The Times from Shreveport, Louisiana • Page 1

Ike WEATHER FORECAST, Loulilana Partly cloudy In west, thun dertthowers In east portion, Tuesday; Wednesday, partly cloudy, aomewhat warmer. Arkansas Partly cloudy, somewhat warmer, Tuesday and Wednesday. East Texas Fair, aomewhat warmer la north and west portlona, Tuesday; Wednes-day, partly cloudy. TO CALL THE TIMES From 8 a. m.

to 6 p. m. all departments may bo reached by sailing 6 12 1 After 4 p. m. cull as (ollowit Editorial Department 6711 or 8138 Classified Department ,,,,.6811 Competing Department flUU Circulation Department 6013 Display Department 4313 VOLUME LVIII NO.

352 SHREVEPORT, TUESDAY MORNING, MAY 17, 1932 PRICE FIVE CENTS PER COPY MmtB 1 mm mi POLICE THINK Gregg Grand Jury Returns 158 Indictments for Theft of Oil REVENUE BILL 0. K. ALLEN IS Ask Protests Against Slash Stroller By JOB u. CAKTER In Number of Army Officers Defense Needs Cited A vigorous protest sgalnst the reduction In number of officers proposed In the army bill scheduled to come before the bouse of representatives In Washington today Is contained In telegrams sent to Louisiana's congressmen Monday by John D. Ewlng, publisher of The Bhreveport Times.

The following telegram to Representative John N. Sandlln of the Fourth congressional district was sent In duplicate to the other congressmen: Hon. John N. Sandlln, House Office Building, Washington, D. C.

As officer Infantry all major engagements A.E.F., st present vice-president and director American Legion monthly and president and publisher of four of Louisiana's eleven dally newspapers, I cannot con. celve of congress passing the present army bill reducing the number of officers when as a matter of fact for adequate national defense the army and its reserve auxiliaries should be Increased. It not only is my opinion, but likewise of the vast number of men who served In the trenches, that If our country had had real national defense In nineteen fourteen that it could easily have Intervened and ended the World war by nineteen fifteen and most certainly America would not have been drawn Into Europe's eauldron. Regardless of other contributing factors, the present economic crisis in America and aU the world can be traced directly to the after reparations and taxation evils of the World war, and the right kind of national defense would have lessened to a great extent these evils. Only ten days ago the national executive committee of the American Legion, assembled In Indianapolis, unanimously protested against any further weakening of national defense by reductions in army or navy.

I therefore trust that, remembering the evils of the present and the lesson we should have learned, that yon will vigorously oppose any and all attempts at this move for false economy when all the world is so unsettled. Regards, JOHN D. EWING. INVESTIGATION NOT FINISHED, REPORT SAYS Conditions in Producing Area Characterized at Serious in Panel's Report ROYALTY OWNERS ALSO ACCUSED OF THIEVERY Work of National Guard in Field Is Commended' and Sterling Lauded Longview, Texas, May 16 (AP). The grand jury which returned 158 indictments today alleging fraudulent oil operations in the Gregg county field of East Texas warned that oil thefts and flagrant violations of proration orders have created a serious condition.

District Attorney John E. Taylor said "ten or twelve" men were named In the Indictments. He said the name were being withheld until their apprehension. Flay Field Conditions. la reporting to Judge W.

C. Hurst, the grand Jury decried conditions in the field with reference to Illegal production and disposal of oil and called upon the citizens of the coun ty to uphold and enforce the law. The report declared that land and royalty owners have collaborated with dishonest operators In many cases to violate proration orders and steal olt Say Proration Violated. "Our Investigations disclose that serious conditions exist la the field with reference to unlawful taking of oU and violation of proration orders," the report continued. "This, we, re-Iterate, is a pernicious practice.

It Is not only calculated to, but is de stroying the property rights of many people in this great area. "In each instance where we have been able to obtain evidence of a violation of law, we have returned true bills of Indictment with the hope In view that offenders will be speedily prosecuted. Ask Citizens' Help. "As a grand jury we call upon citizens of this county, whose prop erty rights are being Jeopardized and Garner Again Assails Leadershipof Hoover Texan Offers Hat to Any Citizens Urged to Wire Congressmen Opposing Cut Which Would Dras tically Weaken National Defense. Citizens interested in the maintenance of adequate national defense are urged to send telegrams this morning to their congressmen asking them to oppose the army appropriations bill reducing the number of army officers.

