The Observer from London, Greater London, England • 2

THE OBSERVER. AUGUST 25. 1963 2 News 5D 'A new concept in lobbying' from GODFREY HODGSON Washington, August 24 NEXT WEDNESDAY'S "mass march on Washington for freedom and jobs for Negroes is now expected to be an impressively peaceful demonstration. Both organisers and local NEWS MISCELLANY Three escape by disarming Nehru pondering sacrifices from our Correspondent Delhi. August 1-i SQUATTING cross-legged on ihe floor of the Prime Minister's house to demonstrate their Gandhian simplicity the 40-odd members of the Congress working committee have been conferring since yesterday on how to stop the rot of careerism and corruption in the Indian Administration.

The so-called Kamaraj plan for Cabinet resignations and party reorganisation should have been announced last night. But Mr. Nehru explained that this week's debase on me Opposition's censure motion bad not left him enough time to make up his mtnd as to who shoirid resign. The Kama raj plan from the name of its author, the Chief Minister of Madras finds its inspiration in the old Indian tradition of the wise men who divest themselves of all worldly goods to go to the people and teach the truth Exception So the most powerful Ministers in the Central Government and in the Slates are called upon to prove their integrity and devotion by abandoning ther present comforts to take up the much less attractive task of revitalising the Congress organisation. A notable exception among those who are to sacrifice themselves is di--Prime Minister himself.

He has been IETS PflllY TO authorities encouraged by the Kennedy Administration behind the scenes have done everything possible to turn it from a menacing march on Washington to a march in Washington. The march will be easily the biggest demonstration ever held in Washington, a ceremonial capital that has seen some big ones since 1894 when Jacob Coxey's Army marched in to demand peace on earth and death to interest-bearing securities." Latest estimates are that welt over 100.000 marchers, both Negro and white, will be coming from out of Wall guards Berlin. August 24 THREE East Berliners overpowered two Communist border Foreign Minister Vo Van Mann, bis head shaven like a monk's, cheered by Vietnamese students. guards, stripped them or their Em Ml JJ sub-machine guns and escaped town in 21 special trains ana 2.UOO buses, by plane and by private car. Buddhists hint: There will to West Berlin last night, police said here today.

One guard was a He to recover Packed lunches Extraordinary efforts have been made both by the organisers and by his weapon and fired after the refugees. The three men suffered only slight injuries from barbed be more 'fire-martyrs' the authorities not only to keep order. wire. It is believed to be the first time that refugees have attacked guards but also to cater for the needs of this great army, ptus the milling throngs of Washkigtonians. in heat that is expected to rise to the steaming mid-nineties.

Charitable organisations have from DENNIS BLOODWORTH Singapore, August 24 before scaling the wall dividing Berlin. The escape had been planned for several weeks and the men gained WHEN PRESIDENT Ngo Dinh helped to make 80,000 packed lunches die guards' confidence by talking to Diem declared a state of siege in South Vietnam and simul ready to negotiate with the Buddhists. But bis shrewdness has always been offset by his distorted sense of family, and M. and Mme. Ngo Dinh Nhu.

Diem's brother and sister-in-law. have consistently urged him to take the strongest- most intimidating them for about an hour bet ore attack ing them. taneously launched a swift. A total of nine East Germans, in brutal assault against nis eluding two border guards, fled to West Germany during the night. West available.

Drinking fountains are being attached to the fire hydrants in the march area. First aid posts will be on hand. And so will 120 portable comfort stations," as Americans call lavatories. The whole of Washington's force of nearly 3.000 policemen 430 of them Negroes has been rehearsing elaborate plans coordinated with walkie-talkie radios. iThey will be supported by 2,000 National Guards German border police said today.

They came across at various points along toe zonal border between tne West German State of Lower saxony and East Germany. A. P. 'World M.P.s men CTerntonals), and 500 police reservists. meet in Cardiff The marchers are bringing 2.000 marshals, mostly Negro policemen from New York and other cities, to helo and to dispel any notion that asked unanimously and spontaneously by the leaders of the Congress organisaUon to stay at the country's helm.

