The News from Frederick, Maryland • Page 39

BICENTENNIAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE FREDERICK, NEWS POST, AUGUST 5, 1975 PAGE lu inc. fKlfilJEKICK, NEWS-POST, AUGUSTS, 1975 PAGE 17 In search of the Monocacy trails and roads Although the approximate locations of the principal Monocacy Trails and Roads in Frederick County are reasonably certain, the detailed paths of the Indians and early colonists, as well as the many changes to make present-day roads are only known in part. The Main or Manor Monocacy Road which developed from the Conestoga Path was close to the present road from York to Taneytown to Woodsboro (Md. Kl. 194).

It passed through Monocacy Manor and by later Walkersville continuing east of the Monocacy River to the crossing at Hughes Ford east of Frederick (near the airport). The Main Monocacy Road then continued southward west of Monocacy River passing Buckeystown and crossed the Potomac at Noland's Ford west of the mouth of Monocacy. This fording and later ferrying place is near the mouth of Tuscarora Creek and the site of The Tuscarora Indian Village. This route to Leesburg and points in the Virginia Piedmont and the Carolinas was used before colonization had begun in the Shenondah Valley. A major change occurred after Fredericktown was By CALVIN E.

SCHILDKNECHT marching through Fredericktown the next morning at 8 a.m. Wayne as anxious to make a good impression, not only upon the citizens of Frederick, but also upon captured officers of Burgoyne's Army who were quartered there Frederick was described on May 31,1781, by one of Wayne's officers as "a fine large town with a noble appearance where most of the houses were of brick and stone." Some of Burgoynes officers watching on Frederick's "main street" were observed to sneer at Wayne's mixture of poorly clothed Scotch-Irish and Germans, together with a sprinkling of blacks. In the evening of May 31, Wayne's army crossed the Potomac at Noland's Ferry using 4 leading scows and they camped one mile south during all-night rain. Not until June 10 did Wayne's men join Lafayette near Raccoon Ford of Raoidon River in Virginia On July 1 and 2, 1791 George Washington traveled from Frederick to York over the Main Monocacy Trail. In his journal he misplaced Monocacy River between established.

Soon travelers from the north came more directly to the new town by Little and Bi pi Creek He was not ver favorably impressed by Taneytown VAC-Ant t. i i i i A A i A i fords near present Ceresville rather than by Hughes Ford. An important branch of the Main Monocacy trail made clear by Moravian records and by researches of Drs. Arthur and Louise Tracey and others was the German Monocacy Trail. The earliest white travelers probably left the main trail south of Tanetyown and crossed the Monocacy at Mumma's Ford, but records show that later the German settlers left the Main Monocacy Trail near Bruceville or Keymar and crossed Monocacy River at Miller's Ford (later Miller's Bridge) further down stream from Mumma's Ford 1 he German Monocacy Koaa turned westward tnrougn tne Moravian settlement of Graceham and then turned southward through later Jimtown (southeast of Thurmont and near the Old Monocacy Union Church) and followed the present Hessong Bridge Road to Lewistown.

The precise location is less definite through Bethel, to Shookstown and to Fairview where it terminated at the road westward to Middletown, and Shehandoah Valley. This road westward which Became part of the National Highway, old U.S. 40, was considered an extension of Main Monocacy Road especially to early travelers between the Shenandoah Valley and Pennsylvania. Settlers, beginning in 1732 led by Yost Hite and others to the Virginia Valley probably used Hughes Ford on Monocacy and passed south of the later center of Fredericktown (near present South Street), along Butterfly Lane and passed the end of the German Monocacy Road. The trail to Opequon Creek (Winchester area), and the Shenandoah Valley crossed Catoctin Mountain, passed near the site of Middletown, near later U.S.

40 to the Catoctin Creek (about one mile west of Middletown and near Spoolsville). Here the road left the Hagerstown Road and ran southwestward to near Burkittsville and crossed South Mountain through Crampton's Gap (at Gathland Park). The road to Virginia then crossed Pleasant Valley and on to Pack Horse Ford of Potomac (a mile downstream from Shepherdstown). Travelers to and from the Great Valley of Virginia very often called this an extension a part of the Monocacy Road. Some Moravian travelers to the Yadkin River area in North Carolina spoke of the Monocacy Road to Carolina as beginning at Fredericktown.