The bill is scheduled to come be fore the house of representa tives today. Under the provisions of the bill the number of officers would be re duced from 12,000 to 10,000, resulting in drastic curtailment of army activities in training civilians In the National guard, organized reserves and reserve officers' training corps, "I think It Is the duty of every citizen who has the interests of his country at heart to protest against this reduction In officer strength John D. Ewlng, publisher of The Bhreveport Times, declared Monday. "Telegrams should be sent today, as the biU Is to come before the house and should by all means be defeated in Its present form. "The people of Bhreveport partlcu' larly should exhibit an Interest in this legislation, because of the fact that opening of Barksdale field here will soon make this city one of the centers of national deiense Would Impair Defense.

The proposed reduction In officer strength would be widely felt be (Continued On Fare Ten). INTEREST IS KEEN IN MEET HERE TONIGHT Action on Proposed Changes in City Government Expected at Y. M. B. C.

Session Proposed legislation regarding tax sales and the proposition of a one mill tax for charity In Caddo parish will be discussed by members of the Young Men's Business club when they meet at the Washlngton-Touree hotel tonight at 7:30 o'clock, President W. H. Booth said Monday night. Following discussion of these per tinent subjects, the club will act upon a committee report, submitted at the last meeting, advocating, among other drastic changes, more authority for the mayor of Shreveport. Action Is Expected The one-mill tax proposal was pre sented by proponents at the last meeting of the club, discussion followed, and approval or disapproval (Continued On Paita Ten).

OIL PRORATION RULED LEGAL Washington, May 16 OF). In a sweeping and unanimous opinion, the supreme court today upheld Ok' lahoma's laws aimed to prevent waste of the gigantic reservoir of oil under stats soil. A minor section of ths voluminous oil curtailment act was set aside. It provided that oil companies who vlo late the law may be put Into the hands of receivers for operation. This, however, did not affect the court's conclusion that ths stats was within Its right in giving its cor poratlon commission power to prorate the flow of oil in ths various fields to conserve the liquid wealth.

From Louisiana Tech J. POLLARD KEALY, who has been busy getting together list of the Louisiana Tech alumni In this section learned that W. H. HODGES, of Elm Grove, was a member of the SECOND CLASS to graduate from that school MK. SEALY Is now on the lookout for some "grad" In Caddo or Bossier Parishes who outranks MB.

HODGE. Wednesday night at 7:30 o'clock ex-students of Tech wlU meet In the Washlngton-Youree hotel. E. R. HESTER of Arcadia will preside.

Among those to attend will be R. F. SEBASTIAN, B. F. O'NEAL, MR.

and MRS. MASON JACKSON, DR. SANDERS FOWLER, DR. R. S.

MIRPHY, SAM 8. CALDWELL, A. a FREYER and L. BENTON HOWARD. eaturing Homer- Dear 8troUer: Being as we ain't seen nothing In The Bhreveport Times about the happenings In Homer, we thought as how we had oughts Inform you of somepln.

Here tie: The MISSES AUBELLE THOMAS, JANE RUSSELL and JANIS MOFFETT are quits the most popular young women In this section They are commonly known as "PAT, TOOTS AND HOTS," respectively BOBBYE FATE FULMEH has been christened "Handle Bars" by HERB COOK. BOBEYE FAYE says the name Is self explanatory PETE HIOHTOWER, ROBERT MENEFEE, H. C. McCALMAN, and ORVHXE THOMAS are known as the "Four Horsemen." They are often seen around ths RUSSELL, THOMAS and MOFFETT estates. Mansfield Nicknames Not to be outdone by other towns surrounding Bhreveport, a correspondent in Mansfield has come through with these: M.

C. (MONK) TAINTER, E. P. (PISTOL) GRIFFIN, H. J.

(JAYBIRD) WOODWARD, GEORGE (REDDY) HINT, FRANCES (TOTS) PETTY, ERROL (COTTON) LANEY. ALBERT (BUDDY) COOPER, MAVLIN (TIN'CY) RISINUER, WARREN (PAPOOSE) BELL, PRIER (ROCKS) STONE, WILLIS (BL'CK JONES) WILLIAMS. THEO (SPEEDY) Dl'NBAR, E. B. (RED) NABOBS, SMITH (HASS) PRICE, CLYDE (TOOTS) WILLIAMS, C.

