The Guardian from London, Greater London, England • 5

MANCHESTER G-UARDIAN, TUESDAY, JULY 2, 1907. UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE, MISCELLANY. THE LAND QUESTION IN HISTORY. T. FISHER UNWIN, 1, Adelphi Terrace, London.

nose; Robert G. Edgar, Oriel; Henry Middle-ton, Hertford; Ernest G. Mills, New College; John C. Plimpton, Trinity; Russell H. Porter, Wadham; William Redman, Exeter; Das Shivcharan, Pembroke; Wmdrington Stafford, Christ Church; Wilfred G.

Vint, Merton; John L. Waggett, Trinity; and J. Joseph B. Wiek-ham, New College. grotat: Roy B.

Hatfield, Brasenose. The following satisfied the examiners but had exceeded the number ofterms for honours: Robert R. A. S. Dunston, Exeter Charles E.

A. Hartridge, Trinity; Martin S. Kisch, Exeter; and Griffith E. Owen, University. WOMEN.

Class 2: Ludmiila von Vogdt, St. Hugh's Hall. Tup. English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Ciwr o.v Fields. By Gilbert Slater.

M.A., V.X:. With an Introduction by the Earl of Carrington. London Constable and Co. Pp. siii.

337. 10s. 6d. net. The enclosure of common fields and the passing away of the English village community to make room for the agricultural organisation prevailing to-day is a subject not merely of historical interest but one which touches very closely sume of the vital national problems of the twentieth century." Such is the very just remark with which the President of the Board of Agriculture introduces Dr.

Slater's book a book which, full of interesting matter and careful research, is doubly valuable at a moment when the Government is setting itself seriously to the work or reversing the process vmch Dr. Slater de scribes in this volume. That process js the SnfII THE FREE CHURCHES. (From a Correspondent.) The marked success which has followed the conversion of the. old Independent College, is it wao once termed, at Taunton into one of the most successful Free Church public schools should encourage Free Churchmen in Lancashire and Yorkshire not to delay too long the re-erection of their old "Silcoates" at Wakefield.

There are now upwards of 300 boys at Taunton, Dr. Whittaker, the head master, having even surrendered his own residence for sohool purposes. Last week I had the pleasure of seeing the beautiful school-chapel which Lord Winterstoke, at a cost of over 10,000, has recently presented, and of joining in the services hld there. The form of service is that used at Mill Hill, and the boys, representing various religious communities, seemed to enter most heartily into" the worship. Not even my friend Mr.

Hirst could find cause for offence, for though Dr. Whittaker is a member of the County Council Education Committee, and that in such a county as Somerset is a significant fact, the school does not receive Government aid in any form or for any purpose. Nonconformists, save Wesleyan Methodists, have too long neglected middle-class education, and it is a matter of rejoicing that such schools as Taunton show what is possible. It was interesting to find how far distant are some of the places from which the boys oome. One lesson was Tead by the son of a Congregational minister in Newfoundland and another -bv the son of a Baptist missionary labouring in India.

The Mission House in New Bridge-street, London, seems itself again now that the senior foreign secretary, the Kev. R. Wardlaw Thompson, after several monthB' absence, has resumed his accustomed duties. Dr. Thompson has a wonderful story to tell of his visit to India, China, and Japan.

The great Missionary Conference at Shanghai, at which the Rev. Lord William Cecil, rector of Bishop's Hatfield, took part, was a striking illustration of the growing desire which is manifested on the foreign mission field for unity. From both the Atlantic Episcopalians anti non-Episcopalians gathered, and tho result must be more or less OXFORD, July 1. The examiners in 'the School of Jurisprudence issued the following award of tonoars: Class 1: John N. Daypes, Magdalen; William Hughes-Hughes, Hertford; James V.

yesbitt, Christ Churoh and George Penk, Queen's. Class 2: John G. Archibald, New College; Gilbert H. Beyfus, Trinity; Thomas H. Bis-choff, Trinity; Ralph E.

Blodgett, Francis Blunt, St. John's; John H. Boraston, Merton; Charles W. Bush, Brasenose; B. Cozens-Hardy, Trinity; Reginald P.

B. Davis, Xew College Granville College; Harold P. M. Egleston, Brasenose; Eric Gore-Browne, Worcester; Cecil D. Hannam, Trinity; William T.

Heard, Balliol; Sydney M. Herbert, Hertford; Edward A. Selling, Christ Church; Norman L. Kelly, University; Leslie V. M'Carthy, Keble; Robert K.

M'TJermott, Oriel; William R. B. M'Jannet, University; Frank Reid, Oriel; Frederick L. Steward, Hertford; William H. Stuart, Worcester; John Tetley, Oriel; James G.

Thompson, Queen's; John J. Tigert, Pembroke; James L. Walker, Trinity; Cecil D. Webb, Corpus Christi; Eric W. Wil-Fon, St.

John's; James H. Winston, Christ Church and William F. Yeoman, Exeter. Class 3: Frank H. Butcher, Corpus Christi; George T.

Button, New College James Dekker, Queen's Sidney B. W. D'Esterre, Exeter Jean R. De Wertheimer, New Collego Eonald G. T.

Gillnian, St. John's; John F. Gore, Trinity; John R. Hannimj, New College; Stanley E. Himc, New College; Noel F.

Howe-Browne, Oriel; H.V.Hunt, Trinity; Cyril C. Jarvis.Wad-Jiam; Francis H. S. Knowlcs, Oriel; Philip E. longmorc, Exeter; Neil C.

M. MacMahonj Wadham; Cecil W. Mercer, University; Robert M. R- Milne, Magdalen Vere B. Mockett, Worcester; Roy T.

Monier-Williams, University; David H. C. Monro, Oriel; John B. N. Parish, New College; Arthur H.

