Great Falls Tribune from Great Falls, Montana • Page 21

Sunday, December 25, 1921. THE GREAT FALLS TRIBUNE Page 3. Far To Eteami Hawkes Amerieai Collages Columbia Educator Says Books Are Still the Backbone of Education, but That Many Essentials Are Too Often Overlooked-Latin Not Necessary for Every Curriculum. Favors Fraternities, Closer Union of Faculty and Students. personally needs for the bringing out of his latent talents and the development of his entire' being.

This is a difficult task, but with the aid of an enthusiastic teaching staff and the application of the wonderful results of the modern psychology, it is not too great for the colleges, to undertake." Not Against Elective Studies "Does this mean," Dean Hawkes was asked, "that you approve the elimination of elective studies as advocated by Dean Jones of Yale?" "Quite the contrary," he replied. "But it'involves the study of languages DEAN HAWKES AS AN EDUCATOR nn ERBERT E. HAWKES, dean of Columbia college, during tha post-war Jj-jj period became one of the prominent figures in 'American education. As the successor of Frederick P. Keppel he has been a leader in forward movements which have made a profound impression not only at Columbia but at his own alma mater Yale, and in other institutions.

Dean Hawkes's work at Columbia brought him so forcibly to the attention of the Yale alumni that he was made a formidable candidate for the presidency to succeed Arthur Twining Hadley. Columbia's educational departures, with which Dean Hawkes has besn identified, include the psychological tests for admission now being used by universities throughout the country, adoption of the great freshman course in contemporary civilization, which alters radically old methods of teaching history, philosophy, economics and government; establishment of a new student body called "university undergraduates," extension of compulsory physical education and the stimulation of broadened undergraduate activity. Under Dean Hawkes Columbia university Is gradually losing Its metropolitan character and is now truly a national institution, a preponderance of its students coming from other states. Dean Hawkes was born at Templeton. December 6.

1872. He is the son of General George P. and Abigail Elizabeth (Sparhawk) Hawkes. He took his A. B.

at Yale tn 1896 and his Ph. D. in 1900 and then was a' student at Gortingen from 1901-1902. Dean Hawkes was appointed instructor In mathematics in 1898 and assistant professor in mathematics from 1903 until 1910 at Yale. He became professor of mathematics at Columbia in 1910.

He is the author of a large number of mathematical textbooks ami has contributed to many American and foraign mathematical publications. is a different point of view from what we have had, and it has been adopted with the hope of making up the deficiency in the college athletics. are doing the same thing in athletics. We are careful to have the coaches feel that they are instructors, and, as such, as much a part of the college instructional corps as the professor of history. "This is nothing more or less than an appreciation of the fact that, while the most important interest of college students is their studies, and these must be the matrix nnd foundation of the entire college structure, we are dealing with young men who must have some opportunity to exercise reasonable initiative and imagination in their athletic, social and literary interests.

This should be done, not with the mere toleration of every one, but with the active support of all who are fitted by training and temperament to do so. "In this way th- young man will gain in the developu of his whole be tag in leadership, in action and in cooperative endeavor that is so important. "The collage of the past has too often presented the pitiful spectacle, of a facuity confining its entire" attention to the so-ca'led academic' side of things with a feeling of distinct antagonism toward' the student activities, which ought be one of their concerns. The studeuts, on the other study their courses as necessary evils attendant on iheir taking part in these other activities which are to tbem of greater "I do not mean that the professors of mathematics should be less active in teaching their subject, I do mean that they should realize that the activities of the students are a real pari of their education and should lend the same interest and helpful support to those who are concerned with the other side of college affairs that we have coine to expect from our athletic teachers. "How," asked the interviewer, "is this problem being solved at Colum Hazing." replied Dean Hawkes, "as it was formerly known is a thing of the past.

I believe, however, that the application of certain rules, adopted bv the class organizations, are good in the development in the freshman class of the sense of solidarity, of its existence as a unit. It brings the freshmen closer together, and in doing so helps the whole class in its attitude toward work and sport. "It frequently haoDens. nartictilarlv not necessarily Latin science and the historical and social sciences properly balanced courses. But above all it involves an attitude of intelligence toward, the development of qualities of leadership and co-operation that must lie near the foundation of any well i rounded education.