Some other resignations, however, have never been in doubt. Mr. Kama raj himself is naturally bound to set the good example, and bis colleague from Orissa, Mr. Bijoy-ananda Patnaik, has also been considered from the beginning as most likely to quit his post. As far as the Central Government is concerned, all the forecasts have lipped the Home Minister.

Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri. among those who are going to get an important party job, possibly as President of Congress. This would not necessarily impair his chances of being called one day to succeed the present Prime Minister. Lobbying The posiuon of other Cabinet pillars is much more hotly debated and intense lobbying has been going on.

The numerous friends of the measures against the general association of Buddhists, within which enemies were attacking them personally and plotting against the regime." For many years political counsellor of Diem, Nhu is a fiercely anti-American authoritarian who believes in a disciplined Hrtlerian State, in fighting the Communist revolution with revolution," in banishing democracy for the duration. His wife is a belligerent and disdainful autocrat who has savagely declared that she would clap if the Buddhists were beaten 10 times more," and has described their self immolation as barbecue shows." The Nhus have not concealed their growing exasperation with the President and his soft policy towards the Buddhists. By this week M. Nhu and Can had provoked the Buddhists into rounding on Diem and so obfiged or even forced the President to follow their advice. police activities are directed against ihe marchers.

Finally, just in case More than 200 deputies from 60 coun rics will attend the medal opemng of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Would Citizens at the Temple of Peace in Cardiff 4.000 regular troops will be waiting in battle order just across the nver. Nazi threat tomorrow. Last night Mr. Bayard Rustin, an intense and able veteran of non Buddhist opponents this week he had two objects in view: to get his blow in first and to face the Americans with a fait accompli. For the first time in the 15-week crisis between Church and State, which has seen four monks and one nun burn themselves to death in protest against religious discrimination, the Buddhist inter-sect committee attacked Diem personally on August 16 in a letter which his brothers urged him to regard as a virtual declaration of war.

It accused him and his regime of power of treating decent people like thugs," and said the Buddhists would welcome harsh Government action "so that we can die sooner than lead a painful existence, and so that the real face of the regime will be visible to all." Arrest at gunpoint The President had already assured the Americans, upon whom he relies for a daily injection, of more than $1 million (357,000) to keep him in power and finance the war against the Viet Cong guerrillas, that he would seek a peaceful reconciliation with the Buddhists. Members of the inter-sect committee were meanwhile hinting that there would be more "fire-martyrs" and mass demonstrations to impress Mr. Henry Cabot Lodge, the new American Ambassador, when he arrived in Saigon this violent protest movements in Africa This week's meetings mark the seventh anniversary of the adoption, also at Cardiff, of the "Commonwealth's constitution, and the silver jubilee of the birth of the concept of a servant nation which could transcend political borders and which into barricaded Buddhist pagodas tn Vietnam's four main towns, smashing up their interiors and arresting several hundred monks and nuns at gunpoint. Within 24 hours Buddhist sympathisers, dissident politicians and suspect intellectuals were reported to have been rounded up and pagodas throughout the country raided and searched. The trouble began in early May.

when eight Buddhist demonstrators were killed in a clash with troops and police in Hue'. Buddhist leaders at once sought redress from the Government and guarantees of future freedom of religious practice, but although Diem met most of their demands at least on paper the Buddhists refused to be placated. The real master For the quarrel over religious rights had auickly narrowed down to a bitter conflict with the ruling Roman Catholic family of the President. The Ngos were accused of running an Administration in which Catholics were given jobs anil promotion over the heads of Buddhists. Buddhist insistence that those ultimately responsible for the killings in May should be punished were directed at Diem's brothers Ngo Dinh Thuc and Ngo Dinh Can, the Archbishop and the real political master of Hu respectively.

