The New York Times from New York, New York • Page 10

THE NEW YORK TIMES. FRIDAY. SEPTEMBER 24, 1915. 10 "AH the News That's Fit to Print." rt BLI- HED tVERT DAT IX THE TEAR BX lUib NEW 1UHK TIMES CUMfVNJ. Sautrxf S.

Oras. Publisher and President. B. Praack, tier rata ry. AdJrssa: THE NEW YORK TIMES.

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J4. IW. THE BALKAIT RISUBGKNCE. A BaJkan crisis Is no new thin. It Is only now and then more acute than chronic.

It happens at this Instant to waar an aspect crucial to the laauea of the Internecine warfare groins; on in Europe. Between the Central Teutonic Powers on. the ons hand and the Allies on tlus other, each side for their aid. Bulgaria, Rumania, and Greece have wavered, balked, and counteracted, higgling hopelessly with each other, ap parently unable to decide, anything above the principle of Immediate and petty- national aggrandisement. Bulgaria, for Instance, has wanted, as a pries for siding with the Allies, an area that temporarily Is In possession.

This the Allies could not twxrter, because they stand ss Serbia's protectors. Bulgaria slso wanted something' on the other side from Turkey, a strip of ground on which she had built a railroad to the sea. and tfcls Turkey was persuaded by her German ally to cd. In the mean time Greece has wanted territory the Bulgars wished her not to have. Ro mania has maintained a kind of tenta ttve neutrality, apparently wishing first to see which way the victory leaned and sell her strength accordingly.

Serbia meanwhile has been ob durate. unwilling to yield anything. She wants more herself, a window on the Adriatic, and. by a very curious twist of things. Italy, her friend, would perhaps regret to see her have it.

be cause If she got It her. command of the Adriatic Sea at the only point where her window- could be cut through might In time, for geograph ical reasons, embarrass the Italian as piration. The fact la that the Balkan peoples distrust the Powers of Europe almost as much as they distrust each other. wtilrh jnakes It very hard to deal with them. For that Europe has Itself to thank.

For nearly 500 years the Balkan States nave been a buffer work between Christian Europe and the After the fall of tlaopls In 1453 the whole Balkan Peninsula that terminates In Greece was submerged by the Turkish Inundation. Mokammedanlsm threatened ts overwhelm all Christendom. It was checked at last; Its highest water mark was Christian Europe asved but never rescued from the Turk the conquered Balkan peoples. They were abandoned to the Turk's misrule. That was not the worst.

The Powers of Europe used the Balkan Peninsula as a twt-2ght trading ground. Unable or nnwilling to put the Turk back Into Asia, they made treaties with him. They needed thoroughfare In the Dardanelles. It was easier to bargain for It than to take it, hence the spectacle of Christian Europe treating with Mohammedan and lending distant ears to. the appeals of ths Christians he oppressed In Its own backyard.

from the first of the nineteenth century the Turkish power, for reasons Inherent In Itself, declined in Europe: the Turkixh population In the Balkan Peninsula diminished, and correspondingly the Christian population Increased. For all that time It has been refractory, unasslrrdlable. unmal-leaMe. But for ths- petty jealousies of ths European Powers, which led England In ths Crimean war to side with Mohammedan against Christian Slav, the Turkish rule In Europe would have decayed even faster than it did. It was.

indeed, for a' long time fostered. In order to keep a state of equilibrium in Europe, and the Balkan peoples paid the price In religious, racial, and economic oppres sion. In the Greeks, alone, won their Independence from the Turks by fight-tng tor it. A year later the partial independent? of Serbia was declared. In 1ST? Kuala moved against Turkey, and was stayed by Europe.

There was then the treaty pf San Stefano. which -created the Principality of Bulgaria. This was followed by the treaty of Berlin, which reduced Bulgaria, whose strength had begun se riously to alarm the Turks; and which also gave final Independence to Ser bta, Rumania, and Montenegro. And so It went, Europe and Turkey both together agreeable to a course In the Balkan Peninsula baffling to the racial aspirations of Its native people, who are at last ths kind of people. In habits and temperament, naturally evolved by centuries of po litical neglect.

Ill-usage, and dlsap pointed expectations. When at last. In 1912. Bulgaria. Ser bia.

Greece, and Montenegro forgot their separate quarrels In their hatred of the Turk and formed the Balkan League to fight him. ths of Europe were aghast. Ths. Chancel leries of Europe reminded ths Balkan peoples of ths reforms proposed peaceably to be extracted from the Turks 'on their behalf: but it was then too late. Promises had never been ful filled; they perhaps would never be.

At any rate, the Balkan 8tates would fight for what they wanted. And in the first European war of the twen tieth century they did more to put the Turk back Into Asia than the Powers of Europe all together had done in several hundred years. They left him but a toehold. Then, unfortu naleJv. they fell out over a division of the spoils of war and went to fighting with each other.

That weakened them with Europe, which now Interfered to limit Balkan aspirations, especially those of Serbia. Between her and the Adriatic was created the new State of Albania, purposely to prevent her gaining a window on the sea. Aus trta was mainly "responsible for that. supported by her allies, Germany and Italy. The reasons the Balkan peoples can not trust each other are not hard to understand.

