford for the past 33 years, will take place shortly. During his term- of office the library system in the district has developed greatiy.

Several branch libraries opened, and a-Iibrarr established -in every Before 'the Stretford' Council took over the libraries "Mr. Curtis was the lib i at addition was the-clerk' 10 me oook fonn'dea by the late Mr. John ByIanrls to provide tiooksi for necessitous ministers so that they carried on this' work for ten vears. 'It will therefore that-ais connection. with stretsorcl lihrane extends over a period' of 3 years.

Curtis-' has written ani? chronological index of English fiction and" aiso a- guide to-- tne. nistory- of period divisions and giving the original sources, historical laws, customs, His. last service for' the Council ha hn the combe ring. Tand dassifying- muuit. hit in me museum at Lbngfofd- HalLT'Stretford, "for the purpose of cataloguing.

his early Mr. CurtU was-an ardent and was captain of the Manchester Press' Cricket Club. BOY CRUSHED; TO DEATH. On. his way)to school; yesterday afternoon Adam Walker.

(9r of Wijitwqrth- Cottage, Milnxow. -near-Bochdale, -clirrrbed a wall whilemasslrigi Holt-Estate. a mortar-mixing" machine, which. vas- in motion. He was crashed to dealt.

Other Manchester news on the next MANCHESTER (2 ZY on 378 metres). 3 25: School Transmissiun (Juniors) Dr. T. Keighley. Elementary Musical Appreciation (3).

3 45: Orchestral Music, relayed from the Piccadilly Picture Theatre. 4 0: Afternoon Talk: Miss Clarissa Graves, Self-education for the Married Woman' 11 15: Tea-time Concert: Orchestral Music. relayed from the Piccadilly Picture Theatre. JOHN (solo concertina). Fantasia.

II Travatore Overture. Poet atid Peasant Supp6 Overture. Light Cayalry SuppA Selection oi Wclab airs Blacrovi 615: Children's Corner: 6 0: Programme S.B. from London. 6 53: Royal Horticultural Society Bulletin.

7 0: -Weather Forecast nd News (S.B. from London). 7 10: The. Rev. D.

H. S. Cranage. Litt.D. (S.B.

from London). 7 25: Pianoforts Recital (S.B. from London). 7 40: Mr. W.

F. Bletcher, Spanish Talk. 8 0: Symphony Concort (S.B. from Liverpool) The Station Symphony Orchestra (conductor, Percy Pitt), James Howell (bass-baritone), and Stephen Wearinc (solo pianoforte). ORCHESTRA.

Overture. "Tha Magic Flute Introduction Act 1. Kcrvaml nlady Pttiian ilance. Khnvantctiina JAMES HOWELL. songs uf Travel Vaoshon Williams might is the riDB nf wnrrls." Tho Vagabond." Tho Kirc 8 30: "Symphonic Variations" for "Pianoforte and Orchestra (Cesar Franck).

ORCHESTRA. Siegfried's Ordeal Siegfried ''1 STEPHEN WEARING. Reverie Catoirw Prelude SI oiseaa j'ttais Moto Pemetun ORCHESTRA. Wfhsr Symphonic ImprestiOD. LoaUe Cbarpeutler JAMES HOWELL (with Orchestral accompaniment).

Star ot Eve Taonhauter Credo Olhcllo Verdi ORCHESTRA. Ad ChEluti Wiapaody Percy Pitt 10 0: Weather Forecast and News (S.B. from London). 1010: Piofessor IS. Weckiey (S.B.

from Nottingham). Local News. 10 30: Station Feature: David Merrick (entertainer) in an Original Entertainment. Lonelv Blues Merrick Dickens Up-to-date." A skit introducing; two the Lodger and tho Lodging-house Keeper (the latter an impression of Fred Kranv). Ah -Lang Sou IStorv of Chiuatown) TlaviJ Merrick Monologue.

Two Little Dirty Haodk Daviii Merrick In the Stores Merrick Episode. 1 Monty at tbe Scores. Kpisode 2: A few years Iter. My Ide- of Pal David Merrick 11 0: Close down. LONDON (2 LO on 365 metres).

1 2 Signal from Greenwich: Orchestra. 5 15: Transmission to Schools. 4 Time Signal from Greenwich; "Out ol Doors," by A. ijonnet Laird 4 15: Dance Mu-lic 5 15: Tpr the CHiidrn. Dance Music.

7 Time Signal from Big Ben. Weather Forecast, and First General Nfw Bulletin; Tne Her. D. II. S.

Cranage. Litt.D.. Life the Old Monasteries Home and Studies of the Monk." 7 25: Schumann: Hilda Dedcricb (soil pianoforte). 7 35: Tie iVeek's Work in the Garden. 7 tO: Mr.

Harold Ridze. Prxfucticn for Amateurs." 8 0: Old Sons: Seen: phviits Nonoann-Parker (violin and and1 tlflle Gardener rcinger and pianoforte. 8 15: Annua! Dinner el the Federation ol British Marie Indaitrief Bmit (Lord Cbie: Justicel will prcpose tne toon "To Britirti Music" rclsjed from the Savoy HoteL 8 0: First Performance ef Rhapsody fer Violin, Violoncello, and Pianoforte. Op. 80.

by York Beweo: William Primrose (violin). Cedrlc Kharpe MORE AlOTOR-'BUSES FOR MANCHESTER SERVICES. The Parr's Wood Garage. It was announced a meeting of tbe Manchester Tramways Committee- yesterday tfaat the Corporation 'bus garage at the Parr's Wood end of Kingsway will be opened at tbe end of March. Tbe Commitce has provisionally accepted a tender for nine new 20-Beater low-loading, single-deck MANCHESTER UNEMPLOYED'S REQUEST.

The Lord Mayor of Manchester yesterday received a deputation from tbe unemployed, wlio asked ii im to press for ihe admission of Mr. Bochford as their representative nil the Ministry of Committees' en thA j-araft tprm as the' trade' unionisfs' 're presentatives. The Lord Mayor-promised to Xcrward the representation. i i total anmner 01 laas using tne uuo nnsg the. yea? was l.OB..