Diem refused to sacrifice his family, and meanwhile public anger and religious fervour both mounted when his brothers ordered far more drastic local action against the protesting Church than the President himself had authorised. Government sources claim that the Buddhists were being manipulated by the Viet Cong, and that arms and explosives were found in some pagodas. Observers prejudiced against the Ngo oligarchy for their cruel mismanagement of the Buddhist affair do not believe mis. But the highly efficient publicity machine of the Xa Loi pagoda in Saigon provided one indication of well -organised direction behind a movement which the Viet Cong, in their turn, could possibly exploit against the Saigon regime. The President, obstinate, honest, a India and Britain, who is in charge of the arrangements, renewed his aooeal to all marchers to avoid any would work for world unity.

lo action that might lead lo violence. Police Chief Robert Murray has said mark the occasion, the President. 62 No else that he does not expect trouble. one year-old Dr. Hugh Sohonfieid, wili Probablv the only serious threat deliver wntat he calls "a speech of considerable consequence to man comes from Mr.

George Lincoln mgrj Rockwell. leader of the small Finance Mtnister, Mr. Morarji Desai, have pointed out that the confidence he enjoys among financial circles abroad is most essential to the smooth continuance of foreign aid to India. The Food and Agriculture Minister. Mr.

S. K. Patil, whose undoubted organisational talent should be very helpful to the Congress Party, seems also to have shown some reluctance in answering the call to resign. American Nazi Party, whose head quarters are nearby in Virginia suburbs. He is expected to be arrested kind." Canada urges trade with East early in the day if he carries out his announced plans for a counter-demon stratum.

In fact, the attitude among many The character of ihe march has Canada's External Affairs changed rapidly. The anginal con ceplion of as an enormous sit-ir Minister. Mr Paul Martin, yesterday Ministers has been If others stay, why not me? At the same time, however. many Congressmen, especially in the lower ranks, are now demonstraUon aimed at influencing proposed more trade and scientific and cultural contacts between Canada Diem has evidently resigned himself to running grave risks in ruthlessly obliterating the Buddhist leadership. An anti-Government Buddhist underground prey to the Viet Cong could count on support from up to nearly 30 per cent of die population, it is estimated.

Ministers and Service officers have in many cases privately declared that they will not connive at religious persecuUon. There are signs that the Second Army Corps, stationed north of Saigon, is disaffected. In the background the 1 if e-and -death struggle against 25.000 armed Viet Cong guerrillas continues. Facing the scene are the Americans, who finance die family and who will earn widespread condemnation if they condone the latest anti-Buddhist moves, but who have no anti-Communist leader to support in Diem's place if they abandon him. No man today has a more delicate task ahead than Mr.

Cabot Lodge. firmly convinced that the changes and Communist countries. The nft between Russia and China might reveal common ground between the West and "some of the older must be spectacular if the Kamaraj plan is not to boomerang and make the party leaders who adopted it so enthusiastically look ridiculous. the Congress debate on civil rights legislation has been dropped. The organisers have agreed that only 10 leaders should go as a deputation to Congress, and instead Congressmen will be invited to watch the march A new concept in lobbying." and not a particularly effective one to judge from the way some Congressmen have already turned down their invitations.

Another change is that the march will now be a march of both whites week. If the President wanted to crush the Buddhists and oblige a disapproving Washington to accept the situation as Mr. Lodge found it, he had just one week in which to act. In mid-week, crack units of the Vietnamese Army accordingly took over Saigon with full emergency powers. As martial law was declared, sleel-helmeted combat and city police armed with grenades, automatic weapons and tear gas.

burst their way Communist States," he said. We shall have to ponder very carefully whether an answer to the rising power of Asian Communism is to be found in its further Isolation and containment, or whether it lies in broadening contacts at varieties of levels in an endeavour to penetrate celibate and devout Catholic has been and Negroes, demanding jobs and a higher national minimum wage for all, as well as rights for Negroes. Labour is represented among the organisers, as are the Protestant, Catholic and Jewish religious leaders. the curtain of ignorance and blunt the edge of ideological differences. We must proceed forward but without illusion." Kennedy dismayed by Asia setbacks from GODFREY HODGSON, Washington, Aug.