Although any road toward the Monocacy Valley could be called a Monocacy Road these three were most important and have been well documented. Records and other evidence confirming the Monocacy Trails and Roads are discussed in more detail below with hope that readers may be able to suggest new clues, further information and perhaps some alternate deductions. THE MAIN MONOCACY ROAD Although doubted by some historians I belive that the Main Monocacy Road did originate from the Conestoga Path of the Indians, but many changes were made from the higher ground preferred by the aborigines as towns were built and as the route was improved as a road. The Conestoga Path became well known in 1725 in connection with an act of the Proprietor and the Maryland Assembly designed to recover run-away slaves, many of whom had been seeking refuge with the Shawnee Indians "in the backwoods beyond the Monocacy River." The area was described as extending "from the mouth of the said river to the fording place where the Conestoga Path crosses the same near Albin's Plantation, and then to the northwest of the said Conestoga Path until it meets with the Susquehannah River." Land records show Albin's early plantation on the west side of Monocacy River north of the present Frederick Airport and near Hughes Ford. Albin's site at the large bend in the river was known as Oleakin.

The Conestoga or Susquehannan Indians had an important town of Conestoga, a little east of the Susquehannah River. It was on the west bank of Conestoga Creek near present Washingtonboro, and southwest of the site of Lancaster, Pa. Originally the Conestoga Trail is believed to have crossed the Susquehannah at Blue Rocks about 4 miles downstream from later Wrights Ferry. After the towns of York and Lancaster were formed in Pennsylvania, the trail was changed northward to pass through these towns and to cross the river at Wrights Ferry (later Columbia and Wrightsville). As early as 1731 a letter of Charles Carroll mentions a road from Conestoga to Pipe Creek.

The Monocacy Trail in Pennsylvania was ordered to be surveyed as a road in 1739. An old map shows the "Road to Monokasy" west of York near present Thomasville, Pa. Near lands of Jacob Oyster and John Ziegler and near Wolf's Church there was a fork, the road to Marsh Creek Settlement (later Gettysburg) continued westward while the road to Monocacy turned southwestward along the southern edges of the Pigeon Hills (named not for pigeons but for Pidgeon, the surveyor of the Penns). A number of relocations were made to improve the road near Pigeon Hills. The Monocacy Road passed through Hanover (which also was known as McAllister's Folly or Rogue's Rest) and Littlestown or Peter Little's Town.

It passed the Mason and Dixon's Line nearly midway between Allowav (or Willoway) Creek and Piney Creek, as clearly shown on the maps in the Report on the Resurvey of the Mason and Dixon Line (Johns Hopkins Press 1909). The present Frederick to York road crosses the boundary at the same place. The Scull Map of 1770 and the map of Sayer and Bennett (London 1775) also mark the Monocacy Road crossing the temporary boundary line of 1739 near Willoway Creek, but the crossing of Monocacy River is ambiguous since the river is incorrectly represented. A petition in 1748 of Joseph Wood, after whom Woodsboro, was named, shows that Monocacy Road was in bad condition in Maryland and that changes in the route were contemplated. "The road that leads to Lancaster is much used by travelers and inhabitants, but it is very crooked and stopped up by trees falling across.

The road could be laid out more convenient to the inhabitants." It was proposed that three overseers be appointed to lay out the route and to clear it of obstructions. One overseer was to be responsible from the Monocacy Ford (near where John Hussey lives) as far as the north boundary of Dulany's Monocacy Manor. A second would handle the road from the Manor, near Woodsboro, to Little Pipe Creek and on to Big Pipe Creek. The third would oversee the roaad from Big Pipe Creek to the Temporary Line. Messrs.

Wickham, Beatty and Wood were appointed as overseers of this Monocacy Road. The original Conestoga Path, or Great Minquas Path, had available from LeGore and Woodsboro south nearly to Hughes Ford a continuous ridge of high land, the dike of igneous trap rock or diabase formed in the Triassic Age. The present road parallels this narrow ridge of dark rocks from LeGore nearly to Walkersville. Abandoned parts of roads following this diabase ridge southward toward Hughes Ford may be sections of the original Monocacy Road. For example where the Gas House Pike intersects the diabase dike just west of the former Slate Hill School House and where a very deep cut has been made recently through the ridge for the highway, abandoned traces of roads go both north and south along the ridge.