R. W. Poyeer, St John's Edward M. Small, University the Hon. Richard P.

Stanhope, Magdalen; Harold N. Steward, University; Mark' Stone, Merton; Robert C. O. Wells, Worcester; George F. Whittlcton, Wadham; Hubert K.

Wood, Brase'-nose; John B. H. Woodcock, Oriel; Jacob H. Yorke, Oriel and Paul M. Young, Oriel.

Class 4: Rohan M. Chadwick, Trinity; Lawrence J. Clarke, Oriel; Maurice J. Collis-Sandes, New College; Ralph Courtney, Braae- BETTER THAN tW the wh le-papula on, far from soil which hlsbeen the sheet-anchor of every iS Wouid peasantry, serf or free, in almost all otheTi with restrictions conceived the countries. Our ordinary histories tell usiS Peas1 who.

were little of these great movements, and few Si and there in our legal educated irishmen know what the open i nf tra faint efforts that field system was: still less are they awan I of 11 rUlmg the extent to which it survived down to theld6 the of. poUtical power, eighteenth century, or of the very interest- thelr own rests, ing fact, which was new to us till we read Z1SZ 1. Dr. Slater's book, that there are one or two ZTl and economic eases in which it survives in many of its of the people, characteristic features at the present day. ths SUTelJ he a lesson of hoPe for To understand the whole process we should 6ffM gislators of our own time, go back to the land system of the Middle Ages, JrT? imraoles nor and wg may sav in criticism of Dr.

Slater's sto a population to the land against the method that his exposition would have been 10 tendency. But they clearer if he had prefixed to the results of can' taking advantage of each favourable his own special researches; a brief account of PPty by fostering every movement what other economic historians have had to t0- things, do as much for tho teU us about the open field system in tho days of 1the Peasantry and the country of its full vigour. In the Middle Ages rural of England as in old days they did for its land was divided into manors, each of which destruction. This is the fair statement of was no doubt tho property of a lord, but which problem to which tho present Govern-was, in point of fact, distributed in v-irvino- ment have now set their hand. proportions amone different plassr of i peasantry who cultivated tho soil.

What precise rights tlie cultivators had to the land is a question to which the answer would differ according to the case. Account would have to be taken of the status of the tenant, and of course of the circumstances and history of his holding. But generally speaking it may! INTERNATIONALISM IN EDUCATION. There was a large gathering at Worcester College, Oxford, yesterday, on the occasion of the presentation to Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia University, in the city of New York, of a eaeket and an address, in the name of teachers in elementary and secondary schools in Great Britain and Ireland, as an expression of their gratitude for his great services during their recent visit to America.

The presentation was made by the vice Chancellor, Dr. H. Warren, and eulogistic speeches were delivered by Sir W. Anson, M.P., the Provost of Queen's, Mr. Alfred Mofielv.

and others. Dr. Butler, in reply, said he would like to minx xnat tao great cultured nations of tne world were entering upon what might be called a period of internationalism. He hoped that national aspirations as to territory and political institutions had been substantially satisfied, and that the nations would now vie with each other in promoting the world's civilisation in its highest and most enduring form. If, as some of them were fond of hoping, this now period of internationalism was to mean an era of peace and good-will anions men-, then its foundations would not be built upon commerce and trade and bank ing and things material, but upon those great jiuman msignts ana rnose aeep-rootea convictions which had made Western Europe the theatre of the world's highest civilisation.

(Cheers. DIRECT PARCEL POST TO PERU. The Post-office announces that arrangements have been concluded for a direct parcel post service with Peru, to replace the present services by way of France and Germany. It will begin on July 4. Parcel mails for Peru will be despatched from Liverpool fortnightly by the packet? of the Pacific Steam Navigation Com pany.

MAGAZINES. LIBRARY 7D. Net uo inar, au who naci cultivated certain "airymen, and others on the source, surronnd- portions of the land for a considerable length ings, and distribution of milk was held yester- of -time had a moral and customary right to day, at the instance of the Incorporated Insti- thoir respective plots subject to certain ser- tute of Hygiene, at the hall of the Institute in vices to the lord, and that it was the applica- London. Dr. A.

W. M. Eobson, who presided, tion of stricter and harder rules of law which said that dirty milk, swarming with organisms undermined these customary rights and was a poison, and where it existed infantile tended to make each piece -of land the abso- mortality would be great, and the survivors lute property of gome owner. This process, the children would be weakly and sub-which had as its brighter side the to various forms of disability. Thetrans- tion of the cultivator from the semi-servile lssioQ tuberculosis from cows had now position in which he stood to the lord in thfwn, 6 elbrate investigations of the full vigour of the syi.tem, went forward almost continuously from the twelfth to the culosis beine tranamissihlo middle of the nineteenth, century, its later pnases oemg earned through dy the long series of Jftinclosure Acts which.

Dr describes. uiaii What, it may be asked, has the divmro of the peasant from the soil to do with encib- sure? The answer is that there are two kinds of enclosure which Dr. Slater justly distin- guisnes. there is the enclosure of waste lands, whioft PRyn.in.11iT moane cn.Da A NOVEL BY A LEADING LIVING NOVELIST EVERY FORTNIGHT. A few people are still paying 46 for their-novels.

A great many more are subscribing to a library and waiting day after day to get die new novel which seems to be always out or the novel 8f three or four years back which the Librarian somehow is never able to find. Others are buying often badly-printed reprints of novels which in the first instance were hardly worth the reading. Others again confine their reading to the magazines, not because they prefer magazines to novels, but because they have not been able to obtain in a cheap form fiction which is at once well written, well printed, well bound, and reasonably priced. of cultivation and except where common bacteria and other organic matter. There ness possibilities.