Dean, Hawkes's reference to the 6tudv of Latin, and his implied belief that he did not regard it as essential i to a well rounded education, was in uch conflict; with the views of Dean West of Princeton, that his questioner invited him to more on the subject. Dean Hawkes made it clear that he was not seeking, to engage in any controversy with his fellow educator on this much mooted subject, but added: "There is one panacea for all of the shortcomings of the mind and the spirit which the college can possibly apply to boys, with the assurance that if they have this the college will have done its duty. Even Latin is not such a panacea. It is useful to many, but it is not all important, as some of its advocates would have.us think. "In the first place," he continued, "it is my experience that comparatively few students of Latin ever acquire from ta study of the language a year or two in -college, even on top of a four years' preparatory course, those far- reaching and satisfying advantages that the Latinists claim as the rewards of that study.

This may be due partly to the teaching, but largely, I think, to the nature of the young man of our day and generation. "If the rewards of the chase are not .1 iorin coming wnai advantage in me "If the students do not get what the study ought to give tbem, is not the problem one that ought to be referred back for further consideration? Day of Latin Gate Past "Perhaps they get an approximation of those rewards. But, after all is said and done, the day is past even if it ever existed when it was wise to require every boy who goes to college to enter through the Latin gate. "No one has ever convinced me that every person going to college, and presumably using his time to the best advantage in preparing his mind and body and spirit for a life of usefulness, should be obliged to take Latin or else forego the advantages of further edu- i cation. This means that I do not be lieve in required Latin for the A.

B. degree." "Do you believe, with President MacCracken of Vassar, that the fraternity system in our colleges should ing, mind, body and spirit, by his col- i lege course, and will take up the work that comes his way on graduation with the zest and enthusiasm which is dynamic, rather than with an air of superiority and conceit so often noticed in our young graduates. "Expressed in broad terms, the college aims to give its students a fund of information, an ability to use good judgment regarding a given situation, a habit of looking at every question broadly and fairly, a method of attacking problems fundamentally rather than superficially, a keen sense of the other man's point of view, eyes to see the right and the will to do it. Only One Bit of Problem Faced "Some say this may be called training of character, others that it means training for citizenship. But these are each only one fact of the many which the problem of the college possesses.

The man with a fine character will inevitably become a good citizen, and the good citizen must necessarily have a good character, when these terms are defined as broadly as those who use them intend. "The problem is greater than the state or tha individual character. It means the preparation of the boy to take the place in the community which his talents and tastes indicate, with the maximum of power and effectiveness. He may be a merchant, a poet, a physician, an editor or a mechanic. A college education ought to enable him to arrive at higher reaches of service and accomplishment than he could have attained without it.

"The study of ethics in college may help' some to understand the correct principle of conduct and to adjust themselves more perfectly to their environments, but a course in ethics is not necesary in order that a man may bia?" "We' are handling it here in this way," Hawkes contiaued. "We are endeavoring to effect a most careful organization of classes, each with a definite academic motive. In this way, during the preparatory work at Columbia college, the student is grounded in the essentials necessary when- he later enters the law school, the school of mines, of medicine, or whatever he elects to follow. But this work is so organized that, say at the end of the first year, if the student elects to change his course, to become, for instance, a doctor of medicine rather than an engineer, he can do so without loss of time in the process or without experiencing a sense of defeat in the accomplishment of his original purpose. This is important in the early training.

How Columbia Handles It "Then, in connection with the extra curricular activities, an example 'of the way we are endeavoring to meet the situation is seen in the recent appointment of a new member of the instruction staff. His duty is to guide, advise, steer the literary and all other outside, -bus non-athletic, activities. His work is to teach and develop the individual side of the student to complete the development of the man as a whole and, if the experiment works out the way we hope it will, the students will develop along these lines without at any time suspecting they are being taught. "The important aspect of this new appointment is that the man occupy ing this position contributes just as genuine a part to the educational work of the institution as any professor. This E.