W. (PUNCH) BELL, CORA (PINKS) PEGUES, SANA (SALLY) COOPER In Cedar Grove JULIA MAX ROZELL has ac cepted a position In the RAY WATTS establishment GENE HERN DON does his part to boost Cedar Grove MRS. C. PARKER, who has been 111 for a number of weeks, is reported to be some improved and Is able to get out a little MARION SMITH Is one of the town's most attractive young women VALENA CRAS SON has a reputation for popular' ity A. V.

WORLET, who re cently celebrated his sixty-ninth birthday, was honored Sunday with a beautiful basket of flowers from two 8unday school classes of ths Cedar Grove Methodist church, of which MR. WORLEY has been a member for a number of years The presentation was made by MISS FLEETA WALKER of MRS. J. A. LIENDECKER'S class and by WARD HART of B.

J. PENNING TON'S Class Six Hours Late Ths weekly feed for the Rotary club wlU be six hours late Friday, It wlU be at Barksdale field at 6:30 p. Instead of the usual noon hour In Bhreveport. The ladles are Invited. Captain Lamb will have competent guides to show ths Ro tarlans ths places of interest.

1500 Letters CLEVER RUSE MY BE USED Imprisonment on Minor Charge to Escape Vigilant Eye of Law Seen as Possibility in Lindbergh Case CONDON AND CURTIS ACTIVE IN SEARCH Rogues Galleries Checked by Intermediaries in Hope of Spotting Representatives of Abductors Hopewell, N. May 16 fAP). The firm step of the aging him along a circuitous trail toward extortionist to whonriie paid $50,000 ransom tonight while the ponce tor-mally re-enlisted the wide flung forces of the government in the task of avenging baby Lindbergh. Dr. John F.

Condon, the educator who came out of virtual retirement at 73 to assist Col. Charles A. Lindbergh, peered at the rogues' galleries of Jails and prisons In Westchester county. New York. WlU View "Lineup." He was hopeful he might find ths likeness of the extortionist, who appeared to be a Scandinavian and was known to him only by his first name.

This was the man to whom he gave 50,000 in a Bronx (New York City) cemetery 850,000 supplied by Colonel Lindbergh which the colonel raised, according to one published account, by borrowing 625,000. Beginning tomorrow Doctor Condon also wiU attend the daily police lineup in New York City on ths theory that either the extortionist might bs a professional criminal or that he might endeavor to hide himself in JaU for a minor offense. Saw One of Kidnapers. Doctor Condon, It was officially stated, told police he met personally only one member of the gang with whom he dealt, but that this member is presumed to have told him that there were four other men and a woman. The shadowy figure hs treated with in the cemetery also claimed that one member of the gang was acquainted with Doctor Condon.

These bare facts still left open to conjecture the question of whether (Con tinned On Pat Five.) OUST CAMDEN CITY OFFICIAL Mrs. Fannie Dean Simmons, Treasurer, Voted Out by Council Camden, Ark, May 16 (Special). City Treasurer Mrs. Fannls Dean. Simmons, Camden's first woman city official was removed from office by unanimous vote of city council at hearing tonight.

Mrs. Simmons was charged with malfeasance In offios and also an alleged shortage of approximately 000 in report of City Auditor W. T. Reynolds for five-year period from September 1, 1936, to August 31, 1931. Mrs.

Simmons was appointed city treasurer June 1, 1928, and has been elected for two terms. When ths audit report was made several weeks ago she was suspended from office snd Fred Benson named temporary treasurer. Auditor Reynolds was ths only wit- (CsntinarS On rasa Faarteen.) SHREVEPORT See It Grow, Day By Day Three building permits, totalling 64.150, were Issued Monday by B. F. Ray, city building inspector.

Permit for construction of a one-story brick and tile residence at 3903 Holly street, was Issued Monday to J. D. Smith. Cost will bs 63,200. Repairs on building at 623 Texas street, costing $1,500.

were suthorized In a permit issued Monday to N. B. Stoer, realty agent. Sale of lots eight and nine In block Southslde Park subdivision, by Brenner Investment corporation to Miss Margaret Hennelly, was recorded Monday in ths district clerk's office. Consideration was 1,300.