They are mainly blood reasons, complicated by artificial na tional boundaries, fixed by Europe arbitrarily. An ethnographical map of the Balkans differs very markedly from a map showing the political riivtstana of nationality. Here is the most conglomerate blood caldron In the world. Across the BaJkan Penln sula went the Crusaders to ths Holy Land and back a thousand years ago. and then came the Turkish wave.

which, receding, left the submerged Deocle to a further race confusion But the racial ego was very vital to begin with, and now yearns for self expression. "What price the Turco-Teutonlc al lies have offered Bulgaria Is yet unknown. But her assistance would be worth a very high one. She could open to the Germans the pathway the Crusaders used from Europe to the Holy Land, across a little neck of Serbia, which Is all that separates Bulgaria from Hungary. With' thoroughfare scross Bulgaria, ths Teutonic forces could march directly to the assistance of the Turk.

1. MASSACHUSETTS RSPUBUCAHS. S.mukt. Walker McCaix, nominated for Governor of Massachusetts in the Republican primaries, served In the House of ten Congresses, and by his Intellectual and moral force. his knowledge of public affairs, hi clearness of Judgment, logical thought.

and brilliance of speech, became an acknowledged leader. His reputa tion was national. Possibly he Is too independent, too burdened with positive political convictions for the Republicanism of modern Massachu It Is curious that. In spite of Mr. McCaix's towering abilities, he won by no opulent msrgln.

His opponent, Gsaftox Dtn-AXEY Cvsrino. projects some seventy-five Inches Into theNair, and Is an urbane and amiable pa trician, a born Lieutenant Governor. Among his supporters, however. though doubtless without his sym pathy, were representatives and fo- menters of that lingering or revived religious Intolerance which, in the form of the A. P.

was so right eously denounced by the late Senator Hoar. The Massachusetts Republicans are fortunate in having a for Governor so exceptionally qualified for public station as Mr. McCsu- They are unfortunate if they shelter among themselves Inheritors of the blind bigotries of sixty years ago. SJHBiiiHaWsaWBaawatauWaMBPw XO SPECIAL SESSION OF THE SENATE WEEDED. The project of a special session of ths Senate, to revise ths rules and provide soma means of cloture, has been nursed for some tiros by Mr.

Kerx of Indiana, the majority leader in that body. He has communicated his wisdom to other Senators. Mr. Ptone of Missouri has just discussed the subject with Mr. Wilsos.

Mr. Stone holds that a special session should be called to act on pending treaties and to revise ths rules. Senator James of Kentucky wants It for the sake of cloture. This Joining of executive business and rules revision looks significant. While ths treaties with Nicaragua and Haiti should be ratified, they can wait until the regular session.

The Ingenuous proposal to psy Colom bia $23,000,000 and ths regrets of the United States certainly calls for no hurry. Do we catch a gllmpss of a not blameless Ethiopian In Mr. Stoke' woodpile? Mr. Wilson has many grave and delicate International difficulties to deal with. Would he not be embarrassed and hampered by the meeting of the Senate, some of whose members might not restrain themselves from making fervid speeches for the delectation of certain elements in their States? Frankly.

Mr. Stone himself. Chairman of ths Committee on Foreign Relations as he Is, will perhaps serve the country better In St. Louis than be would at Washington. If we wrong him, at any rate Wilson's foreign policy will not suffer If for a few weeks mors the Senate Chamber does not reverberate with ths eloquence of Buncombe County.

As to cloture, on general grounds It Is undesirable. Filibustering has Its useful. Its necessary side. It has defeated evil measures. It has fought extravagance.

And the Senate should not be another House. The House frequently passes bills with the hope and expectation that the Senate will kill them. The amplest deliberation, unlimited debate, should prevail In the Senate. Patriotism and public opinion will rule there, overpowering any factious opposition, and forcing Instant 'action in an emergency. Let the Senate remain a bulwark.

If sometimes a feeble one, against Ill-advised and sudden legislation. There is always too much lawmaking. And what moves certain Democrats of the Senate to this new effort to shear it of one of its most valued privileges? It can't be. can it. that the Government Ship Purchase bill, left whimpering on the steps of the Capitol, has found kind hands and hearts resolved to push it through the Senate? POLLUTION OF THE CR0T0N.

The Times, having long opposed the building of public institutions upon the Croton watershed. Is in a good position to welcome the reinforcement of those who now are opposing the results, which threaten defilement of the city's drinking water. Governor Whitman's action makes him conspicuous among those who think It better to keep wster pure than to purify it after defilement. His order that the sewage of the State institutions upon the city's watershed should be both purified and diverted from the Croton Valley Into, the Hud son leaves this problem in the position- of the Bronx and Passaic sewer plans. Water which Is too foul for the cities of New York and New Jersey is to be diverted Into the Hudson and the harbor, already too foul for a civilized community to endure.

The Hudson as a navigable stream is under Federal standards of purity and protection. The position of the Merchants' Association's committee, appointed to protect the purity of the watier supply, deserves public support. Thers should be no hospitals, asylums, infirmaries. or prisons on the Croton watershed A site away from ths watershed could be purchased for the Mohansic Hospital for less money than would be needed to build a sewer to the Hud son. Even with that sewer, the pipes of which might burst, and ths purification plant, which might get out of order, the hospital on the Croton watershed would bs a perpetual menace to ths health of this city.