HAWKES OXU Ui msW ifmm im E-Oen in Serial "Thrillers" Cotvboy "Ejctras" Ha-Ve To Scrap Their Armament at Com-mand of Producer Who Declare Firearms Out of Date and Therefore Mischievous. Dy CURTIS DUNHAM rHAT is the matter with the colleges?" In pursuit of an answer to this question rro-fessor Herbert E. Hawkes, dean of Columbia college, was sought. His answer was in brief that the colleges and universities are not properly distributing the emphasis they place upon the purely academic and the extracurricular activities of the student body. In many instances, he points out, the academic is stressed to the neglect of the human and individual In others, the non-academic activities athletics.

dramatics, etc. are emphasized at the cost of the student's academic development. The problem of the proper amount of -emphasis to be applied to each is one. Dean Hawkes finds, that demands a delicacy of perception and a nicety of application. Definite standards cannot be fixed for all cases, because the problem varies according to the character, size and environs of the institution.

A few weeks ago the Review of Reviews, in an effort to test undergraduate knowledge of world affairs, sent questionnaires to some 17.500 students throughout the country. The questions were'of a comparatively simple nature, but the average of correctness in the replies was only 44 per cent. One student replied that David Uoyd George was king of Ireland, another that Samuel Gompers was a poet and a third that Charles E. Hughes was Woodrow Wilson's private secretary. Presumably these replies were sent in good faith, judging by the nature of a majority of the rest.

Dean Andrew F. West of Princeton, in a recent interview, made the startling assertion that half the people of the United States were illiterate. He blamed the elective system of study as one of the basic reasons for this alleged condition. Dean Hawkes believes the reason lies deeper than that. Cannot Agree on Type of Education "This newspaper and other publications." he said, "are emphasizing the undoubted fact that the colleges are tinder fire at the present time, as, in, fact, they have been for a considerable period of years.

The colleges themselves, through their professors and administrative officers, meet the criticisms in a great variety of ways, and certainly show no agreement among themselves as to the most effective type of collfge education. This, however, does not condemn the colleges. On the other hand, it merely emphasizes the many sides and vital character of their problem. "If 50 persons were asked to tell why they loved their mother, it is likely that no two would reply in the same terms. This would not mean that there was no such thing as filial love, or that it was not worth while.

It would only mean that it is suc-h a fundamental and deep-rooted emotion touching one person here, another there that one might as easily try to confine the sunlight as to enclose it in the narrow confines of a single statement. "The most serious criticism of our colleges is the statement that they do not help their students to take up the problems of life with vigor and effectiveness. These problems may be those of holding down a job faithfully and intelligently, or being a useful citizen or of showing a co-operative and helpful spirit in dealing with those around him." Dean Hawkes paused long enough to remark parenthetically that what he was about to say must not be construed as meaning in any way that he put athletics and otFer extra-curricular activities ahead of academic pursuit in point of importance. But he added that, were he, as a father and in the light of his experience as an educatox, compelled to act for his own son. he would select the institution that possibly over-stressed the importance of extra-curricular development in preference to the one that emphasized academic development to the neglect of the other.

Books Still the Backbone "As a matter of fact," he went on, "colleges have never looked at their task in terms sufficiently broad. The atudy of books is necessary, and, so far as we can see, must remain the backbone of our work. But the qualities of initiative, of leadership, of activity in the countless human relations that surround us, all are touched upon tod little in our college offerings. The result is too often that, a boy takes his degree after a long and careful study from books, he thinks that the goal is reached. But he has only a feeble sense of the cruel fact that he is just ready to begin a long, hard climb through much grime and dirt, it may be before he has earned any right to regard himself with any great satisfaction.

He has not learned that only through work well done can he reach the heights. He ought to do this work faster and better because of his education. If he cannot, college has done little for him. "The average graduate leaves college. welt equipped mentally and usually with a considerable degree of self-satisfaction.

But there is another side that is as yet quite fallow, undeveloped. That is his capability of appearing to advantage to himself when he goes out into be world, and, unguided, experiences for the first time intimate contact with others in life's course. It is then that he must call upon snrh resources as he has of self-confidence, leadership, initiative, decision in short, the faculty to impress others. "In most of our colleges the students realize this better than the factulty. The result is that an antagonism has been set up between the students and the factulty that is a handicap to the development of either the academic or, let us say, the human side of the Student.

