The Observer from London, Greater London, England • 27

OBSERVER BEVXEW SUNDAY 7 JUNE 1981 The true extent of the atrocities committed by the Nazi SS during the wartime occupation of the Channel Islands was revealed last week in The in his second article, SOLOMON STECKOLL explains how the full horror of these events came to be obscured from public knowledge. SEVEN THOUSAND prisoners passed through the Nazi concentration camp in Alderney. Hundreds died through maltreatment and starvation others by hanging, shooting, garotting with wire, by being thrown off the ciiffs, or beaten to death. Hundreds more were shipped to the Continent for extermination in gas chambers. Why were none of the Germans responsible brought to trial for war crimes on British soil Why, for that matter, were there no trials of British Channel Islanders who collaborated with the Germans I have no idea what motives led Brigadier Henry Shapcott, the Military Deputy of the Judge Advocate-General in 1945, so to misre 1 1 time record in an unblemished light.

To acknowledge the full horror of what had gone on in Alderney with the at least partial knowledge, and in some cases collaboration, of the islanders, wouldj have been to destroy this rosy view. The most striking instance of the official unwillingness to know was a visit paid to the islands within days of their liberation by the then Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison. He spent two days on Jersey and Guernsey, where the people were still in a state of euphoria. Morrison spoke only with the leaders, and his report to the Cabinet reflected what they told him, that of course there had never been any collaboration with the Germans. He also told the Cabinet that he had heard reports that there had been atrocities on Aldernejy, and that these would be fully investigated.

Shortly afterwards the Government changed. Morrison remained a Minister in Mr Attlee's Cabinet, but he did not pursue the investigation. The Joint Britlish-Russian Commission of Inquiry, which heard evidence in Jersey in 1945, was very low-keyed on the British side and no records of it can now be found. It has been indicated that these papers were destroyed because of shortage of storage Another report on Alderney which had been prepared for British Military Intelligence by Major Theodore Pantcheff also, apparently, suffered this slightly puzzling fate, though Major Pantcheff, who still lives on Alderney, remains one of the most authoritative sources of information about what happened on the island. UNFORTUNATELY for the credibility of Morrison's account, the 30-year-old rule permitting publication of Government papers has in the case of the Channel Islands uncovered a host of ugly secrets.

Official records mention Jersey and Guernsey men and women who worked on Alderney. In addition to MI 19 records on the cooperation some would say collaboration of individual islanders and the insular governments with their conquerors, there is a batch of some 300 documents from the office of the Guernsey Bailiff, the island's British police chief and German army headquarters, which were removed from the official files before the British liberation force The German plans for fortifications on Alderney. present the facts to the Foreign Office as to prevent a British trial. Had it been otherwise, all the ugly facts would have had wider public knowledge. Shapcott's credentials were above reproach.

Honours had been generously accorded to him an OBE in 1937, a CBE in 1941, to be followed by a CB after the war. (He died, a KBE, in 1967.) Yet he committed a grievous error. The killings, torture and starvation of Russians, Poles, Czechs, Dutch, German political prisoners, Belgians, anti-Franco Spaniards and French Jews, had become known during the war to the British intelligence arm, MI 19. Their records were fully available to Brigadier Shapcott, who also had before him statements by liberated prisoners. Yet for his own incomprehensible reasons, he did everything he could to prevent the Germans at that time in the custody of the British Army from being brought before British military courts.

Shapcott wanted the Foreign Office to believe that only Russian prisoners were involved. If this was so, then the SS guards could be handed over to the Russians. In the British archives is a telegram from the British Embassy in Moscow to the Foreign Office dated 22 May 1945. The telegram quotes Tass as carrying a Reuter report that the British authorities were investigating suggestions of Germans killing one thousand Russians and Jews on The immediate reaction of Pat rick Dean, Assistant Legal Adviser at the Foreign Office, was that we must be prepared for the Russians to ask for the guilty Germans in such His note in the archives then refers to the Moscow Declaration, an Allied agreement that war criminals should be tried on the scene of their crimes. The DeclarationVecognised, however, that in some cases the Russians should try those responsible for acts against Soviet citizens themselves.