NOT IN THE HANDS OF HIS FRIENDS. Mr. Theodore E. Bcrton of Ohio teems at present to be one of the most serious and reckonabls of the Republican candidates for the Presi dency. That being so.

It Is to be regretted that he appears determined to rest his candidacy on humbug. Coyness and the pretense of being in the hands of your friends passed away when direct primaries were In troduced; It is the one great bene fit which direct primaries have con erred upon politics, one virtue amid a thousand sins. They have com pelled the man who wants an office to come out and say so and even fight for what he wants, and give over the age-old pretense that the office was seeking the man. So far as this, direct primaries make for honesty and are hostile to pretense. Yet Mr.

Burton persists In talking In the outworn lingo of the conven tion neriod. when a man who was secretly pulling every wire assumed a tired air in public and reminded his hearers of Cincinn ATtrs William Alden Smith is an absurd ity ss a Presidential candidate and not to be named in the same breath with Burton, yet Burton might learn a lesson from his candidacy, and even from the still more ridiculous candi dacy of Mayor Thompson of Chicago. Both of them shy their hats In the ring and make no bones about It. And here Is Burton talking tne language of 1908, to go no further back: That I the Presidency Is an office to which no man can aspire actively. Passively I may be regarded as a candidate.

And so on. Mr. Burton cannot be a passive candidate. There are Presi dential primaries in the States of California. Illinois.

Maryland. Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; at least there were in 1012, and there la no reason to suppose that any change will be made in 1010. There were also Presidential primaries for the Democratic Party in other States, In which the Republican may follow suit next year. Assuming, however, that it does not. there are stiil eleven States, Including many of the most Important, In which Presidential primaries were held, and undoubtedly will be held again.

In a State where a Presidential primary Is held it is necessary for the candidate's name to appear "on the ballot and for his friends to open headquarters and make an aggressive campaign for him. Usually bs has to go on the stump himself. At. any rate there cannot be the least doubt about his active, consenting, and energetic candidacy. If Mr.

Burton means that he is willing to sacrifice the votes of these eleven States to a pose, well and good; at prosent we are not disposed to believe any such thing. Long before those primaries are held he will have to get down from his high horse and stop' his nonsense about being a passive candidate. He will have to quit the hands of his friends and use both his own, and use them hard. The sooner he drops his pious foolishness, which deceives nobody, the better for him and for the cause of common honesty in politics. And the same lesson which Is being read to him may serve for others who may be disposed to follow his example.

In this re spect, and in this respect only, direct primaries have been a blepsing, for cant Is the curse of politics, and they have administered a death blow to it. THE SUBWAY ACCIDENT. Mayor Mitchel was quoted as say ing yesterday that he had not suf ficient information to pass Judgment upon the Seventh Avenue subway ac cident, and that It was idle to spec ulate about It. One of the essential steps toward getting the. facts neces sary for the formation of sound opinions about it is the testimony of the man who knows most about it.

Fortunately Mezzanotte. or Mid night, has been found, and In due time we shall know more than now, Meanwhile it is only possible to say that the public will have swift Judg ment and no indulgence for whoever Is truly blameworthy. Until the responsibility Is fixed, however, blam Ing everybody is in effect blaming nobody. Shotgun criticism of all concerned in remotest degree lets the real wrongdoer escape too lightly and Is unjust to others. What the public remarks is that similar methods have been followed for years throughout miles of the streets and without such unfortunate results before.

What Is wanted now is security against repe tition of the accident. That would be the main object of the punishment of those guilty of omission or' com mianlon In this particular case. For that investigation must precede pun Ishment, and the results of the in ventlsration should be applied in other ways than by punishment alone. If explosives were used In excessive quantity, or If the blast was prematurely exploded, precautions should be taken elsewhere. The same is true if the collapse of some hundreds of feet of street supports was due to bad en gineering.

There is no ground yet for saying what was the cause of what ought not to have happened, and yet did happen, despite the dally observa tlon of those charged with oversight of the work. There is as much-nnd as little cause apparent for blaming the Inspectors as for blaming those charged with the actual execution of the plans. It was the duty of the Inspectors on the part of the public to see that the contractors did their duty toward the public, as well as fulfilled the terms of their contract. It is clesr that there was a defect In the overseeing ss well as in the execution of the work. That is shown by ths seal with which the Inapec tlons after the event are being con ducted.

That is a useful duty, but nothing done after the fact can make good the lack of foresight and oversight which was relied upon as a precaution against the occurrence. It will be time to speak more specif ir-aiiv when we have the report of the Inspectors. TOPICS OF THE TIMES. There has been such Submarine Stories Examined. a marked diminution of late In the number of small vessels, ss well as of large steamers, tor pedoed by the German submarines that a good deal of plausibility Is given to ins more definite accounts that have begun to appear as to the success of the meas ures taken to protect British commerce from this peril.