When the Salisbury gentie-riehts on t.hn wnsto ora nnrlnVo rUc should be, he urged, veterinary inspection of man reached the ground, it is recorded that an 1 a 1. c'a irtia iusu vjio ejiL-iusuiu 01 zno large ouioreaK oi sore tnroat in one of his dis-open fields in which under the manorial sys- tricts, which was distinctly traceable to milk them the land was tilled. Space does not from a cow with diseased udders. The veter- allow us to describe this system. It is enough v4.

ai. to remember that it implied the division of tho aTable land into narrow strips, a num- ber of which, not lyinp; side by side, but'' land counties before and after enclosure, from which Dr. Slater deduces that in tho ten years from 1762 to 1772 some 1,800 families, comprising, say, 9,000 individuals, may have been sent adrift in these four counties alono to look for now homes under all the disabilities of the old Poor Law and the Act of Settlement. Wo are accustomed to think that the poverty and pauperism which constitute so grave a problem for the modern world arose out of forces which no legislation could control. We attribute them partly to the working of economic forces, partly to the weaknesses of character which cause the more shiftless and incompetent to gravitate to the bottom of the social scale.

We can learn from Dr. Slater's work how very real a part tho Legislature, while in tho power of the governing classes, has played in aggravating a situation which the mere play of economic forces alone was making grave enough. The tendency of things in Er.gkn.dset towards absolute private ownership of land and the divorce of the peasant from the soil. That is to say, there were some clear economic benefits f-Bl-l-tons regardful of the But a wise permanent L. T.

H. THE MILK SUPPLY. MEED OF DRASTIC EEFORM. A conference of medical officers of health. complaints were also transmissible! wawv ViUaMIiUlSOlUlVi for rr, COimtrV was tVA In ha 1 4 A ufc.

uoi-coaifcj' Ul it, A great deal of milk was being sent into towns from farms which were mnsf. insanitn onri which was pure in its origin was' very in c-ourso 01 transit. EcTSLuS amount of dirt obtained from milt- no allv bought for -friA nnrniue aa -nri pows. Milk from diseased cows was constantly so or consumption. He had muat tie "V01? iocal lnflu' etlces, so that a man would not have to go r0Und and inspect the cows of people upon whom ha was dependent for his appointment, Veterinary surgeons should be appointed bv "j's mitiujiauue 01 cieau ana 01 two would nelp otner important considerations, tiiat pure milk wi? "essaij.

-Sm ZTZ Dl Thlesh-- collection of milk the country was simplv BppaUing. There was an enormous amount of bovine tuberculosis, and quito 2 per cent of the cows of this country were suffering from tuber- culosis of the udde'r. At least one-third of the children died from tuberculine disorders, and its dairy farm. conditions he found there were simply shocking. The cows were covered with manure, the men were filthy, and, as a consequence, the milk was filthy.

Yet the company were highly satisfied with that farm, ot tney would not have invited him and the secretary of the hospital to-visit it; At present the officers charged with duties under the present Eairies and Cowsheds Order were depend dent on the farmers themselves for their posts. There should be one supreme body, namely, the Local Government Board. Dr. C. Smith said that there had been a great deal of talk on this question, but very little had been done.

The supreme authorities now knew all about it, and what was 'Wanted wa3 an Act of Parliament dealing with the question for the whole of the United Kingdom. Mr. Thwaite, on behalf of the dairy trade, said that trade would heartily support any measures which would bring about the purity of milk so long as they were reasonable and practicable. He was sorry that the agitation had prejudiced the public against a very valuable article of food. All the infantile mortality were article of food.

All the infantile mortality was by no means due to impure milk, but was and to many other causes. Mr. Ben Davies, also a member of the trade, said they might make the laws as stringent as they liked for the milk intended for babies, but the" same elaborate precautions were not necessary for milk for other purposes and might tend to make it dearer. Resolutions were adopted in favour of periodical and compulsory veterinary inspection of all cows the milk of which was intended for human consumption, of special provisions being made to empower all local authorities to deal with offences a to the sale of tuberculihe milk upon the basis of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Liverpool clauses with the necessary -modifications, and in favour of the permanent appointment of inspectors," with the Local Government Board as the supreme doo. THE FLIXTON BRIDGE.

At a meeting of the Flixton Parochial Committee last evening a letter was read from the Lancashire County Council informing the Committee that the Lancashire county bridgemaster would not allow the new bridge over the Mersey between Flixton and Carrington to be opened until the Flixton authority had completed their agreement to widen the Carrington road leading up to the bridge on the Lancashire side. The" Flixton Committee decided to proceed with the widening at a cost not to exceed 900. HEALTH IX THE LIME FflDIT. The beat and pnrett beremge for all occasions it BOSS'S LIKE JUKE. Insist on haiing BOSK'S in the original embossed bottles, and sot one of its many sourfous imitation.

ADTT.J 7D. Net NELSON'S THE MARIONETTES. A Puppet Show in Two Acts. Bv John Presland. Half Parchment.

5- net, IMPRESSIONS of a WANDERER By Manmath C'Mallik. Crown 8vo, 5- net. A distinctly interesting and informative volume." Dundee Advertiser. THE SCANDINAVIAN QUESTION By William Barnes Steveni. With a Map.

Crown 8vo, 36 net. THE PUBLIC PURSE AND THE WAR OFFICE. Being a vindication of Parliamentary Control over National Expenditure, and a Protest against the Sacrifice of the Constitution to a Military Oligarchy. By T. Gibson Bowles.