These are most certainly tracks of the Main Monocacy Trail as used before Fredericktown was established. The November court of Prince George's County in 1739 identified the Monocacy Wagon Road Ford near Thomas Beatty's (later known as Hughes Ford). After Frederick was laid out most travelers from the north turned more directly southwestward from the older trail near the site of Walkersville and crossed the Monocacy near Ceresville. In 1748 the Monocacy Ford was near John Hussey's home. This was not necessarily at the present bridge at Ceresville, but maxihave been a short distance upstream where there was a road crossing the Monocacy and passing the Mill Pond house and mill of Jacob Stoner.

This road is still shown continuous on a Frederick County Geological Map, but in uct it now is passable only as far north as the Tuscarora Creek near the buildings of the Ella Houck farm. There is a petition of Elizabeth Stoner in 1778 asking for a change of the ford of the main road to the crossing at Captain Huff's Tavern (apparently near the present bridge at Ceresville). The Dennis Griffith map of 1794 clearly shows the Monocacy Road crossing the river at Ceresville. Thus this important route, described at first as a "plain path" between the villages of the Susquehannock Indians in Pennsylvania and Oceaneechee Island in the south, became a road passing through Fredericktown. It was a link in the old Carolina Road.

The main Monocacy Road was recorded as passing near the Quaker Meeting House at Buckeystown (near Md. Route 85). Later an alternate route to Noland's Ferry was the remarkably straight New Design Road. It was over the main Monocacy Road that 150 wagons and 200 pack horses struggled in 1755 from the York and Lancaster areas to Frederick to carry supplies for Braddock's Expedition westward. The Pennsylvania Germans had agreed to send horses, wagons and drivers only after Benjamin Franklin had threatened them with Huzzar horsemen, such as their parents had dreaded in Europe.

The appearance of British General St. Clair was said to have resembled that of a Hungarian Huzzar, thus giving Franklin the idea. During the Revolutionary War the inland Monocacy Road from Wrightsville to the Potomac became a main thoroughfare for transportation of troops and munitions. The Monocacy Road was not easy during the Revolution when Anthony Wayne and his 800 Pennsylvanians made their dramatic march southward to join Lafayette's army before the final victory at Yorktown. On the day before they left York, Pennsylvania, on May 26,1781 a meeting had been stopped by Wayne on the spot by execution of two leaders of the revolt.

The first overnight camp of Wayne's army was at 11 miles from York and the second at Peter Little's Town 25 miles from York. As they entered Maryland the road grew worse. On May 28 Wayne marched through Taneytown and camped on the banks of Pipe Creek recorded as 39 miles from York. Because of heavy rains the Revolutionary troops waded Pipe Creek through water waist-deep. On May 29 Wayne's army marched 14 miles according to one account (or a few miles according to another) where they were much delayed crossing Monocacy at a ford near the house of James Wilkinson.

The water was too deep for infantry to march through and it came to the saddles of the mounted men. Many wagons overturned in the "crescent shaped ford." They made camp "southwest of the Monocacy." There they spent the day of May 30 cleaning themselves and equipment. They were reviewed there, apparently across the Monocacy trom Ceresville, by General Wayne at 7 p.m. in preparation for where he spent a night. THE GERMAN MONOCACY ROAD Carroll County traditions and Louise Tracey placed the route of the first German settlers after leaving the Main Monocacy Trail near Keysville by way of Mumma's Ford.

This crossing of Monocacy looks today more suitable for walkers and horsemen than for wagons. Just downstream from the present bridge a long red sandstone stratum extends far into the river so that at low water there is only a narrow strip of shallows to cross. Here above Big Pipe Creek's mouth the Monocacy i not so large and the present bridge withstood the recent Agnes Flood (1972). From Mumma's Ford the route was said to have been by Appold's Road to Graceham, the Monocacy Church area, and Lewistown. A newsletter of the Historical Society of Carroll County in 1954 confirms that "Mumma's Ford the protection of the John Digges Copper Mine Road, was the earliest crossing of Monocacy." However, we" know from written records of the Moravians in 1743 and later that the German Monocacy Road crossed the Monocacy River at Miller's Ford (later Miller's Bridge) just south of the mouth of Big Pipe Creek.