Dean sent a memorandum to the Office of the Treasury Solicitor, who needed to know what legal steps to take It is not clear whether Russians were the sole victims of the atrocities committed. If they were not, then British Military Courts would be competent from the point of view of the international character of the victims. If on the other hand the victims were solely Russian, then under our interpretation of the Moscow Agreement, these Germans should be handed over to the Soviet From correspondence between the Foreign Office and the Treasury This article is based on The Aiaerney Death Camp by Solomon Steckoll. to be published shortly as a Granada paperback PERSONAL Services The letter ends with a chilling request for the dispatch of yellow cloth stars with the word 'Jew printed across them in English. At the foot of the letter is an ominous, handwritten phrase containing the word 4 SINCE I first disclosed the full horror of what happened in -the Alderney concentration camp and the three other SS-controlled 4 labour camps on the island, there have been arguments about the number of victims.

The facts are these. The British forces, on liberation, exhumed 374 bodies. To these must be added the: unknown number of victims thrown off the cliffs. There are three surviving eyewitnesses- who saw', corpses disposed of in this way Robert Prokop in Prague, Wilhelm Wernegau in Germany, and Misiewicz in London. Misiewicz says he saw 4 very many thrown into the sea.

The records of the International Red Cross say that at the time of the 1944 evacuation by the Germans of the 4 Sylt camp, the inmates numbered under 500, below half the total a year before. This undoubted ly suggests a severe death rate. Of particular relevance are docu- -ments surviving from the GermanL 1 court-martial, in the autumn of 1943, of SS HauptetTmrrfuittej Maximilian List and SS fuhrer Kurt Klebeck for. allowingi some prisoners to escape from a convoy from Alderney to the-Neuengamma gas chambers. During the court-martial List went so far as to say that such convoys were unnecessary since worked-out prisoners could readily be liquidated in 4 itself.

Survivors of the other three camps have put the number of deaths there as high as Russians and 220 Jews and Africans. But whether the dead numbered merely several hundred or several thousand is surely important than the fact that these horrors happened on British soil and have so long remained unknown to the general British public. Elisobet Duquemin, now living in Warwickshire, told me of how Miss Steiner, who had been a nurse at the Castel hospital, and Miss Spitz, who was a cleaner there, came to her one night in 1942 They had a paper with them from the Germans that they had to report the next morning to be taken away to France and were in a terrible state of anxiety. They borrowed a suitcase from me and I never saw the poor girls These two Jewish women were in fact sent to extermination camps on the Continent and murdered there. The British official history of the Channel Islands occupation makes the point that a refusal by the authorities to cooperate would have resulted in the civilian administration being taken over entirely by the Germans.

But between 4 correct cooperation in carrying out distasteful orders and collaboration in the cordial terms adopted by Bailiff Carey there is surely a distinction. Anti-Jewish law It is particularly shaming to read the Guernsey authorities' promulgation of the notorious German anti-Jewish law, which appears under the Royal Coat of Arms.In a letter telling the Germans of the promulgation of the anti-Jewish law Carey 4 has the honour to report that it has been registered and published by the Royal Court. In another letter he wrote As regards the registration of Jews. I can assure you there will be no delay, in so far as I am concerned, in furnishing you with the information you In December 1945 Victor Carey was knighted by the King for his services to the Crown during the German occupation. This was done on the recommendation of Prime Minister Attlee, despite MI19's view that Carey was a collaborator.

The fate of 22 Jersey Jews is another story, which deserves investigation. I was told in Jersey that no Jew remained there when the Germans arrived. Certainly those with means seem to have left in good time. Yet I have a copy of a letter from the senior civil administrator of the German headquarters in Jersey, a Dr Casper, to SS headquarters in Paris dated 17 June 1942, which gives, with nationalities, the breakdown of Jews resident in the Channel Islands. (Some of them were sent to Buchenwald.) our best course would be to offer to hand over to the Soviet authorities for trial all the Germans implicated in these war crimes together with all evidence we have collected.