Paper Cover, 6d. Cloth, Is. Pubfohcd by T. FISHER UN WIN. London.

WILLIAMS NORGATE Dr. HARNACK'S NEW TEST: STUDIES. Vol. I. JUST READY.

Crown 8vo, Cloth, 6s. LUKE THE PHYSICIAN. By ADOLF HARNACK, D.D. Translated by Ber. J.

It. Wilkinson, M.A. Ia Art Wnen, with -Numerous illustrations and Maps, 6s. im; 6s. 4d.

post free. A HISTORY of LIVERPOOL By RAMSAY MUIR. Andrew Geddes and John Banxin Prof essor -of Modem "Is th? of Liverpool, tnmtti'" th8 raoal interesting, and by far the most trustworthy, account of tho origin and growth of tEh. city hitherto Liverpool Post NOW rages. 2s.

6d. net; as fjd. post freii. THE HIBBERT JOURNAL Principal Contents LLD "p'ENCE. By Professor Henry Jones.

THE I BTOTICIENCY OF THE CHRISTIAN ETHIC Bv iaornasT CATH0IJC IDEAL. By Bev. M. Lloyd TH5 HELIGION FROM AN AMKHT ton ff1 0F VIEW" Hev. W.

THE CHRISTIAN DEITY? By Jam HLY H0M- art' DANTE. By raBaEeUfMA PEPLE- B' S. A. Tie Child'. Answer.

By Professor With Discussions, Signed Reviews, and Bibliography. WILLIAMS NORQATE. M. Henrietta Street, Covent (tardea, W.C. Hthe ISineteenth GJenturg and Kftcr JULY.

SSSSSS THE BREAKDOWN IN IRELAND. PART I (UNDER Mil WYNDHAM). By WILLIAM O'BRIEN MB' ttSmf ESTABLISHMENT. Ho2wX JCLY Dr "EBBEBT IV. STOCK EXCHANGE REFORM.

By ALEX II LEIQH A MODEL BEPUBLICAN. By LADY VIET 0F CRIMINAL APPEAL. Bv FREDERICK MEAD (Metropolitan Magistrate. Thames Police Court) MARIE BASIIKIRTSEFF: THE REMINISCE VCE OP FELLOW-STUDENT. By "MARY BReTkELI A MALE BLCE-STOCKINO.

By NORMAN PEARSON "USB HOUN.AKOLICA ES- By "VylTS L0RD C- FSSigSSg op rEERS- tonnon-Bpottlswoode and Limited. 6, New-street Square. SIXPENNY EDITIONS NOW BEDY THE VIRGINIAN. By OWEN WISTER. NANCY a By rhoda 6d.

BROTJGHTON. SALE OVER 4,700,000 COPIES, MRS. HENRY WOOD'S NOVELS. LTNNE. THE CHANNINOS.

DE.VE HOLLOW. LDXNA. A LIFE'S SECBET THIS HOUSE OP HALLi. POIIEBOY ABBEY. COltirr NETHERI.EIOH sn OF OBEY.

ASHLEY. BESSY TtAWt MBS. HALLIBURTON'S THE SHADOW OF AOUliIiJIAl. LORD OAKBUBN'S DAUGHTERS. VEBNEB'S PBIDZ.

ROLAND YORKE. JOHNNY LUDLOW. (First Series.) MILDRED ABKELL. ST.MABTIN'S EVE. TREVLYN HOLD.

GEOBOE CANTERBURY'S WILL. THE BED COURT FARM. WITHIN THE MAZE. ELSTEB'B FOLLY. LADY ADELAIDE.

OSWALD CBAY. JOHNNY LUDLOW. (Second LUDLOW. (Third OBV1LLE COLLEGE. LADY GRACE.

ADAM QBAEfOER. THIS DXBni.v icrcrr JOENNYLUDLOW. (Fourth JOHNNY LUDLOW. (Fifth Series.) ANNE HEREFORD. JOBNNY LUDLOW.

(Sixth PABKWATEB, and other Storks. THE CENTURY MAGAZINE. Illustrated. Price Is. 4d.

Annual Subscription, 16s. The JULY number contains: MANIFEST DESTINY. A Story. By ABBY MEOUTRE BOACH. COAIE AND FIND ME.

IV. A Novel. By ELIZABETH BOBIS'B. THE SHUTTLE. IX.

A Novei. By FRANCES HODGSOH BURNETT. And numerous- other Stories etd Articles of General Interest. MACMILLAN LONDON. MUSICAL TIMES FOP.

JULY. Price 4d Diilwtca College (Illustrated "The Bebcarsal- irith Portrait of the artisti-Tbe Organists ot VeettnirsterAbbev Portr.its)-The Comoetltlon Festiv.i Notes, fcc. wu.o,,a. MUSICAL HUES FOlt JULi-. Praise waiteth for Thee.

liarvttt Anthem MYI.ES B. FOSTER iMiuUih. lid.) "ft Attthtm" by W- WOLSTENHo'lmK Ajnaoa: jc comi'AHY, LIMITED. And of an MtHlc-teltera. CONTEMPORARY REVIEW JULY.

5. firf THE JOURNALISTIC TOUR IN (IEBMANY. lajvi (ILl Bv PERCY WILLIAM Brrvrrvn LXBEBALISM AND THE LORDS. Ily H. W.

MAflSISOH ANOTHER PREHISTORIC CITY IN CHETE. OPTIMISM OB PESSIMISM? By GlfoBOEBlBLOW18' AUSTRALIA'S PLEA FOB PREFERENCE. MAN AND HIS BROTHER. PSOWNE. By the Countess MABTTNENOO CESABE8CO PBIESTB AND BEFOHE! THE BEJOBMATION II.