When the Moravian missionaries, Leonhard Schnell and Robert Hussey, on November 16,1743, walked from Adam Forney's (Hanover), they used Miller's Ford since they waded three rivers (Piney Creek, Big Pipe Creek, and then Monocacy). So weary was Hussey after walking nearly 40 miles that Schnell had to carry him through the Monocacy. After crossing, they found refuge for the night at the house of the Mennonite, Abraham Miller. The next afternoon Schnell preached at Monocacy where he recorded that the Lutherans held church services every three weeks with Pastor Schulze. The Reformed people there also desired to have a preacher.

The German Monocacy Road is believed to have left the Main Monocacy Road near Bruceville or Keymar before crossing Pipe Creek at Detour and the Monocacy at Miller's Ford. In March 8-9, 1746, Christian Henry Rauch, a Moravian, stated in his diary that he preached in the church at Monocacy but was not well received by the Lutherans. When Moravians referred to the Monocacy Road they often stated that it ran through York, Hanover, Graceham, and south toward the Shenandoah Valley. The route of the German Monocacy Road is confirmed by the curious Moravian map, Pennsylvanische Reise reproduced in the History of Bethlehem (1907) and by Mabel Haller in Early Moravian Education-in Pa. (Moravian Historical Soc.

1953). The road ran westward across Monocacy through later Rocky Ridge, passed the Moravian school house on Monocacy, and passed the house of Joseph Ogle. In 1754, long before the name Graceham was used, the Monocacy teacher, Brother- Utley, was visited by Philip C- Bader, a teacher of Jena, Germany, who found the Jenu method of teaching spelling being applied successfully at Monocacy. The Reise Carta showed the German road bending southward just after passing Ogle's house and passing through an area marked Monocacy. The termination of this route was the house of George Gumpf in western Carroll's Manor.

Schnell, who visited Monocacy and Gumpf's home in October 1749, may have made the map. Other records also place the house of Captain Joseph Ogle (settled 1737) next to the Moravian land later called Graceham, and at the intersection of the German Monocacy Road and Cartledge's Old Road to the Antietam via the Sabillasville area. Although the Monocacy region originally included the valley, all the way to the Potomac, after Frederick was founded the name Monocacy came to refer particularly to the German settlement largely of Lutherans, Moravians and Reformed along the German Road from Rocky Ridge, Graceham, Monocacy Church and Lewistown. Monocacy settlement is used in this sense by Muhlenberg in the Hallische Nachrichte, also in Scharf, page 437, when a road was planned in 1779 from "Monocacy to Linganore." The rivers would make no sense here. The present Hessong Bridge Road from Jimtown to Lewistown is a portion of the German Monocacy Road, part of it until recently was dirt road worn deep below fields and forest by more than 200 years of use as it passes Black Oak Hill near former Reissner's Plantation.

The German Monocacy Road probably followed Powell Road from Lewistown to Mountaindale and on to Bethel where Lutheran Pastor David Candler bought a property which he did not use because of his early death at-Conewago in 1744. The Traceys said that the road passed south of present Rocky Springs. Near the site of Shookstown the German Road crossed the old road to John Stull's Mill (later Hagerstown) which passed south ofHigh Knob and Haw Bottom, through Harmony, Myersville, and over South Mountain where "new U.S. 40" later was built. The end of the German Monocacy Road proper was near later Fairview and Fulmer's Station where it met the road west From Hughes Ford and later Fredericktown.

This south end of the German road was documented in a petition to build a road from there to the Quaker Meeting House at Buckeystown and there joining the Main Monocacy Road. Researches of land records by Arthur and Louise Tracey and by myself have disproved the claims of Schultz (1896) of several Maryland Lutheran publications, and of Williams and McKinsey in History of Frederick County (1910) that the Monocacy Trail crossed the Monocacy River near Creagerstown, that the Old Monocacy Union Church stood on the banks of the river, and that the trail crossed Catoctin Mountain near Mountaindale. Land records clearly show that the early Lutheran, Moravian and Reformed leaders who signed the early church documents lived near the German Monocacy Trail, especially from Graceham to Bethel. These included families whose names are still familiar, such as Wetzel, Reissner, Six, Vogler, Willhide, Loy. Apple.