It is not necessary, of course, to be Ileve that the crews of the remaining under-sea boats sre no longer willing to go on with their work of destruction. The German Navy is no more than any other lacking in men who will obey orders regardless of consequences to themselves. It may be true, however, that the supply of men with the special training required for this particularly arduous service has been seriously de pleted by the fast-following losses of whola crews at a time, and the German Government may have been convinced that, as the British Government hss always claimed, the amount of damage done by the submarines Is angering rather than disastrous, and therefore not worth what It costs In lives lout and obloquy earned. As for the obloquy, perhaps even the Invasion of Belgium and the subsequent treatment of its Inhabitants have not excited so much of reprobation from neutral nations as has the sinking of peaceful merchantmen. The current tales of catching submarines in great wire nets may be true.

There is no proof of their accuracy now at hand. but they hava the support, first, of the fact that there Is nothing obviously impossible, or even improbable, in them as abstract propositions, and, secondly, they are in accord with the many rumors which have been circulating for weeks, either in spite of the British censorship or with its purposeful toler ance. Again. It was Inevitable that sooner or later means and ways of overcoming the submarine would be found. At best they are poor, half blind almost as fragile as soap bubbles, and though capable of wholesale assassination in the conditions that oat suit their limited efficiency, they can strike only unexpected blows out of the dark against any except the humblest of fish- lng craft.

In truth, they ars a sort of sea vermin, and their use Is hardly tol erable for any except strictly defensive purposes. It Is no wonder that they are crushed without compunction by anybody who gets the chance, and the courage of their crews Is not of ths sort that makes death glorious. Retaliation Is A Protest Against Reprisals. word that serves well enough as a substitute for Justification In the vocabulary of war, for war morality never has risen, and probably never will rise, above the belief that two wrongs roaks a right, and that the way to punish barbarous treatment by an enemy is to treat him sua mora barbarously. Experience has taught, too.

that the mere threat of reprisals in Hints and in more of the kind not Infre quently, when uttered in a convincing way. has made an enemy think twice about committing or continuing some sort of severity, cruelty, or wickedness to which he was Inclined and then not do it. In that fact lies, perhaps, whatever of logic and propriety there may have been in sending a fleet of French aeroplanes to rain down bombs on the Royal Palace in Stuttgart, And yet, so extremely unlikely Is it that grief over the damage thua done or fear of further damage to other princely residences will deter the Germans from repeating their own past achievements in the samevline of earnest endeavor, that well-wUhers of ths French and their aUles-wiU more than doubt the wisdom of this' raid or any other the avowed purpose of which Is re taliation. It Is more than possible it is even more then probable that greater advantages, both moral and material, are to be rained from a firm refusal to enter into anv competition in fright- fulness than from the most successful demonstration of ability to break as many of civilisation's Isws and conven tlons aa anybody else. It's a poor equality and a worse superiority that can be proved In the latter way.

while In the other one can get a satisfaction worth obtaining at some cost. The policy of reprisals is like the old penology, which talked. Indeed, a good deal about deterring and reforming, but In reality only punished, and so created for itself a task both endless and ever increasing. Throwing bombs at the house of the King of Wurttemberg may be no more than he deserves," it mav aratlfy an Instinct to revenge wrongs suffered that is too primordial. too nearly universal, to be lightly or wholly condemned, but its wisdom Is at least oien to dark and grave suspicion.

The irremediable defect in the policy of reprisal, of atrocity for atrocity. Is thst It settles nothing and usually can go on indefinitely. By asking for a safe Here Is the Bide-a-wee Ambassador. conduct home before his Government has ranted or even an swered the request of aura for his recall. Dr.

Dumba has taken while trying to avoid one little humilia tion, a step that brought upon him an other and greater that or being toia In effect. Tou wait This will sdd. of course, another to the doctor's already large collection of grievances against us. for he never will see that all of his troubles have been aetf.invitsd. or rather industriously manufactured by himself, and as each day brings some new evidence usually rr his indiscretion, his aenaa of wrong Increases.

Tt la a nltv. too. that he must go at last. for. besides several other likable qualities.

Dr. Dumsa hss mat oi omng w. at all danceroua. He might do a little more plotting If he stayed here, but In one way or another he wouia Dring 1.1m i.ltts to light before tney expiouea. And then his name is such a Joy so easy to spell and so well fitting! There is something fatidlc about that name as there is about many namei bout an oi them, one school of mystics Insists.

Ths Junior Police. Altar at Tke 'e York Timrw: On xlaaclns throuo THE 1IMBS nu. that. In a laltor from Harold Schley. mentioned an orcantaatlon of which I am a member.

Aa tha writer aald. Captain Sweeney not the orutlnator of tha junior Tha Captain, however, la a moat efficient organizer of the Juveniles. Realising tha eertt. of tha scheme, ha carried It out In his (the Fifteenth) precinct with a remark able success. This organisation alao holds the Borousha of tha Bronx and nrooklvn.

and It is about Its value In tha former borouilb that I wish to speak. Chaelea D. Pollen, a business man sldlnc at l.er Crotona Park East. In ths Bronx, adopted tha movement, and andeav- introduce tt among the boye of tha Ui. I.

remarkable! The nnma. 1 Bronx division has a membership now or at least 000. both boys and girls! I do not think I need add anythlns aa to the of ficers' duties. c. becauae you are an i.u- lar with them.