BrG.O. COULTOK. THE ART OF SPAIN. By HAYELOCK ELLIS. THE COMPABATTVE CRITIClaM OF SEMITIC "LITERATURE.

Bv O. BBCHASTAN OKAY. r.l II THE GOVERNMENT AND THE I -AND QUESTION. The "scratch" meeting has been quite a feature of She Jarrow election. These meetings are held without any previous notice, not even the chalk -wr'-ting on the footpath.

The orator comes along with his borrowed egg box and plants it down by the kerb in a quiot street, but within sight of the main thoroughfare. He mounts his platform and begins to speak to the universe. There are, perhaps, not more than three or four men within earshot, but they draw near and form the nucleus of a meeting which grows by twos and threes until there are several hundred people in the crowd, almost all men. They listen with attention, seldom interrupt, but are not slow to ask questions. Some of these scratch assemblies keep together for a couple of hours, maintaining their numbers to the end.

In the open air anyone may start an opposition meeting. This is a favourite method of the "suffragettes." When a meeting has got well under way they oome up on their bicycles, tinkle a little bell, start speaking, and usually succeed in stealing some of the audience. In this, however, they have been outdone by Mr. Hunnable, who could get a meeting by simply appearing in the streets. His scratch meetings often ran up a crowd of 500, and he could even steal an audience from the suffragists.

These opposition meetings are sometimes more diverting than informing. It occasionally happens that rival meetings are going on at the same time within a radius of a hundred yards. The other dinner-time a Free Trade M.P., a Labour M.P., and a Tariff Reformer were engaged in haranguing, from separate waggonettes, the workmen employed at a steelworks, and all of them stood within twenty yards of each other. There was a strange emptiness in Market-street yesterday. Of people and vehicles there were plenty, but some familiar things and faces and some touches of oolour were missing.

There were no hawkers and no sandwich-men. The little old man who trundles himself along in a wheeled chair was found disconso lately contemplating his unsold "dying pigs" in a side street. The down-at-heel saunterers who never Bhave but silently recommend others to go to the barber's were nowhere to be found. The cry of "Fine ripe strawberries, tuppence arf a pound" were not heard, and where one always looked for the golden sheen of bananas there was a gap. The policemen were jubilant.

"We've cleared 'em all off," one of them said cleared 'em out of all the orowded streets about here. They're somewhere in the back streets now." But you've left the flower-sellers," an inquirer commented, feeling grateful that some discrimination had been shown. We're going to out them too," the policeman rather brutally proclaimed; "they're quite as much an obstruction as the test." Strong-headed citizens who have felt tempted by the ladders that have for the last week stretched away upwards to the ball that crowns the Town Hall tower may feel" encouraged by two events which have recently been recorded. A "local tradesman" has. It is stated.

ascended Salisbury spire and waved his hands triumphantly to his friends below" from the "ball which supports the vane at the summit. Such feats are not only a certain way to fame, but they are apparently not without their busi- Amoriti snfintntnr nrnaaH aZiZ 2 for the remains of hio trousers. The climber, it is said, indignantly refused to come to terms at syeh a trifling amount. A taller story comes from America. A man in Cincinnati a few days ago ascended a chimney which is over 700 feet in height (Salis bury is 404), and stood for fear minutes on his arms.

Ifie town Hall ball is of course not, nearly 700 feet above the ground, but, with its convenient spikes, it would seem to afford an opportunity of easily beating the Cincinnati gentleman's time-record. The thousandth anniversary of St. Peter's Church at Chester has just been celebrated by a corvine 4r wriifri tilt Af Ol'. -rl rnimnqfinn I walked in nrocession. Old St.

Peter'g sWs at. the crossing of the four chief streets, and, according to some writers, on. the very spot where stood the Pretorium of Roman CheBter. In spite of many patchings, St. Peter's has a npe air of grey age.

Its history is uncommonly obscure. A Tcmplvm Sanctt Petri is mentioned in Domesday, so that the church story can be pushed back into Saxon times. The present church is mainly Perpendicular, and is not particularly interesting architecturally, in spite of its queer square shape. Against its southern wall used to stand, or lean, the Pentice," the ancient seat of Chester's municipal government. Pentice is merely a corruption of penthouse the building was a lean-to." From th-i Pentice a man might see into the markets and the four principal streets of the city." In front of St.

Peter'e there was the old city cross. This bit of Chester has traces of all the races and civilisations that have built and lived there, from modern commercialism, down through mediaeval Christianity, to the early Normans, and, lowest of all, to traces of the Roman town. A MANCHESTER EXHIBITION. THE RETAIL TRADERS' ASSOCIATION. A meeting of the Manchester Retail Traders' Association was held last evening, with Mr.

Robert Ramsbottom in the chair. The Association had under discussion the desirability of holding another international exhi bition, similar to 'that held in Manchester in 1887. The opinion was expressed that the last exhibition gave much impetus to the trade of Manchester and Lancashire generally, and it was a great financial success. It was stated that several gentlemen would be prepared to guarantee a large amount, and a resolution was passed that, in the interests of the city generally, the matter is worthy of discussion by the City Council. It was decided that a copy of the resolution should be forwarded to the Lord Mayor.

The Association is of opinion that the profits from the exhibition should be set aside for the Art Gallery scheme. BOOKB RECEIVED. We have received the following books, From the Cambridge TJnlTenlty Press: TEE ABBATE OF THE HOLY OHOST. Printed at Weat-mlnBter by Wjnkyn de Worde about 1486. 12a, Gd.

net. THE FBEBE AND THE BOYE. Printed Is Fleet-atmt by Wynkyo de Worde about 1512. 7a. 6d.

set. From the Clarendon Press. Oxford: SUHGICAL INSTBCMESTS IK GREEK AST) B0MAN TIMES. By John Stewart HUne. Illustrated.