The boys develop the belief that their studies are only a necessary incident to their joining athletic, social and other non-academic activities. The faculty too often counters by arbitrarily over emphasizing the importance of the Latin, history, mathematical or other courses. So it seems to me that a whole lot of the criticism of the colleges may be removed if each of these elements is made to realize the importance of the work of the other. The facultv must realize that sports and other similar activities must have their distinct nlace. But the bovs must an an appreciation of the fact that, after all.

their studies are the basis of their future success. Need for Real Leadership "The students have sensed this situation many years in our colleges, and the reason that our athletes and other rtudeiat activities loom so large is because they supply this need of train- 35WHUSf llif PI be abolished?" Dean Hawkes was asked. Dr. MacCracken recently advocated the abolition of the system because of its alleged tendency toward the development of snobbery and exclusive-, ness. Dr.

MacCracken is a fraternity man. Dean Hawkes is not. "I do not believe it should be abolished," Dean Hawkes replied with emphasis. "It fills a distinct need our college life aod can be made to be of the utmost usefulness and assistance to the faculty. "Of course a certain amount of snobbery and exclusiveness results inevitably.

That is bad as far as it goes. All depends upon the attitude of the fraternity toward the college itself. A fraternity, the loyalty of whose members stops with the fraternity that does not transcend that and extend to iisra ifeolf in Hnmasre in- stead of a blessing. But where the fraternity usurps the functions of the college itself, as has been charged in anma rtaanc it 1 1 1 BPpm me that the fault lies in the quality of leader ship the college. "We have at Columbia thirty-two Greek letter societies, each of which cooperates and collaborates with the dean to a very appreciable extent in the problems affecting the academic training of its members.

The advantages of the fraternity system, in my opinion, far oufweigh the disadvantages." Hazing Thing of the Past The interviewer ventured one more question. "What," he asked, "is your opinion regarding the practice of hazing?" frothing at the mouth and some of the Indians were making sympathetic demonstrations. "The meaning of which," said Ruth, "is that we are cutting all gunplay out of our movies. The big boss says so and I agree with him." After twenty-four hours of gloom in the ranks of her "extras" Ruth handed back Shoot-'em-up's armament and announced that such things might be worn as usual, but only for purposes of personal adornment. When you consider the far-reaching, revolutionary character of such a proceeding as banishing gunplay from the movies, the scenes just described may seem to you a bit childish and out of keeping with the grave importance of the subject.

But such a view simply will prove that you've never spent six weeks, or months, "on location," with a movie producing company. "Play-acting" before the camera lens from early morning all day and frequently until late at tends to make veritable children of the rank and file of these industrious people. It is often said that all children are natural actors. The famous stars of the picture screen fully understand the value of this eager, ingenious spirit and take pains to foster it. Ruth Roland's faithful serial army of "extras" gleaned from all sorts and conditions of western life is a good example.

Plain facts about the abolition of sunDlav as a movie "thriller" naturallv are obtained from those high executives the motion picture industry whose fingers are constantly on the pulse of the picture-supporting public, and whose changes of policy may be relied upon to reflect stages of development in public taste. Public Tastes Change When Ruth Roland, "Queen of Serials," or Charles Hutchinson, the "thrill-a-minute" star of "stunt" serials or any of the movie actors of their supporting companies, refer to the "Big Boss," they mean, of course, the president of Tathe, known the world over as "the house of serials" Paul Brunet. Upon inquiry at his office in the Pathe building, New York City, Mr. Brunet made no objection stating the plain facts. He said: "Public taste respectmf motion pictures is constantly advancing, both on ethical and on general literary and artistic lines.