Many otner racta can Commissioner Pullen or by attending tha meeting of Wednesday svenlng at hie home at 7:30 o-clock. HUGO GREENrjisiJJ. r. Rmved K. 06th Precinct.

Junior police. Bronx Division. New York. Sept. 18, 1915.

Reprisals. Fditnr of Thr Tort Timet: article entitled ouo- Analvsis." you refer to tne eppenn nitnn as crime, nw we-r. eeuirl.m Is lustlfled. whst la to be said about tha French air raids over Freiburg and tha earlier one over Karlsruhe, two unfortl- towns, which, as far aa I can recall, ware heralded as evidence of the Improvement la Ja organisation or tne oaring rrm.u Flier Corps New York. Sept.

22. 1S15. RESTING TIME. The quiet days are coming. On the hills The sun glows palely, while the zephyrs wing Their noiseless ways.

Vvnere once tna babbling rills Told merry tales, now only silence falls. And when a lone bird for some wanderer calls Its plaintive notes no faintest echoes bring. Gone are the voices that the Summer knew Those gay, glad voices Joining vale and steeD Bare are the bowers where rare-hued flowers grew. And tall ferns nodded, while the slumbering trees Whisper. In dreams, to every passing breeze.

Those dear, sweet secrets that a tree should keep. Bright were the hours of sunshine bright the days When, 'neath blue skies, fond love pursued Its quest. Now Indian Summer's chastely gleaming haxe Bathes all the earth In quiet, minor tone. Yet Summer's love has come Into its own. And heart to heart its many triumphs LURANA SHELDON.

LANDS IN THE ARCTIC. What Msy Be Beyond Ice as Old ss ths Yesr One. New Tork, Sept. 18, 1911. To th Xdttor of Th Setc Tor Ttmrt: Naturally, I hava read tbe splendid aocount regarding Mr.

Stafansson's explorations with much interest, as have been Bear the new land supposed to have been discovered. I doubt vary much If tha unknown land extends In a northerly direction and In quite aa large aa area aa would be indicated In tha map on Pace 2 of this morning's Times. My reason for believing this la that there must be a considerable channel a long distance north of Herschell Point Barrow la the northernmost point of North America, and during tha Summer there Is a strong current found running at a speed of three rr four knots, coins along In i northeasterly direction night and day prac tlcaily without Interruption for weeks and weeks. There must, therefore, be soma sort of a passage for this current ta pasa through. On tha other hand, there Is every reason to believe that there must be land north of Alaska, especially from tha western part of Alaska.

A significant feature in connection with thla land, which I believe exists. Is that almost due north of Bering Strait Is a point In the solid north pack that always extends much further south than tha pack at tha eastward or at tha westward. This point Is naturally variable, according to the heat of the Summer and the seventy or tne previous Winter, but It does not move than a few degrees. For fifty or oaventy-fiva years this point of Ice has been spoken of by tha arctic whalemen as Post Office Point." This does not mean that there Is a Post Office there, but the significance of the name Is because the whaling fleets usually are divided, some ships going considerably east of Post Office Point and others west of It. Ships that have been east of It cruise along tha edge of the pack, and very fre quently meet ships that have been to tha west" of it.

and the meeting point, for soma reason, has always been in ha neighborhood of Post Office Point. It waa here, therefore, that the ships used to meet after being sep arated for many weeks and cschance news and aosslD. Tha solid north pack cornea pretty close to Point Barrow and extends In an to-regular Una from Point Barrow to Post Office Point. Much of this Ice "looks aa though It has been there from the year 1." as one of the wnallns- Captains expressed It to me. Bearing In mind tha fact that roar -tii-e i always to be found In approximately tne mmmo latitude and longitude.

It seems though there must of necessity be land back of It. although, of course, there is a possibility that there may be a very solid pack of lea Instead of land, held In place by com-paraUvely shallow water. 11. Awmt.it. Evil Psychology of Baseball.

To the Editor of The ytw Tork Timea: What is there about baseball, more tnsn any other sport, that leads to all kinas or unsportsmanlike tactics? The baseball "fan" Is unquestionably the poorest sort of a sport tn existence. He ta the most rabid and un- ennablv biased and partisan of all sports If, indeed, he can properly be called a 'sport" at all. Imagine. If one can. the supporters of the respective sides In a football, tennis.

aolf or any other kind of match, breaking out In vefbal abuse and in acts of physical violence against ttelr opponents. Tha exhibition at Boston pron- ahly the most rabid baseball town on the map, and or wnicn, incioemaiu Is a rather chagrined native was particularly atrocious and unsportsmanlike. Al though tha opposing team won In all fair, ness. without the semblance of favoritism on the part of the umpires or of unfair tactics on tha part of tbe playera. the fans vent ed their spite by attacking the opponents particular star, simply because he has been most Instrumental In putting nia team in the position It occupies.

What would tne fans hava him do7 Lsiy novo ana not try, so that tne uoaions araio nave a better chance to win? C. N. New Tork. Sept. IT, 1010..