14s. net. From ConrtaMe. and Co. BACHELOR BETTY.

By Winifred Janua. 8a. From J. Carwer. and.

Sons: SHAKSFEBEAX BIDFOBD MORBIS DANCES. Collected ana edited by Jonn Granam. 2a. From Gay and Bird: HUMOUB OF BULLS AND BLUNDERS. Edited Marsaau Brown.

Is. net. THE POET OF HISSING i MEN. By Meredith Nicholson. 6s.

OEOBGIB. By Dorothea Deakin. Illustrated. 6s. JEBBY JUNIOB.

By Jean weoster. Illustrated. os. nALs A BOuUE. By Harold MacGrath.

moatrated. 6s. By O. A. Mitchell.

9s. net. From the Qreat Western Railway Company: GUIDE BOOKS. North Wales. Historic Sites and Scenes of England.

Deron. Holiday Haunts. From D. XacBrayse, Glasgow: SUMMEB TOUBS IN THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS AND ISLANDS OF SCOTLAND. 6d.

From Mirmfilan and Co. POINTS OF CHURCH LAW. By Clemen. T. Stnrge.

H.A. 3s. ftd. net. From J.

Nlsbet and THE WOBLD'S WEEK OT HUMAN HISTOBT. By P. W. a. 2l.

net. From Nutt: THE SABLY BIBD. Why to BIse Early, and HoV. Is. From E.

Grant Blchardi: THE BEBD3 OF THE BBTZTSH ISLANDS. By Charles Stonhan. Part VI. 7s. BeU net.

Troa BiTlngtons: AN ILLUSTRATED HISTOBT of ENGLAND. By W. S. Bobfnsos. M.A.

Period 8s. From T. Fisher Unwm: THE TOWN CHILD. By Be-flnald A. -Bray.

7i. 6d. net HEEtttoOE OP BEAUTY SWAMP. By William Hay. 6s.

EVERY WOMAN'S OWit LAWTEB. By Gordon C. Whadeoat. 3s. d.

csU scattered in different partii of the field, would "ie whole of the county council. Inspections consitute each man's holding. It implied also XLfKrU" S'Saflll' frora certain common rights of pasture in the eased cows being supplied to the publi In-meaaows and or gathering fuel from the waste spectors should have power to see that all cow-and tho woodlands. It is easy to see that sheds were properly constructed and had a tho system was in many ways uneconomical. ProPer water supply, and power to analyse the It imposed as a necessity certain common 'fiitwf 1 Bec that the ater suPPlv was.

rules oPf tillage, and thnchecked initiativo 1 and improvement. The timo came when pas- connected with tho cows was clean and that ture was often more profitable than tillage, proper washing accommodation was provided and the lord saw that the customary rights of or th-em, and to make bacteriological and many of tho tenants were standing in tho microscopical examinations of the milk so that way of a possible increase of rent" Then and eTml came a movement to break up the common thus secure that the milk should come from fields and enclose them, consolidating the healthy cows under hygienic and clean con-scattered strips into separiito farms, and buy- ditions. The people in the cowsheds also ing out, it they could not bo ignored, tho rio-hts of naature and of common AnWrl bv rr impress tms upon tnem most ettectively. the smaller men. The process was earned on Railway companies should bo compelled to to some extent by voluntary arrangement or supplv refrigerating vans for the conveyance by the arbitrary action; of landlords.

5ut on 'f milk, and the milk cans should be sealed, a very large scale it was the work of a series and not he exposed to the sun's rays on rail-of closure Acts special or general, unllk it cf which, through the eighteenth and first half consumers themselves. It was in the interests of the nineteenth century, a great belt of of dairy farmers themselves, in addition to the NELSON'S LIBRARY solves the fiction problem once and for all. It provides exactly what people have been asking for all. through the recent great book prices controversy. Its merit does not lie solely in its cheapness, for many cheap things are nasty.

It does not lie solely in the printing, paper, and binding of the volumes, for fine feathers do not always make birds. It lies in a combination of all these desirable things, and in the fact that each volume 'of NELSON'S LIBRARY, one of which appears with absolute regularity in the first week and another in the third week of every month, is a recognised typical example of popular contemporary fiction. The publication of NELSON'S LIBRARY represents the high water mark of the twentieth century revolution in the book trade. The series contains only novels, but more than that, only modern novels. Every volume is a standard work, not by a dead standard author of a by-gone generation, but by a leading novelist of our own day.

NELSON'S LIBRARY has only been made possible at the price because a special factory has been erected for this single purpose to print and bind NELSON'S LIBRARY. I A new volume of Nelson'B Library is published every fortnight, and" you may rely on getting this new volume every fortnight just as certainly as you may rely on a new number of your favourite magazine every month. Every volume is well printed on good paper, thread sewn, and handsomely bound in red cloth, the back full gilt. Only the best novels by ithe leading authors of, to-day are included. marked in all doming years.

It seems not unlikely that some changes in the Mission House may shortly take place one at least will bo caused if tlie Rev. Lewis H. Gaunt, who has for the last eight years edited the Missionary Chronicle and other publications, accepts the call which he has received to a pastorate at Skipton. It was recently reported that only eleven dissentients were found in the General Assembly of the Canadian Presbyterians to vote against the suggested terms of union with the Metho dist and Congregational Churches. The decision in the case of the latter body on union with the Presbyterians and Methodists was received last week and is not less unanimous.