From this one might suppose that the German Alderney war criminals were at least brought to justice abroad. But not so. Eight Germans, including seven SS, were much later charged in Germany with the killing of Alderney prisoners either on the island or during the evacuation after D-Day. Their crimes included killing 15 sick prisoners. But the only case of which the West German authorities have been prepared to give me details concerned a kapo (camp trusty), Gustav Fehrenbach-er, who during the evacuation ordered prisoners to whip another prisoner called Robert to death.

Later Fehrenbacher had a prisoner called Paul undress and himself beat him to death with an ox whip for stealing a slice of bread. Fehrenbacher received four years for each murder the SS officers sentences of 12 months or less. Strangest of all is the case of Major Carl Hoffmann, the German commandant of Alderney until 1943, when he was transferred to Jersey. After the liberation he was brought to the London District prisoner of war cage. In the autumn of 1945 investigating officials were told Hoffmann had been extradited to Russia and hanged before a crowd of 40,000 in Kiev.

But I have since unearthed documents showing that a Major Carl Hoffmann, whose regimental record and date and place of birth tally exactly with that of the Alderney commandant, remained in a British PoW camp until April 1948, and that he died in his bed in Hameln, West Germany, in March 1974. If, indeed, Hoffmann was deliberately kept from trial in Britain, Russia or anywhere else, the order must certainly have come from a high level. Brigadier Shapcott's reasons for misdirecting the Foreign Office about the nationalities of the Alderney camp victims are unfathomable. It is, however, possible to detect in contemporary official paper's on the liberation of the Channel Islands an almost desperate need by the British authorities to see the islands' war RELATIONSHIPS that are meaninidui, interesting 4: lasting are not to easily Found. Dut you carl throullli Mastcimatcli.

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The sending of Guernsey men to work for the Germans on Alderney (with the Island Government paying their wages) is only part of the ugly pattern which emerges from reading these hitherto secret documents, which make it clear that when the Guernsey Government assumed 4 responsibility for the civil administration on Alderney, the only people to be administered there were German servicemen, the dreaded SS, the Organisation Todt supervisors building fortifications, and the prisoners of many countries in the four camps guarded by the SS. The MI 19 records on the Channel Islands speak of QUISLINGS There are a number of both men and women assigned to the German Gestapo WOMEN Local women, chiefly Jersey-born, have been prostituting themselves with the Germans in the most shameless MI 19 files mention 800-900 German babies born since the occupation and abortions at a standardised rate of five guineas. Shortly before the German occupation, the Lieutenant Governor and Crown representative to Guernsey were recalled to England. Victor Fashion DOES YOUR BIKINI FIT YOU? Solicitor it is clear that Shapcott's superior, the Judge Advocate-General, was himself anxious that British Military Tribunals should try the Alderney Germans. The Foreign Office fully agreed with this view.

On 11 July 1945 Dean wrote to Shapcott asking him to supply the answers to questions he had raised with the Treasury Solicitor. His letter ended I should be grateful if you would let me know therefore (a) whether I am right in surmising that these Russians met their deaths (or were ill-treated) solely in concentration camps, and, if so, (b) whether there were other nationalities than Russians among the Now, Shapcott must not only have been aware of the MI 19 reports. He aiso had before him statements by several hundred survivors Russians, French Jews, French non-Jews, Spaniards, Czechs, Poles. Dutch, Belgians and others. Yet his reply on Id July deliberately distorted the facts.

There was, he wrote no evidence to show that the concentration camp held other than non-German nationals while the Russians were there. When, however, the Russians were removed, a number of French Jews took over the duty of completing the fortifications at Alderney and they occupied the concentration camp. The answers to your questions therefore are (a) No, as some of them were in the Todt camps (b) None other than possibly Germans. Stealing bread The outcome of Shapcott's distortions, stressing that the Jews were not ill-treated by the was that on 31 July the Foreign Office wrote to the Treasury Solicitor, confessing that it now lacked the ground on which to call for a British trial We have now learned that all the victims of the alleged war crimes were i Russians who worked for the Todt Organisation or were prisoners in a concentration camp on the island, with the possible exception of a few German nationals. Under the circumstances we feel that IF you Ilka buying Introductions and haunting lonely heatl clubs, line I II not.

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