If we who produce and market motion pictures fail to keep pace with this advance, we are recreant in our duty to the public. More than that, we prove ourselves lacking in originality, feeble in creative ability, and poor business men. "Nothing is plainer than that, in the view of the better class of picture patrons, guns and gunplay have outlived their usefulness. They have ceased to figure conspicuously in the drama of real life even in the rough life of the western mines and, cattle ranges, and therefore should be banished from all fiction that purports to reflect actual human life, either published in books and magazines or pre sented in the form of motion pictures. Formerly, up to within a few years.

fictional and dramatic use of this form of physical violence seemed to be justi fied by actuality, and it appears in motion pictures which have real literary value and continue to be standard. But that justification has ceased to exist, and the use of such material in any popular form of entertainment of current creation becomeB mischievous. Taking Guns Away From Authors "Fortunately speaking specifically for the Pathe organization our creative and -producing forces have proved themselves equal to the emergency. In two of the most powerful and entertaining serials in the long Pathe list, the second of which will De released at the beginning of the year, runnlav is entirely supplanted by original dramatic devices and true American athletic prowess. By this time next year four gunless Pathe serials making a total of 124 reels of intense realistic dramatic action will be exhibiting their claim to public anorovaL -And the same will hold good in the case of all pictures, any form, distributed by rathe." You will observe, as Mr.

Brunet intimates, that it ia really a case of taking the guns away from the authors who write motiou picture scenarios. 1 in the student's freshman vear. that 'fellow needs a What does it matter if the sophomores have ruled that the freshman must wear those silly little caps, turn up their trousers, wear a certain colored tie or do any one of the fool things they agree upon. The point is that when a fellow needs a friend' he finds one in the other man with the silly little cap or with his trousers turned up or whatever it may be he must do or wear to proclaim his unsophistication. "And, after all, the boy who won't submit, the boy who won't obey the rules is a pretty unlovely sort of personnot likely to be a good member of a pulling team, not likely to cooperate.

"Of course, the problem with the faculty is what to do if the boy refuses. Punishment can hardly be made part of college discipline, not' if the thipg is handled judiciously be-: tween a committee of the students and the dean's office it can be managed very well. Better judgment has eliminated the old time brutal hazing methods and the critics of existing practices are alarmed about an evil that no longer exista-" When these fertile-minded geniuses substitute fists, "back-heeling," "half-Nelson locks" and other natural weapons of offense and defense for guns, and leave no room in their scripts for gunplay, then the issue is squarely up to the director of the picture and the director being on the salary list of the producer, who is responsible to the public, finds himself a compulsory convert to the anti-gunplay picture 'religion. -Drama Without Guns Do the motion picture authors complain, or admit that the wings of their genius are clipped in the absence of the smell of gunpowder? Certainly they do not. No author ever was known to admit anything to his own stultification.

They rise to the new occasion, spurred on by necessity to greater fertility of invention. More than a hint to this effect is contained in scenes from Ruth Roland's forthcoming "White Eagle" serial, which accompany this story. Judge for yourself whether the addition of a whole arsenal of six-shooters would serve to intensify these "dramatic moments." Over and over again recognized lead- ro mnftAn n.4-n a tim) AfriAn declared that the fate of the industry was in the hands of the authors. Behold how the gunplay prohibition is stimulating their creative faculty 'Tention! Thank you, Ruth. Last Year's Frocks May Be Revamped The rejuvenation of last year's frock is undoubtedly the major problem for the women who must practice economy, says Vogue.

The chemise day frock will probably need to have its hem let down and should be grateful for the addition of a low girdle to give the long-waisted, bloused effect which is so extremely new and so very becoming. Again the fact tiat last year's frocks were exclusively short sleeved, makes the addition of the longer and more elaborate sleeves of this season a comparatively easy matter. These may be very long, square, and floating, or equally long and bell-shaped. Frequently they will be slashed from shoulder to wrist and caught into a cuff of metal or embroidery, or cut moyenage. that is to say, long and flowing with a tight inner sleeve of contrasting color.

This is a valuable suggestion for the woman who is her own dressmaker: A very great many of the new sleeves are of fabrics that contrast with the material of the dress itself, and may evea be of different color. The evening frock of last season, which was, in all probability, short. may be given the illusion of greater length by the addition of long, floating panels or draperies of diaphanous material, or by streamers of metal or velvet ribbon, hanging well below the hem of the skirt. Again the slender. ciLUKiug irucs may oe given tue oia-fashioned crinoline silhouette, which is now seen so much in the evening, by suspending above the original skirt, a transparent, bell-shaped skirt that descends far below the short foundation.