It now remains to be seen if the Methodist Conference comes into line. A layman who was present at the Congregational meetings last month in Hamilton says that the letter from the Joint Committee in England delighted the Assembly. He gives his own view thus I favour union at the same time I do not wish to enter into it unless it is with the approval of our brethren in England. We are looking to God for guidance in this matter, and if it be His will and for the best interest of the cause of Christ we hope the union, will be brought about." One practical step was taken by the reception into the fellowship of the present Union of the churches and missions hitherto associated with the United Brethren of Canada. The criticism which for some years has been directed by Dr.

Adeney, Dr. Peake, and others against the International Lesson system in the Sunday schools of this country has not been in vain. Under the presidency, I believe, of Dr. Rowland, conferences of a private character have just been held in London, at which about thirty delegates from the United StatB and Canada, as well as from Great Britain, at- tended. Henceforth the International system ij.J Al jf4 A Tho loot.

rfiuiaW which the British section has been asked to prepare, is to be more up to date," for it will include instruction in Christian doctrine and ethics and the simpler aspects of Christian apologetics. A party of Belgian barristers, who are on a visit to this' country to inquire into our judicial Y. were yesterday shown round the Law rVmrts. nrevious to beine entertained at lun cheon by the Benchers of the Middle Temple. The Watch Committee of Manchester have approved the recommendation of the Hackney Coach Sub-committee that any caoman reported SjTffi nVeenVed foTsg months.

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY Planned by the late Lord ACTON. Edited by A. W. WABD. Lltt.D., G.

W. PBOTHEBO, Utt.D. and STANLEY LEATHEB. U.A. Vol tune X.

of this History, THE BESTOBATION, Is now ready. Tlie writers are Professor Rafael Altamlra, Professor S. Askenszy, Mr. E. A.

Benlans, Lady Blennerhassett. Professor Emlle Bourgeois, Professor J. H. ClaDham, Dr. W.

J. Courtbope, Mr. H. W. C.

Davis, Bev. George Edmundson, Mr. G. P. Ooocb, Mr.

F. A. Klrkpatrick. Dr. J.

S. Nicholson, Mr. W. Alison Phillips, Professor A. F.

Pollard, Dr. J. G. Bobertson. Professor Carlo Bejrrf and Mr.

H. W. V. Ttmperhy. The volumes which have prerloiisly appeared are: THE RENAISSANCE; THE BEFOKMATION; THE Boyal 8vo WARS OF RELIGION THE lfis net THIRTY YEABS WAB; THE each vol.

UNITED STATES; VIIL, THE PBENCH REVOLUTION and NAPOLEON. "The reconstruction of Europe after the havoc wrought by Napoleon Bonaparte, with a at regions of the world which never fell under his supremacy, sums up, broadly speaking, the ground which Is covered In tbe latest volume of the Cambridge Modem History. It Is for the most part with the period represented for two or three decades after the Peace ot 1815 that this fresh instalment of a great work, admirable and pbJlosopblo la Its phut and lucid end scholarly in its execution. Is concerned." STANDARD. GJ.EORGE CRABBE POEMS.

Edited by A. W. WABD, Master of Peterhouss (Cambridge English Clastic) This edition Is now complete in. three volumes. It is the most comprehensive collection of Crsbbe's Poems ever published, the volumes containing a large number of poems now printed for ths fir it time.

Crown 8 TO Dr. Ward brings tbe work of editing 4a 6d net to such a point of perfection that it each vol. becomes in hia hands a fine art. It is rare that so moch sound and thorough scholarship, is found with such complete lacs: of any display, so that oniv an expert caa realise how moon work has been done and how properly it has been manipulated." TRIBUNE. ATTHEW PRIOR DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD AND OTHER WOBK8 IS PBOSE AND VEBBE.

Edited by A. K. WALLER, M.A. (Cambridge English Classics) Tils volume contains the whole of Prior's Englitb. literary works In prose and verse, other thaa those published in tho folio of 1718, which are contained in the com- anion volume, Matthew Prior: Poems on everal Occasions," already published in the same series.

Tbe special value of this volume lies In Clown 8vo ths very Important add! turns which it has 4s 6d Set been, Mr. v. slier a good fortune to make to the text frcm the Marqaess of Bath's manuscripts at Loogleat. We congratulate Mr. Waller not only for this scholarly text, but for the discovery of the dialogues which entitle Prior to a place amcsg ths English prose humorists." TRIBUNE.

JW-ATIONAL LIFE AND CHARACTER 13l TN THE MIRBOB OF EARLY ENGLISH LITERATURE- By EDMUND DALE, MA, Diltt. This book has for its parpose to reveal or st least to Illustrate the development of the national life, and character st the English people, from the coming of the Anglo-Saxons in the fifth century to the Boyal Svo creation of as Anglo-Norman nation is the 8s set fourteenth, by a careful study of- tbe literary products of tne sneceuWe periods that lie in and with to those limits. The general reader will find the cook as a whole no lew interesting than will ths scholar." SCOTTISH REVIEW. CAMBRIDGE TJNTVER8ITY PBE68 WAREHOUSE London, Fetter Lane: C. F.

Clay. Manager country shown in a most interesting map by JJr. Slater, and stretching trom orkshire, through the Midlands to Dorset but leaving a xu nr i At. al. a out the West and tho South-east, was con- verted from the open field to tho present system.