Independent Ice and Cold Storage company, 1626 Southern avenue, has awarded contract to the York lea Machine corporation of Houston. Texas, for the Installation of an 68,000 refrigerating plant. Work oa the project will be started Immediately. The contract was recorded Monday In ths district clerk's office, INAUGURATED AS GOVERNOR Brief Speech Made by State's New Chief Executive at Solemn Ceremony LEGISLATURE MEETS IN BRIEF SESSION John B. Fournet Is Sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor; Rains Interfere Baton Rouge.

May 16 VP)- Be tween rainstorms here today O. K. elected successor to Gov. Huey P. Long, took the governor's oath and officially ended the elected term of Long who la now serving In the United States senate.

Alvln O. King of Lake Charles, for merly president pro tempore of tee senate, turned the office over to Al len as Associate Justice John R. Land of the Louisiana supreme court swore In the new governor. Iluey Long Absent. The Louisiana state cadet band played "Hail to thev Chief and the Louisiana National guard sounded the (Continued On Pate Six.) NATCHITOCHES MAYORS' WAR IS CONCLUDED Dismukes Steps Out Until May 20, Keyser Until -That Time Natchitoches, May 16 (Special) Marcus L.

Dismukes, elected mayor at the general election on April 19, announced today that he will wait until May 20 before taking over the duties of the office. Dismukes made the announcement Monday following the receipt of a letter from R. H. Flower, assistant secretary of state. stating that since the legality of the commission issued prior to the 30- day period after the general election was questioned, he advised ths return of the commission so that It might bs issued by the Incoming governor.

Dismukes was sent his commission on May 0 by Miss Alice Lee Grosjean. acting governor, and Immediately took his oath of office. The legality of his action was queetloned by Mayor John H. Keyser who through the advice of City Attorney J. D.

Rusca announced that he was still mayor of the city by virtus that the office was governed by the general election law which holds that 30 days must expire after the general election before a commission can be issued. Dismukes sought advice from the secretary of stats to ascertain whether the commission had been Issued in error. BODY OF MAN IS SEEN FLOATING IN MISSISSIPPI RIVER Vlcksburg, Miss, May 18 VP)- Sheriff W. J. Hossley Informed today by Capt.

B. J. Cholen of the steamer "Farr," that ths body of a whits man, floating In ths Missis sippi river, had been seen by him in some drift wood at Luzon Lights near Waterproof. Sheriff Hossley no tified the sheriff at St. Joseph, La, who said he would investigate.

Sheriff Hossley lata today learned that a Vlcksburg man has been miss tng lor about eight days. Houston Burglars Get $1,500 Loot From Store Houston, May 18 VP). An eight hundred pound safe was carted away early today from one of the Alexan der bale stores. Employes estimated ths loss at approximately 81,600. Received in rive.

All of them bearing postmarks previous to 12 o'clock midnight wlU bs eligible snd. If ths facts con talned therein are good in text, they will bs forwarded to Ripley for com petition In the national event. Public Interest in the "Believe It Or Not" contest has set a new pre cedent. It encouraged the contribution of a seemingly unending stream MEETS FIRST TEST SAFELY Effort to Increase Income Tax Rate to Wartime Levels Defeated BI-PARTISAN SUPPORT CLOSELY WELDED Parties Divide Almost on Equal Footing in Vote on Amendment Washington, May 16 (JP). The bil lion-dollar compromise revenue blU successfully met Its first test In the senate today with Its bl-party sup port rejecting an attempt to restore the war-time Income tax rates.

Elated at the victory. Chairman Smoot of the finance committee led his colleagues In a night session with a determination to complete the vital income lax schedule. The proposal of Senator Couzens, Republican, Michigan, to boost In come rates to ths highest level In his tory and to eliminate from the bill (Centime On Pace Fsnrtaen.) SABINE RIVER LEASE BIDS ARE RECEIVED Thirty-Five Oil Operators Want to Develop State Producing Tract Austin, Texas, May 16 velopment for oil of the state-owned bed of the Sabine river moved a step nearer realization today when bids to lease or drill on eight tracts, comprising 780 acres, were opened by a special stats board. Ths river runs through soms of the most valuable oil land In the East Texas field and Gov. R.