This last effect is most alluring, for the longer skirts with their filmy. gauze-hke hem have much in their favor in the way of grace. A word of counsel should be added to emphasize the importance of the new silhouette, for that is the point upon which the attention of the mode at this time is particularly focused. It should, therefore, be borne constantly in mind that the waistline has been considerably lowered, and is almost always emphasized by elaborate girdles of silk ana metal; that hemlisea re increasingly irregular, many being shorter in front than behind and rice versa; and finally, that the new and interesting sleeves are of paramount importance. PRICELY PET NAME.

"Guess hare to stop calling my wife Toots'." "Why "It always reminds her that she wants an Boston Train script. i i Chickens and turkeys have been auc-i cessfully crossed by a Portland, Ore-) gon, doctor. HERBERT have a eood character The study of the principle of government is exceed-! ingly useful for every one. but it does not make the difference between a. good citizen and a bad one.

"The great work of the college, on the stirrup, so to speak, when Ruth made her Exit Gunplay announcement. Incidentally although of course she didn't know it then Ruth was making history by being several laps ahead of the disarmament conference. Standing near a convenient studio ash can, Ruth addressed the assembled cowboys and Indians, selected for "extras" in the production of "White Eagle." commanded Ruth. It was unanimous. "Shoot-'em-up Jackson will please step forward." Shoot-'em-up Jackson obeyed.

1 The Heroine of Eagle" imprisoned her wb.n of a 1 he intellectual side is a study of each boy. so that his ambition, his strength. and his weakness is clearly seen and enough flexibility of collegiate work so that each stuiient can be given the stimulus and the opportunity that he 'Tention! Not an eyelid flickered. "The act which I am about to perform." sail' Ruth, "may surprise and pain you a whole lot. I hate to do it.

It hurts me worse than 1t hurts you. But those itching trigger fingers are so prevalent among you, and your memories are so short, that 1 have decided on a simple little ceremony which, knowing you as I do will' par the very marrow in your bones and keep, it jarred. Shoot-'em-up, hand me your gun!" Shoot-'em-up turned pale. His knees bhook. However, mumbling some thing 1 "White in scuttled White Eagle firearms are J- Wfp0 1 tZ-'W Ruth ac che an.

rg Ruth as she appears in the title part of her new serial picture, "White Eagle." dramatic moments in which are declared to prove that out of date, even in "Wild West" movies. "Ruth had tossed his complete armament into the ashcan." about to 'oblige a lady," he urew his six-shooter and handed it over. "Licit and holster the. whole works," commanded Ruth. Threw 'Em in Ash Can Sboot-'ein-up obeyed, but seemed to shrink to half his natural -size with a sudden sense of nakedness in the presence of company.

The next instant he yelled like a Comiuanehe on the warpath for Ruth had tossed his complete armament into the ash can. "Tention!" She got it, though Shoot-'em-up was YOU must hand it to Ruth Roland the movie "Serial Queen." Also to Charles Hutchinson, the "tiirill-a-minute" daredevil "stunt" star of i movies to-be-contimied-m-our-next. or they have sternly banished firearms from the very type of motion picture which had seemed to need them most. But especially you must hand it to Ruth Roland, whose serial pictures- arc made out in the Pacific Coast regions where guns and gunplay seem to belong to the natural scenery and atmosphere. What! a cowboy movie mixup and not a gun in sight nor a shot fired- Abso- lutely, just that.

Tou are from Missouri! Well most picture theaters in Missouri, as well as elsewhere, will begin ti show Ruth Roland's latest serial, Kagle," early in January so I'athe, the "House of Serials" announces and if you detect anything more than a mildly ornamental use of the bel-ligerant Colt or the nimble automatic in any one of the fifteen episodes, you win the patent elastic canoncner. Ahead of Arms Conference It was an awful shock to the bunch of cowboys who are always following her all over the "lot," with one foot in 4.