Broadly, there is no doubt left, after the Tiisnl TV Slr'c mnr-. 1 a the maiming of t-he children who did not cautious statements, that the effect of these die was even more alarmine. What enclosures (as contrasted with enclosures of was wanted now were laws which would apply the waste) was to destroy the remaining! to the whole of the kingdom, not local laws, Tights of the peasantry in the land: that in'hecause if the bad milk was shut out from one doing bo legal maxims were harshly inter-1 Pja, onl' V-TT1 tS TJ anothePla.ce-.j 1 Manchester had had a special powers Act for preted and customary right unfairly ignored yearSj ana lle DeiiCved that a large quantity of xnat me eurei wiis 10 increabe tne rents or tlie Dad milK wnicn was snut out trom Alan-landlords, and possibly, in some cases, the Chester found its way into London. He was total wealth of the community but that in Hme a C0lnPany to visit The ALREADY PUBLISHED. Anthony Hope Mrs.

Humphry Ward Anthony Hope S. Macnaughtan Sir Gilbert Parker Mrs. Humphry Ward Anthony Hope Richard Whiteing Agnes aud Egerton Castle. Mrs. Humphry Ward The King's Mirror.

The Marriage of William Ashe. The Intrusions of Peggy. The Fortune of Christina McNab. The Battle of the Strong. Robert Elsmere.

Quisante. No. 5, John Street. Incomparable Bellairs. The History of David Grieve.

THOMAS NELSON SONS, London, Edinburgh and New York. so doing the concentration of wealth in tho hands of a powerful class was increased, and the poor were depressed into that terrible condition of abject economic; dependence which makes the seventy years previous to the Repeal of the Corn Laws perhaps the gloomiest in our social history. Take one instance of the way in which the old rights of the cottagera were treated. At Ewelme, in Oxfordshire, one of tho commons enclosed was known as the Furze Common, and it supplied the poor of the neighbourhood with their fuel. For every inhabitant had the right of cutting furze on it.

After enclosure the Furze Common was allotted to one man, who allowed no trespass on it, and the owners of cottages were awarded allotments of land in consideration of the right which the cottager had exercised. The lands so allotted became part of ordinary farms, and the poor simply lost their supply of fuel, without any compensation whatever. This, be it observed, was a case of the enclosure of commonable waste, and it was done under the sanction of Enclosure Commissioners appointed expressly to prevent any injury to the class least able to guard its own interests." Dr. Slater does not think that much complaint can be made with regard to the administration of tho Enclosure Acts since 1876 by the Board of Agriculture." But the horse had been stolen before the stable door was shut. All the early reports of Enclosure Commissioners, he says, give evidence of the hard legal spirit in which the claims of cottagers were considered, and the slight reasons which were considered good enough for refusing recreation-grounds and allotments." In fact in the thirty years before 1875 out of 590,000 acres divided, just 1,758 acres were set aside for recreation-grounds and 2,195 acres for garden fields and allotments.

"By nineteen Enclosure Acts out of twenty," wrote Arthur Young, the poor are injured, in some grossly injured. The poor in these parishes may say, and in truth, 4 Parliament may be tender of property; all I know is, I had a cow and an Act of Parliament has taken it from The effect of enclosures on the productivity of the soil was estimated in an anonymous pamphlet by "A Country, Gentleman," published in 1772 and quoted with approval by the Board of Agriculture and by Dr. Slater. This authority gives figures as to the employment of labour on land in some typical mid- THE COURT OF THE TUILERIES, 1852-1870. Its Ceremonial Srriendour, Follies, Lapses, and Downfall with Impressions of its CWel lersonagesf By LE PETIT HOMME ROUGE.

Demy 8vo, cloth. 76 net. i to a burden td review or such volumes cf gossip and scandal to be by far the St whirh the SondEmpIra. Oa the Khols Hm writer la to accurate anl so well-informed tint Ms bcok be treated Dl story. It I.

the- back-stalra view of the history of a period in which 7A tartStJ. WInYoart I "undoubted contains almost the first accurate collected statement on of tneperlod between 18511 and 1870." liWTrirffl LKtle Bed Man is the revesler of secrets, tee teller of all manner of thlnis tn," iid -rTiMttaiSP nA "erefOT? he it sa alwsys enterlaininr. He has rathered tcfiether an extraordinary MfiBVivo TrTir Thm is hardly 10 ranch as a doorkeeper the Third Siapoleoa's Court who is described, every event tot down with unusual intimacy ind unusual g-ood taste Iotl- "7 "I Court llieis 22. WortW of erandalous stories. It Is a brilliant yet restrained ttblftWlltotiSuwor e.geratica.

and a MU and trustworthy picture of tT 'memoirs has something- far better to offer than tftUe-tattle' he ha. mx SSZSMlM tothe history of the astonishing- last phase of the Nawleoaie Imperii; Ifgecd." JULIE DE LESPINASSE. By the Marquis de Segur. -Eor. Vfii-sinn -With Photogravure Frontispiece, from the only SiStt of1lXnoille de Lelpinasse, by CABMONTELLE.

Demy 8vo, Art Linen, gilt top, 76 net SPECTATOR One of the most enthralling- and touching books that tare been published of late years." t1. vl and of the worl: are beyond at! option." TRUTH. a fiiclnatmir blogwulcal study. MOLIERE: A Biography. By H.

C. Chatfield-Taylor. i THOMAS F. CBANE, Professor -of Romance Languages, drawn bv JOB. feoyal 8vb, buckram, gtlt top, 106 net DAILY thoicngWy OTrJananlfte and eminently reWl.

presentation of MoUtw. At ence scholarly sod popular." 1 CHATTO WINPUS, in, St. Martin's Lane, W.C. iiy IM Karl or CABD1QAB. THE CAPTUBE OF PRIVATE PROPERTY' iSvTftiA: A NOTE ON THE HAGUE COSYEBENCE.

By Sir JOHN MACDOKELL, CB. 1 FOREIGN AFFAIRS. By Dr. E. I.

DILLON. London: HORACE MARSHALL 4 SjK..