8. Sterling, a member of the leasing board and other officials expected the state's share of revenue from development of the area would yield several million dollars. 35 Bids Received. A majority of 35 bids received were offers to lease. Several bids were for drilling, the state and the driller to receive a share of the oil.

Should the board reject bids to lease or drill. It has the authority to drill Its own wells. Bidding was keenest on tract No. 7. The Blue Star Oil corporation of Longview offered the stats 66 per cent of the oil, while wells on the tract flowed naturally.

In return for permission to develop It. This figure would be reduced to 38 per cent when the wells were put on pumps but as an alternative the company offered 48 per cent of the production to the state during the entire Ufa of the wells. Fifty per cent of the oil was offered for a lease on tract No. 6. On tract No.

7 E. J. Raddats of Salt (Cmtlnned On Pas FaoHeen.) MANY LOST WHEN FRENCH LINER IS BURNED AT SEA Aden. Arabia. May 16 undetermined number of persons, including women and girls, died, and two members of ths crew were missing In a firs which wrecked ths French motorship Georges Phlllipar, five miles from Caps Guard Ful, Italian Somaliland, on lta way from the tar east to Marseilles.

The fatalities were reported by wireless by the masters of ships who rescued the burning liner's 600 passengers, burled the dead at sea and headed for Aden. Three passengers were badly burned, they said, and a raft with two members of ths crew was missing. would not accept ths nomination "if loung, chairman of ths board of the General Electric company, had been considered by many as one of ths principal "dark horses" it Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt failed to get the first-ballot nomination his sup- 1 porters predict.

wecaa ago xoung muu iiv uwv lCatlaa4 Oa Pas Fnawtaan.) destroyed, to lend all assistance within their power to those In authority nd to this grand Jury In the future, i In order that violators of the law KING COTTON IS ON THRONE OF ANCESTORS Shreveport Merchants Join Na tion in Featuring Uses of Southern Product Amid pomp and panoply, King Cotton once again ascended his fleecy-white throne Monday and pre pared to rule for a week in all the glory of his heydey when perl-wlgged gentlemen and hoop-skirted ladles feted his exalted position. Bhreveport stores, snd other retail Institutions throughout the south, Monday ushered in a six-day observance of National Cotton Week with elaborate decorations and special prices featuring cotton goods. Merchants I'ndaunted Disagreeable weather prevented merchants from displaying bales of cotton on Texas street as bad been (Centlnoed On Pan Ten). CHURCH FIGHTS DRY LAW VOTE AUantlo City. N.

May 18 (JP). An assertion that the defeat in 1928 of Alfred E. Smith for president was "ths best referendum that can ever bs devised" on prohibition, was made tonight by Dr. Clarence True Wilson. Speaking before the quadrennial temperance and prohibition rally of ths Methodist general conference at which a letter from Henry Ford en dorslng prohibition was read, Dr, Wilson said ths drys "should insist that there (hall be no referendum on this question until the wets put out a substitute which they think better than prohibition and let the merits of ths two systems bs examined.

"If they can not do It," ha said. "they are not ready for a referendum, They should wait until they have something to propose. "Ths Methodists of ths world sre not afraid of a referendum on the liquor question. They are used to MAIL PLANE FROM LINER EUROPA IN SUCCESSFUL HOP Southampton, England, May 18 (IP). A mall plans catapulted from the German liner Europa several hundred miles at sea.

arrived here today on scheduled time. The Europa is due tomorrow. This information apparently solved the mystery of a seaplane sighted 150 miles oft land's end by two American steamers today, the Als snd ths Mc- Keesport. At first it was thought the plane might have been a trans-Atlantic voyager. one Citing Ten-Day Period in Which President Has Not Contradicted Self.

Washington. May 18 Offering to buy a new hat for anyone who finds that President Hoover has not contradicted himself in any ten-day period for the past six months. Speaker Garner declared today that as long as Mr. Hoover remains in the White House "the people of this coun try" wlU lack confidence. The Texan spoke up again criti cally of the chief executive in a press conference, after his attention had been directed to the statement yesterday by Senator Moses, Republican, (Cantlnned Oa Pas Ten).

WERNER MADE STAFF COLONEL Local Police Juror and R. L. Gay, Many Oil Man, Honored by New Governor W. H. Werner of 642 Stoner avenue.

local realtor, who was appointed as a member of ths Caddo parish police Jury last year by former Gov. Huey Long, was ths only Shreveporter among the 33 men and women named Monday as colonels on the staff of Gov. O. K. Allen.