Shryock, Weller, Firor, Verdries, Mathias, Hankey, Brunner, Goetzendanner, Miller, Weymore, Stull, Ambrose, Lenhart. The location of the Monocacy Church was south of Thurmont near Jimtown and Catoctin Furnance as indicated in the Monocacy Congregation Book "a short mile north of Michael Reissner's Plantation" (see page 73 of The Lutheran Church of.Frederick, by A. R. Wentz, published in Harrisburg in 1938). The mistaken location near Creagerstown seems to have started by the mis-translation of Muhlenberg's Monocacy Area (Gegend) for meaning the banks of the river (in the Hallische Nachrichten).

That the center of the German Monocacy settlement was near Jimtown and Graceham (not Creagerstown) and that it had two connections with the Main Monocacy Road is confirmed by the diary of Moravian Bishop John Frederick Reichel who in May 1780 traveled southward toward Salem, N.C., with his wife, three other couples, a single Sister and a single Brother and four teamsters. (Reprinted in "This Was America" by Oscar Handlin, Harper Row, 1949). Beyond Piney Creek "we were met by Brother Schweisshaupt and the two Brethren Weller and Kampf from Monocacy, the road from the latter place here coming out in the main road to Frederick, Maryland. The two Brethren from Monocacy, who were able to supply us with fresh provisions, accompanied us for two miles to the place where the road from Baltimore to Monocacy crosses the road to Carolina at right angles, then took leave of us, commending us to the good guidance of our God. From here it is 9 miles to Monocacy and about 50 to Baltimore." This intersection at later Keymar is indeed 9 miles by road via Miller's Bridge and Rocky Ridge to the Jimtown area.

These Moravian travelers used the Main Monocacy Road through Frederick and crossed the Potomac by Thomas Noland's Ferry. The road to Opequon and Shenandoah Valley The third Monocacy Road, well documented by travelers from Pennsylvania to Western Virginia and North Carolina, extended from the Monocacy to the Potomac near Shepherdstown. The famous early group of 16 or more families led by Joist Heit or Yost Hite in 1732 left the Main Monocacy Trail at Hughes Ford, passed south of the later center of Frederick, across the mountain at later Braddock, passed Middletown's site and through Crampton's Gap, There seems to be no documentary support for these early settlers of the Shenandoah Valley using gaps of Catoctin Mountain further north as some writers have claimed. That the route of these pioneers crossed Catoctin Creek about one mile west of Middletown is proved by a survey for John McGruder April 9, 1734, of the tract Forest, one boundary was described as the road from Conestoga to "Opeckon." This tract was just south of Spoolsville. At Catoctin Creek the road to Opequon and the Shenandoah Valley continued southwestward toward Burkittsville and Crampton's Gap while the road westward followed the route of later U.S.

40 to Hagerstown. However, some writers believe that at Spoolsville the route of the pioneers was conning southward from the Jerusalem Settlement in Middletown Valley. The latter idea is not supported by a court order of 1745 calling for construction of a new road connecting the road from Hughes Ford to Opeckon at the terminus of the German Monocacy Road (near Isaac Leonard's and Baltis Faut's) with the Main Monocacy Road at the Quaker Meeting House (near later Buckeystown). Leonard's land lay south of the later Butterfly Lane at Fulmers Station. This shows that in the year when Frederick was laid out Hughes Ford and the gap west of Frederick was still the main route for settlers going to Opequon Valley (Winchester area) and Shenandoah Valley.

Not all of the settlers traveling toward the Virginia valleys were German. Heit was Alsatian married to a French wife; 4 of his families were English and one was Dutch. From Crampton Gap (Gathland) they crossed Pleasant Valley and near the site of Sharpsburg to the Pack Horse or Pioneer Ford one mile down the Potomac from Shepherdstown. John and Isaac Van Meter, who had settled temporarily near the site of later Fredericktown, explored the Great Valley of Virginia even before Heit. In 1734-35 a number of Scotch-Irish families settled around Shepherdstown and in the later Winchester area.