After-Dlnner Farming. To the Editor of The eto Tort Timet: read with interest tha latter tn THS Time, signed Maolisnln." I hsvs no doubt there are many situated ilka him. but L. ana many others, have been unable to locate them. For Instance.

I am interested in a piece or property, consisting Of tea acres, wim a small cottsge. bam. orchard, fine spring of water, and good, fertile soil, located on Btaten Island, within commuting distance, ror several years we hava bean trying to rent this farm' at a nominal rent ao low as to be almost ridiculous. We have had many would-be farmers look at It. but when tney learned the house waa not steam-heated, no gaa or electrlo lights, and no bath, their enthusiasm died out.

-Occasionally it has been rented but the occupants soon tired of farm ing, aa they evidently antra ail tin forts of city Ufa. without aisning to pay tha same price far them. There ere olenty of farms on 6taten Island on which crops could be raised Insuring a fair living. but It cannot be dona by a man wno is employed In the city during the day and expects to do the farming work after he reaches borne of an evening. T- Tottenvilla.

N. Sept. 20, 181 a. The Stenographers' Trade. To the editor of The Sew Tork Timet: have read the letter by Desire Leacarooura In reference to stenography.

She states that stanoaraphy la an overcrowded trade, ana eugxests that stenographers learn something new. which, combined with their knowledge of stenography, will attract their employer's attention. I bee to disagree with the writer. Tha fact that tha trade or profession Is overcrowded Is no reason that girls who work for meagre salaries should further study and cram in order to get a $2 raise. AU trades are over crowded, but In other trades you need not be aa expert to command a good salary, whlla la stenography tha workers themselves crip ple their trade.

When a girl or boy la through with his business course and Is out of a position for soma time, she or he will atart for anything, ao that tha time has corns that employers look upon an ordinary stenog rapher aa on some chsap machine. B. B. SLEVm New Tork. Sept.

21. 1910. An Enemy of Trade. To the Editor of The Xew Tork Timet: The State highway between Liberty Square and tbe Court House at White Plains Is In dangerous condition and has been for months. If studied Indifference could plsy any part tn this condition of the roadway, It would be found to have here attained Its full flower and fruitage.

Tha ridges, boles, and gullies that abound are beyond compu tation, and tha damage done to automobiles and horse-drawn vehicles Increases dally at an alarming ratio. It would appear that tha State Is devoting valuable time to the studied neglect of this great artery of traffic be tween two important villages Port Chester and White Plains which less annually thou sands of dollars In trade because business Is diverted from tbe two thriving communities due to the miserable condition of the Westchester Avenue thoroughfare. ALVAH P. FRENCH. Whlta Plains.

N. Sept. 21. The Deserted Speedway. To the Editor of The title Tork Timet: Last Sunday afternoon I took a walk tha Speedway from 115th Street to High Bridge.

It took me aa hour and a half to walk the length of the Speedway, and although the westher was perfect, only five carriages could be seen during all that time. Why should we allow this magnificent drive with Its fine scenery that cost tbe city millions, and of which we ehould be proud, to go to waste, unfrequented and forgotten? Let us follow the times. If the horse Is dead, long live the automobile. Turn the Speedway over to the automoblllsts and It will surely be crowded In no time, and its old popularity will not only be restored but Increased tenfold. DESIRE LESCARBOl'RA, Mew Terk.

Sect. 30. ISIS. EFFECT OF WAR ON Pessimistic German Analysis of the 'Rise in Food Prices That Has Taken Place in the Belligerent and Neutral Countries. Jrrem Torwaerts, Ora of The war suppresses normal production.

Millions of industrious hands that formerly worked together for the social wealth destroy what formerly they up. and millions of industrious hands help complete the work of the soldiers In the field. The normal labor has fallen off In production; world traffic, which equalizes supply and demand. Is cut off. The colossal rise In prices of all foodstuffs in Germany has made very pertinent the question of the conditions is the other belligerent countries.

General attention Is turned upon Great Britain, which thought It could bring Germany to Its knees and which is Itself suffering under the high prices ant; the social conflicts arising from them. Eren the Napoleonic wars impressed upon the England of that time and succeeding generations the enormous dangers of an isolation from the Continent. The Continental blockade which Napoleon decreed in 16 in Berlin was aimed not only to destroy the British market for manufactures on the Continent, but also to cut off from raw materials and imports of food the even then strongly industrialized England. Never before and never since then have the prices in England reached the height of those davs. A comparison of the prices of foodstuffs In Germany and in England difficult to make and always remains inexact.

The methods of statistical estimate are different in the two countries. Different, too, are the methods of living, which change the proportion In which Individual articles are used In one country and In the other. Thus. In England, they eat wheat bread: In Germany rye bread, with a 30 per cent, admixture of potato flour. Thus.

too. among our cousins across the- Channel, beef and mutton are favored beyond dispute, while among us it is pora that is partaken chiefly. The Sauerbeck figures, which calculate the increased prices on the basis of the average price level for eleven years from 1WW to 1877, show for Great Britain for the months of June, 1914, to May. 11115, a percentage Increase In the cost of foodstuffs of 49.5 per while Calwer calculates the increase in the weekly ex penses of a worklngman's family of four persons at only 45.3 per cent. Put It would be Incorrect to conciiine from the greater Increase In the cost of living that there Is a higher level of prices In England.