R. L. Gay, another north Loulsl- anlan selected as a member of the staff. Is a prominent oil man of Many, Sablns parish, and Is well-known locally. He brought in the first producing well in the Sabine section.

Others appointed by Governor AUen to serve on his staff with ths title of colonel are: P. M. Atkins, Sam Beasley, Arnold Bernstein, Alva Bradley, C. L. Bradley, E.

R. Cassldy, W. T. Burton, Julius Dupont, J. Edwards, Carl L.

Fisher, Jos Gumbel, T. L. Huber, William Hudson, Harry Jacobs, Robert S. Maestri, George A. Martin, Wade O.

Martin. Ray McWll Hams, P. J. Morgan, Robert L. Mou- ton, Harry B.

Nelson, Arthur G. New-meyer, Jesse M. Nugent, Henry A Rugon, John Sherwln, Abe L. Shu- shan, Albert L. Smith, O.

A. Tomlln- son, Seymour Weiss, William H. Wer ner, Harry Williams and Rodney P. Woods, Sr. WIND BLOWS DOWN 100 OIL DERRICKS IN LAREDO AREA Laredo, Texas, May 18 VP).

Many houses were unroofed and about 100 oil derricks In Duval, Webb, Zapata and Jim Hogg counties were blown down by high winds which visited thst section Sunday, according to re ports received here today. The wind reached a velocity of 60 miles an hour, it was reported. may be apprehended and aeau wun, as they should be, under the laws of tblB state. "In our Investigation we have been greatly impressed with the fine work that has been done by military forces of this state, acting under Col, L. 8.

Davidson and MaJ. Harry John on. Ws ars firmly of the opinion that without the presence of military (Cantlnnes Oa Tais Thirteen.) 2 SCIENTISTS DIE ON PEAK Scaling of Mount McKinley Claims Men in Quest of "Cosmic Ray" Fairbanks. Alaska. May 18 UP).

An rmtrin to "traD" the cosmic ray on Mt. McKinley, highest peak on the Norh American continent, ended In ths death of Allen Carpe, 38, New York sngineer, and Theodore Koven, 38, a member of his party. Word of their fate was telephoned vr tnrtnv bv HalTV J. Lelk. super intendent of Mt.

McKinley National who. with A. D. Ltndley of Minneapolis and two others, was re turning from the nrst scaling oi Dotn naka of ths huee mountain, and the first successful climb of ths south peak of McKinley- since that of Arch deacon Hudson Stuck and Harry Jar atna In 1913. Tha superintendent said Koven an parently had fallen into a crevasse nd climbed out again, despite serious Injuries, but died of exposure.

Carps also fell into the crevasse, he said, but his body was not found Sheriff's Department Solves Local Robbery Arret Monday of two men In Ad niphv. Texas, by Deputy Sheriff W. A Pnirthomme solved the robbery hers of $400 worth of material from the United Bedding company at 1413 Winston street, last Monday night Ths Ben were return ea to nnreve-rmrt and Indeed In Barish tail Chareea of burglary and larceny were filed against them. They gave their names as T. C.

Cooper, 30, and Mack Sinclair, 30, both of Appleby. Part of tha loot was recovered. Al Smith Favors Sales Tax, Opposes Bonus Pay National Ripley Contest Aspirant for Democratic Nomination Outlines Ten-Point Unprecedented Interest Shown by Times Readers in Legislative Program; Owen D. Young Quits Race. "Believe It or Not" Competition Ending Monday New York, May 18 Alfred E.

Smith, candidate tor ths Democratic presidential nomination, tonight advocated passage of the proposed man ufacturers' sales tax. Owen D. Young, who has been frequently pointed to in reecnt weeks as a likely Democratic candidate for the presidency, a few hours earlier stated In unequlvocable terms that hs The curtain fell at midnight Monday on Ripley's national "Believe It Or Not" parade and at that hour the contest editor's desk In the office of The Times was submerged by mors than 1500 letters containing odd facts submitted by readers. Although the contest, in which nine grand prizes will be awarded, officially ended at midnight, hundreds of letters art continuing to ar (Centlewd Oa Fas Tws.).