24 Bitter charge Now on Pan morning, afternoon, evening Jet flights to New York! Pan Am serves New York with 21 non-stop Jet Clippert flights every week, with convenient departure times, morning, afternoon and evening. Pigs slaughtered About 1 .000 pigs were slaughtered yesterday at Crassbrook Hall, near Somalis in border talks row from our Correspondent Nairobi, August 24 Tideswdl. Derbyshire, and 380 more will be killed today at Bakewell and Swanwdck. because of an outbreak of swine fever. This foUows other outbreaks in Locestershirc, Stafford shire and other counties.

that the war against the Viet Cong has received a grave setback. And Ambassador Lodge has been given no particular policy to follow The altitude is watch and pray. Something of the same is true in the Indian sub-continent, where, just as the Administration underestimated This evolution of the march towards respectability has been actively encouraged by President Kennedy, who has agreed to meet the leaders after the march. And it has led to charges that the teeth have been taken out of the Negroes' demonstration. Malcolm a spokesman of the Black Muslims, has made this charge bitterly.

But so have other more moderate Negroes. It is certainly true that the Administration has been nervously anxious to prevent violence and the consequent white reaction to the march. But it would probably be fairer lo say. not that other issues have deliberately WASHINGTON is looking on with frank dismay, and with few ideas for an alternative policy, as the tides of change seem to be sweeping away two of the most trusted piers of American policy in Asia the Diem regime in South Vietnam and the military Flight number: PA 101 PA 103 PA 1 Leaves London: 11 a.m. 3 p.m.

5 p.m. Arrives New York: 1.35 p.m. 5 35 pm. 7.35 pm. New Premier for Norway from our Correspondent Oslo, August 24 MR EINAR GERHARDSEN.

the Norwegian Social Democratic Prime Minister. handed his resignation to King Olav this morning. The king asked Mr. John Lyng. leader of the Conservative Party, to form a Government.

The Social Democratic Government had been in power for 28 years. It was defeated last night on a motion of no confidence in the Storting (Parliament) which arose i bit of ncoidents last year in the State-owned mines on Spitsbergen. Mr. Lng will officially present his Cabinet on Monday but the list is almost ready. It is a coalition of the four non-Socialist opposition parties: Conservatives.

Liberals, Christian Peoples' Party (a temperance group) and Centre Party (farmers I. Splinter group Mr. Gerhardsen announced toda that he has called a meeting for Monday of the Social Democratic Party national executive to consider their attitude lo the Socialist People's Party. Tins is the extreme left-vsing splinter group, who hold the key to power in the Storting, for they have two members while the Social Democrats and the non-Socialist opposition have 74 each of the 1 50 seats. By voting with the non-Socialists they defeated the Search in Alps A rescue party set out yesterday to TALKS due to begin in Rome tomorrow between Britain and the Somali Republic over the future of the Northern frontier district in search for a Japanese and his London- the strength of the revulsion against born wife who vanished while climbing in the French Alps eight days ago.

Kenya after Kenya becomes tnde-Dendent mav break down because alliance with Pakistan against Communism. They are I rot Kaito, aged 26. and his wife, Mararet Gavan, 24. Both musi Diem harsh persecution ot the Buddhists, it also realises that it underestimated the depth of Pakistan's fear of India. Mr.

Ball's brief is to reassure the Pakistanis that American defence assistance to India does not mean betraying them, and at the same the Somalis are insisting that the Kenya politicians should be excluded from the British delegation. President Kennedy is sending cians, they live in Beausoleil, in tne Mr. George BaM as ihjs personal The Somali Foreign Ministry said emissary to Pakistan in an attempt Che Somaiis would agree to discuss to restrain President Ayuo Knan time to beseech them to share the American view that China is the from bolting ohat country out of the American system of alliances in alarm and fury at Che American common enemy. Malignant issue decision to give India military aid. But Mr.