The relative figure of the percentage Increase depends upon the level of prices before the war as a basis of calculation. But now it is widely known thst the English working-man lived cheaper than the Oermah. A very rude example will show the vary ing Influence of an Increase In price. The German workingman, tt Is assumed, spent 20 marks (SO) a week; the English only 10 marks. ($2.50.) Now.

If the prices In both countries suffered a rise of 9 marks, then the coat of living of the workingman In England would suffer an Increase of SO per while that of the German workingman would Increase only 25 per although the English workingman receives as much for 15 marks aa the German for 29 marka. Thus, for example, mutton in England rose In price from June, 1914, to May. 1915, from 92 to 110 pfennigs a pound. (23 to 27H cents.) snd In Germsny from 104 to ll pfennigs. (M to 29 cents.) The absolute snd relative Increase In Great Britain Is greater than In Ger- HOW GIRLS HAVE CHANGED.

Barnard Once Was Not So Cold to Neighboring Columbia. To the Editor of The Ktte Tork Timet: Tha lack of social relations between Bar- nard girls and Columbia men. of which there been soma discussion. Is attributable. I believe, as much to tha Barnard girls themselves aa to anything Columbia met would be only too glad to meet them presumably superior to the variety which Inhabits Riverside Drive and environs but the Barnard girls will have none of It.

even on the onraslons when the social or business Ufa of tke university brings the two colleges toe-ether. Ths university teas, which I believe have bean mentioned In the course of tba argu ment, call to mind a certain verse an ex tract from a somewhat lengthy poem on tne subject, which appeared at one time la The Columbia Jester. It read: The slope to Avernus but why should ws quote? Twaa greased for that Innocent he: Ha was lured to a thing tbe facetious da-note Br the name of a Sociable Tea." In languishing accents ha queried. Wilt thouT" She Icily answered. ThouT Wilt And he dropped like a bllxxard-smlt bird from tha bough On the floor of the Joint where they Jilt.

The moral of the poem waa Platonic flirtations are all very w.lt. Though somebody's generally loser. But lt'a best to steer clear of the Library Belle: Hsr name was Medusa. These are degenerate days, but not so very long age It was the custom. Is tba course of any big celebration eay for a football victory for tha Columbia men to mar.k over to Brooks Hall and cheer for Barnard.

We were rewarded by handclapplng and fudge. Tha Columbia track games are always open to the public, and tha attend ance of Barnard girls, an masse or Individu ally, would be welcomed. But when the undergraduates of Barnard hava a track meet the event Is behind a high board fence with no knotholes, and tbe gates are locked. I was moderately active about the campus when I waa at Columbia, but during my entire course I never met mora than one Bar nard girl- That was because wa both happened to be elected to the staff of the same college paper. She put In an appearance exactly once to have her picture taken with the board and almoat Immediately resigned- COLUMBIA 1VUV.

Arrochar. 8. Sept. 21. 1918.

For an Open West Point. To the Editor of The Xew Tork Timet: I am greatly impressed by your editor's discussing the need of additional cadets at West I'otnt. That the method of making appointments should be changed thers can be no question. Why not throw the appointments to the army entirely? Let all young men who so desire enlist one year In advance, be afforded tha time and opportunity for study, and then take tha examinations. giving the vacancies to the highest men.

This would gtva tha appointments to tha United States In general, and eliminate tbe personal factor. Not only would this system bring tha army bsfore the people in a better light, but It would have a tendency to democratize the military service. It would certainly insure a sufficient number of candidates to All all vacancies, ss there would always be abundant material to draw from. One patriotic American boy la as good as another, anil all should be given an equal chance. The quota should always be main-talned at Its maximum, for we cannot have too many Weet Point graduates.

SC. MILLER. Highland Falls, N. T4 Sept. IS, 1910.

EUROPE'S DAILY BREAD. tht Oerman Social Democrat. many, but, nevertheless, the level Is lower. The reasons for the Increase' in price In England are manifold. In the first place, there is -he closing of the Dardanelles and the -poor harvest in Australia and India In the previous year.

The grain imports rom Russia from Aug. 1 to the end of April In 1913 to -1914 amounted to .124,600,000 bushels; in the same period of the harvest year 1914 to 1915. however, they amounted to only 700,000 bushels. The same picture Is presented by the trade relations with ths lower Danube countries. The elimination of the German fleet from world commerce and the Use of numerous British steamers as military transports have caused a great deficiency In tonnage, ao that tbe oldest ships were once more placed In service and even fetched fancy prices when sold.

Nevertheless, freight rates were trebled. The increase in prices in England and Great Britain has had its effect also upon neutral lands. Thus. Denmark and the Netherlands also suffer under the high prices. The Danish Government issued an embargo on the export of lard for a stated period.