Scotch Irish did not settle early in large numbers in Frederick County as they did in the upper reaches of the Monocacy Valley along Marsh Creek in later Adams County, Pennsylvania. Competing with the extension of the Monocacy Road to the Shenandoah Valley was the Virginia Road or Great Wagon Road through Harrisburg, Carlisle, Chambersburg, and Hagerstown which crossed the Potomac at Williamsport. The pioneer Moravian caravan to the Salem, N.C., area in 1753 followed this route, but later Moravians in 1752 and 1763 used the Monocacy Road through Frederick, Md. Other Moravians wrote of the Monocacy Road southward via the German Monocacy Road without passing through Fredericktown. The writer was thrilled in his youth to read that his home on North Market Frederick, was on the road from Philadelphia to the Yadkin River, N.C.

Of course, some travelers used the Harpers Ferry route to Shenandoah Valley, but this was not known as part of a Monocacy Road. In January 1782 suffering Anspach and Bayreuth German mercenaries from the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown followed this route from near Winchester to the barracks at Frederick. The diary of Stephan Popp records that the Potomac at Shepherdstown in one night froze solid enough for them to walk across. Popp recorded celebrations of the end of the war at Frederick (Burr-Artz Library). The journals of a number of foreign travelers on the road from Frederick to Middletown, Crampton's Gap, Sharpsburg, and Shepherdstown contain interesting observations.

Johann JJavid Schoepf, geologist of Erlangen, Germany, who was traveling in 1784 from Bath (Berkeley Springs), crossed the Potomac at Shepherds' Town. Ascent of the South Mountain ridges began at Sharpsburg. Middletown with about 20 houses was 13 miles from Sharpsburg and 10 from Fredericktown. The latter had 300 houses, most of them limestone or brick. Ferdinand M.

Bayard in 1791 going by coach from Frederick to Bath noted the division of roads west of Middletown; the better route west going by Hagerstown was a few miles longer. Bayard's coach driver chose the rougher road via Crampton's Gap. He observed that the west base of the second mountain beyond Middletown was covered by large broken stones. This article, "In Search of the Monocacy Trails and Roads," is another of several significant research papers by Calvin E. Schildknecht on the early history of the Frederick County area.

Dr. Schildknecht is professor of i a Gettysburg College BAKER-KEFAUVER, INC. 115 N. Market St. Frederick, Maryland 217O1 Telephone: (301) 662-1118 Old-Fashioned Generosity The Citizen newspaper of December 9, 1831 noted that one-hundred bachelors of Frederick, all over 25 years of age, were about to form a society.

They planned to hold a Bachelor's Ball on St. Valentine's Day, and to aid the Free Female School. Each member was to donate cents each-week for this purpose. There was apparently some reason for this generosity, the feeling being widespread that the school "does not receive the liberal support to which it is entitled, from that portion of the masculine gender who are more blessed than they in the matter of money." Several Memorable Women A resident of Ijamsville, Mrs. Eliza A.

Ijams, may have been responsible for the establishment of a state school for the deaf in Frederick. According to the late Judge Charles E. Moylan, Mrs. Ijams had two deaf children, who attended the Columbia Institution for the Deaf. Through family connections of the Ijams and the Mussetters, she knew many prominent men and lobbied diligently for the establishment of a school for deaf children in Maryland.

Her two children were among the first students at the school when it opened in Frederick in 1867 and her daughter, Mary Manning Ijams, became the first graduate of the school in 1872. Mary applied her instruction by becoming a teacher at the school, where she taught for the next 44 years. Mrs, Ijams was a matron at the school from 1869 until 1875. Another deaf resident of Ijamsville, the late Alta Lowman Kavanaugh, who also taught at the Frederick institution, was the first deaf woman in the United States to graduate from college (Gallauclet). EXTRAORDINARY FREDERICK PROPERTIES EAST SECOND STREET Built in 1767 with all the Colonial charm that is possible, this historic landmark offers 5 spacious BRs, 2V4 baths, 3 car garage.

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