Ball will go to Pakistan It is not so easy to know what neither to offer the Pakistanis more President Kennedy can do to rescue American policy Vietnam, where been injected into the Negro movement to dilute it, but that the overbrimming of Negro impatience this Mimmer has touched springs of conscience and protest on other soci.il issues. This is particularly true of unemployment, which hits Negroes hardest but does not hit mem alone. The Negro protest seems to have punctured the veil of national complacency and suspicion of anything smacking of radicalism. The Negro Revolt Page 6 Churches join the struggle from Cecil Northcort military aid nor to reopen the question of Kashmir. It is at last realised here mat no mediation can shrink that malignant issue for the south of France.

Greece frees three Three Greek Communist convicts who were sentenced for crimes during the Communist rebellion in Greece from 1945 to 1949 were released yesterday. Two had served 15 years of a life sentence, and the third was serving an -year sentence. Fatherly talks Juvenile first offenders in the AccTington. Blackburn and Darwen County Police areas will be given fatherly talks by selected police officers in future, instead of being taken before the Juvenile Courts. Vatican arrest Pan Am's new flight 103 is proving very popular with travellers because its convenient afternoon departure allows them to arrive in New York by early evening.

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Pat. the huge American investment in money, men and prestige is now seen in double jeopardy. If the Diem regime survives its brutal repression of the Buddhists, moment. incc the bino-bovtct split, ironic or if it is pushed aside by an even the issue only if the Kenya Ministers attended as observers. Because of possible embarrassment over this, Kenya's Prime Minister, Mr.

Jomo Kenya tta, changed his mind the last minute mis morning and did not leave with the Kenya delegates for Rome Instead he handed over the leadership to his Finance Minister, Mr. James Gichuru. The Kenya team of Ministers is described as a joint delegation." The Governor, Mr. Malcolm MocDonald, who is travelling with them, will be part of the British delegation too. Fanatics Before leaving today Mr.

Gichuru made it dear that the Kenya Ministers expect to do most of the bargaining with the Somalis in Rome, leaving Britain to act as mediator, possibly suggesting a compromise. It is not expected in Nairobi that the talks will produce anything conclusive and there is a growing fear that trouble will soon erupt among the 100.000 or so fanatic Somali nomads who inhabit the and North-Eastern region of Kenya. An Italian woman was escorted and W.svntrroN, August 24." It has taken a Roman Catholic President to awaken the Protestant Churches to do tbeir duty to secure justice and equality for ai) men," said a leading out ot the Vatican yesieroay Mr. Finn Gustavsen, the chairman of the Socialist People's Party, announced that he will propose a vote of no confidence as soon as Mr. Lyng presents his Government.

Monday's meeting of the Social Demo-cr-W Party's executive is to decide whether to support this. Since it would be capitulating to tbeur bitterest enemies, this seems unlikdy. and most polmcal commentators in Oslo expect the non-Socialist Government to have an uneasy spoil of power until the next general election in It65 ohurdwnon to me in discussing next Wednesday's march, in which all the handed over to the Rome police who were told she had tried to pick an anon danit's pocket as he was showing tourists round. National savings New National Savings reported last week totalled 36.764,000, includ churches of America are taking part. The white sectors of Protestant ism." he said.

have all too belatedly become aware of the essentially immoral situation in which we are a I ing 1.200,000 Premium Bonds and 3.757.000 accrued interest, wnn harsher successor, the American image is destroyed all over Asia wherever Buddhism is strong. Yet if the Diem regime is swept away, so too will be an American investment in the war against Communist Viet Cong guerrillas, and. in Washington's view, a strategic victory will have been won by Communism in Asia. U.S. committed The new American Ambassador in Saigon, Mr.

HenTy Cabot Lodge, saw President Diem yesterday. But Washington now simply does not know whether Diem is still master in his own house. Some Far East experts here at first supposed that Diem himself ordered the Army to take over and crack down on Buddhist pagodas and monks. The majority now believe that Diem and the Army leaders are now under the practical control of the President's brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu. and Madame Nhu, whose intransigent hostility to the Buddhists has shocked the Administration.