Maximum prices were established for rye. bread, and lard. In Holland the prices of grain rose so much that the Minister of Agriculture had to recommend ths admixture of rye in wheat bread. In Russia higher prices prevail in the cities, together with a scarcity due to lack of railway cars. In addition, however, there is the utter Inefficiency of the bureaucracy, which manlfosted a conspicuous lark of talent for orgsnlss-tion and always Issued commands or prohibitions at the wrong Thus, the question of higher food prices could lead to social disturbances In the land, one of tbe most important problems of which is the export of surplus food-ttuffs.

Also. Russian banks have bought up grain or set up men of straw as pretended buyers, in order to win permanent speculative gain. The depreciation of the ruble also plays an Important part. In the came degree aa money declines In value, the price of commodities rises. But it 'is natural that tbe disturbances of this sort should manifest themselves first In the cities and only gradually In the rural districts, la a country with such a strong agricultural penchant as Russia.

Ths Increase in prices Is very great In Austria-Hungary. The prices there are even much hUher than in Germany. The populace was obliged to Content Itself for months with a strong admixture of maize or barley in bread greatly deteriorated In taste and dlgcstlveness. But the last harvest has be-ert a good one. Thers Is a scarcity of meat, and much higher prices than In Germany.

On wo days of the week no meat may be sold. In France, too, the prices of foodstuffs have risen greatly, even though the country is dependent far less ban Is England on Imports from abroad. Prep--aratlons are being made for governmental regulation of the trade In grain. The scarcity and high prices of coal are a heavy burden on the country, which. 1 fter th lnvaion of its northern dal partments.

was thrown completely upon kne-nsn imports. tries directly or indirectly participating therein snd to all their tne heaviest burdens, which will not Cls- appear either In the first days of peaces wl take to rvplHCe nd labor force that have been de- stroyed. THE HISTORY OF A FORT. A Description of Castle Williams and How It Received Its Name. To the Editor of The Sex Tork Timet: In reply to tha letter of B.

C. H. in year Issue of today, I beg to eay the writer ta entirely correct. Perhaps the following quotation en tbe subject from my Military History of Oov.mors Island Under Three Flags: 1S37-1913." may be of Interest to many New Yorkers who. while valuing Castle Williams aa a picturesque feature of our barber, are not familiar with Its history.

Castle Williams waa begun in ISO? and completed In ISIl, as the crumbling dates la the atone over the gateway set forth. waa designed and built by Lieut. Cat Jonathan Wllilama. Engineer Corps. The ma terlal of the castle la Newark red sandstone.

It rests on a bed of rock at the extreme northwesterly point of tbe Isiaad. Ia form It is three-nfths of a circle. 200 feet la diameter. Tbe walla are 40 feet la height, esse-mated with bomb-proof arches for twe tiers of guns. Guns are also mounted on the top.

to which access ta bad by two interior stone turret staircases. The walls are feet thick en tha lower tier and 7 feet oa tbe upper tier. Tha arches are 13 la number, and are of 30 feet span, 2 feet thick and 24 feet long. The crosa waKa ars feet thick between tha arches and 12 feet at the termination of' the segment. Ths guns are mounted In such a manner that the centre of motion Is Immediately under the muzzle of tha guns, so that, although the angle at fire la 04 degreee.

tbe mouth of tbe gus occupies always- the same place, which permits tha. throat of tha embrasure to be so small that a shot could not pans between the gun and its side and the Una of fire ernes at twenty feet distance. The wail arches are turned over each pair ef embrasures. s- that If tt were possible (r the enemy's fire to belter a break Into the lower tier the upper one would rest upon those arches and exhibit the appearance of a bridge composed of very solid tiers. The outside cut of the wall Is laid In Flemish bond and eerb atone dovetailed In such a manner that no one could be dislocated with, eut first being broken to places.

It contained, in 1812. two stone powder magazines and an Inexhaustible well of finest water, from which all the shipping might, be watered with ease. In a letter dated New York. Nov. 27.

1110, addrassed to the Secretary of War, Colonel Jonathan Williams of the Corps of Engl. I take tha earliest opportunity ef expressing my gratitude fr tha high honour rtn-fm-red upon me by adding my name to tha Cast I I erected upon the west point of "Governor's Island la this harbour. Accompanying tba letter referred to above la a copy of an order dated Fort Columbus, 24 November, IMS, Issued by Colonel Henry Burbeck, Commanding New Tork Harbor, which reads: In future the stone tower on the Island (by tha approbation of the gacretarV of War will bear the name ef Castle Williams In honour of the Commandant of tha U. K. I'orr.

of nirtnra, who -designed and erected It. K. l-add. Military Ses'iwta7 Colonel Williams also dealg-ned and btL-the 8. W.

Battery at the lower end of Man batten Island. This spot la still called ts. Battery. The fort 'was called Castle CSF ton tn 112. In IS23, after the retnoval ef the troops from Castle Clinton to Governors Isl and, the fort was converted Into a place eC public emusement.

the old name surviving In the designation Castle Garden. EDMUND BANKS SMITH. Chaplain Governors Island. New Tork. Sept.

22. 1915. Pagination. To the Editor of The Set Tork Timet: I suppose other people, like myself, write en page. 1.

2. 4. because by so doing they can psas from para to page without waiting for the Ink to dry and without spoiling the looks of the pace by ut4ng- a Albany. N. Sept.

22, 1SUS. C. a..