Officials here still insist that the American commitment to support the Government and people of Vietnam is as firm as ever, but there is a new emphasis on the people." Americans are no longer coolly deciding how best to press the Government to adopt the policies they prefer, but wondering which Government they v. ill have to deal drawals were 35,995,000, including ally the rigidities of the United States Asian policy as a whole have been greatly softened. After a round of talks with officials responsible, I came away convinced that one old weakness has been understood and cured. It is no longer true that American policy in Asia merely aims to hedge China in behind a cordon of military alliances. But although the American Press loves to print little maps showing thick black arrows where Chinese aggression may be expected, from Korea to Kashmir, the Administration's assessment is cooler.

Political offensive China is thought too weak economically and militarily to attempt aggression for long, except in limited situations where opportunities offer, as they did in the Himalayas last winter. Instead, Peking is expected to launch a determined political offensive, aimed primarily at Communist and other left-wing parties in South-East Asia. The action of the House of Representatives in slashing all aid to Indonesia, bitterly denounced last night by the President, though it may yet be reversed by the Senate, is another serious blow in the Administration's view, since Indonesia is a prime target of any Chinese political offen-sie. There has been some impatience here with Britain for impeding in the nierirm iew the attempt to integrate IndonoMa with Ma'ay Sla and the Philippines Hie Administration feels that President Sukarno is lean tng towards the West and should not be frightened ff 1.350.000 interest New savings ex ceeded withdrawals by 769.000, leav involved in American racial patterns and there is a new determination htat the total Church and its agencies be effective in helping to produce immediate and drastic change." The National Council of Churches, representing 40 major denominations, has marshalled a special task force lo encourage local churches to share in direct action derrvnstraUons and tn produce desegregation in every part of Church life ing about 7,836 rrufhon stm invested Latest wills Attlee urges world law Tokyo. August 24.

Lord Attlee told the opening session of the Eleventh Congress of World Federalists here today that all nations must be con Mr. LMmFNCE Ivn Horniman. verted lo the view that without 100m.ordersin north-east The Central Electricity Generating Board has placed 100 million-worth of contracts with firms in the northeast of England since April, W6I. Sir Christopher Hinlon, the Board's chairman, said yesterday. I suggest that no other industry has done so much for the engineering industry of the north-east coast." Sir Christopher, who was speaking at Durham, went on The Board have also earned out construction work to ensure that there will be plentiful L-tc.

triv jt rs.user for the industrial grssth planned fir 111! j.ca VS 'ictl ihe 8i.i"l SVS.SC st.itu'n HlMh nntu'lcied rids there vsitl he cs-css of L'lirren! oser and ahove the t.itfst cMirruiics of the power rrvnored world law the human race will perish." CjD. He said the World Federalists held that they must have world law if they of Salway Ash, Bndport, Dorset, left 219,434 net (duty paid 131.390). Mrs. Frances Alice Thompson, of Holywdl Close, Meads, Eastbourne, left 171,087 net (duty paid Mr. William Msllocr of Glasgow Road, Perth, fishing tackle manu-1 usurer, lcti personal estate in I VoIl.idJ lied at Mr-, nnii Ssuli Bill, of Bdur.ivt: rcsceni.

Harrogate, left LK064 net iuty paid 90.200. Journalist freed in South Africa Mr. Mike Norton, Cape Town otli i of ihe non-white Johannesburg svcvkls I'i't ss.is rclc i.scil CNlenf 1 i'Ici lias in Mil it refusing lo name Lhtr sou't-f ot article v.isjiii itlcKiljinjlc shiti: tJiilurcn were being adopted bs i olourcd lmn.ed race) families. were to have world peace. I hope in future years that people will took back to this time and say here in Japan the foundations for world pcai.e were laid." he aid About 1.7(H) Japanese and about I5U overseas delegates attended today session.

Rcuter. with There is even fear thai the Nhus. if thev emerge on top. mtghi move against American presence in South Vietnam In any case, recognised mw YOU'RE BETTER OFF WITH PAN AM WORLD'S MOST EXPERIENCED AIRLINE!.