The Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune from Chillicothe, Missouri • Page 3

CHIUJCOTHE CONSTITUTION 1 EC. 18 IE PRESIDENT'S PANAMA CANAL i Ives Results of His Observations While on Tour of Inspection to Congress. HE WORK IS BEING PUSHED infection of Sanitary Conditions in Canal Zone Has Taken Much Time. Pgund But Little Ground for Com' plalnti and Refutes Statements of Some Writers "Slan- 'derers and Liars" Approves of Type and Route of Canal. following If the text of President oosevelt's special message to congress i the subject ot the Panama canal: I 0 the Senate and House of 1 tlves: I Tn the month of November I visited the i of Panama, going over the anal Zone with considerable care; and i so visited the cities of Panama and which are not in the zone or the United States flag, but as to 'hlch the United States government, trough its control for ortajn sanitary purposes.

I chose the Vonth of November for my visit partly ocause it is the ralnest month of the the month in which the work goes prward at the greatest disadvantage, one -of the two months -which the iiedical department of the French Canal ampany found most unhealthy. Following the Introduction to the mes- ige the president gives a resume of his i during the days be was on lae isthmus, and then says: 1 f-'At the outset I wish to pay tribute .3 the amount of -work adone by the. rench Canal, company under very diffi- Jit circumstances. Many of the build- igs they put up were excellent and re still in use, though, naturally, the i Bouses are now getting out of repair and being used as dwellings only until "ther houses can be built, and much of ilc work they did in the Culcbra cut, 1'jid some of the work they did in dig- i ing has been of direct and real benefit. 'his country has never made a better divestment than the $10,000,000 which it aid to the French company for work -nd betterments, including especially the railroad.

An inspection on the ground at the it-ight of the ra4ny season served to convince me of the wisdom of congress in Defusing to adopt either a high-level or sea-level canal. There seems to be a universal agreement among all people to judge that the Panama 'oute, the one actually chosen. Is much liuperior to both the Nicaragua and Darien routes. 5 Preliminary Work Being Done. The wisdom of the canal management fias been shown In nothing more clearly khan in the way in which the founda- I yons of the work have been To yielded to the natural impatience i ill-informed outsiders and begun all of experiments in work to a i thorough sanitation of the isthmus, and a.

fairlv satisfactory working out of i the problem of getting and keeping a sufficient labor supply, would have been -disastrous. The various preliminarj' had to be taken nrst; and 'these could not be taken so to allow us to begin the real work of construe- ition prior to January 3 of the present Jt then became necessary to have ilie type of the canal decided, and the delay has been the necessary dclay the 29th day 'Of June, the date -when the congress definitely and wisely that we should have an 85-foot i evel canaL Immediately after that the work began in hard earnest and has continued with increasing vigor ever since; and it will continue so to progress in the future. When the con- Tracts are let the conditions will be such as to insure a increasing 'amount of Successful Sanitation. i The first great problem to be solved, upon the solution of Tyhich the success of the rest of the work depended, was the problem of sanitation. This was from the outset under the direction of Dr.

Gorgas, -who is to be made a full member of the commission. It must be remembered that his work was not mere sanitation as the term is. understood in our ordinary municipal work. Through- out the zone and in the two. cities of Fanam? in.

addition to the MliTBnoh wore proper, aas nao -do mil the work that the Marine hospital service does as regards the nation, that the health department officers do in the various states and cities, and that Col. Waring did In New York when he cleaned its streets. The results have been astounding. The Isthmus had been a byword for deadly unhealthfulness. Now.

after two years of our occupation the conditions as regards sickness and the death rate compare favorably with reasonably healthy localities in the United States. Especial care has been devoted to minimizing the risk due to the presence of those species of mosquitoes have been found to propagate malarial and yellow fevers. In air the settlements, the little temporary towns or cities composed of the white and black employes, which grow up here and there In the tropic Jungle as the needs of the work dictate, the utmost care is exercised to keep the conditions healthy. Everywhere are to be seen the drainage ditches which in removing the water have removed the breeding places of the mosquitoes, while the whole jungle is cut away for a considerable space around the habitations, thus destroying the places in -which the mosquitoes take shelter. These drainage ditches and clearings are in evidence in every settlement, and.

together with the invariable presence of mosquito screens around the piazzas, and of Tnosquito doors to the houses, not to speak of the careful fumigation that has gone on In all infected houses, doubtless explain the extraordinary absence of mosquitoes. As a matte'r of fact, but a single mosquito, and this not of the days on the isthmus. Equal care is taken by the inspectors of the health department to secure cleanliness in the houses and proper hygienic conditions of every kind. I inspected between 20 and 30 water-closets, both those used by the white employes and those used by the i colored laborers. In almost every case found the conditions perfect.

In but one case did I find them really bad. In this case, affecting a settlement of unmar- 1 rled white employes, I found them very bad indeed, but the buildings were all Inherited from the French company and were being used temporarily while other buildings were in the course of construction; and right near the defective water closet a new and excellent closet with a good sewer pipe was in process of construction and nearly finished. Nevertheless this did not excuse the fact that the bad condition had been allowed to prevail. Temporary accommodations, even if only such as soldiers use when camped in the field, should have been provided. Orders to this effect were Issued.

I append the report of Dr. Gorgas on the incident I was struck, however, by the fact tkat in this instance, as in almost every other where a complaint was made proved to have any justification whatever, it appeared that steps had al" been taken to remedy tho evil complained of, and that the trouble was mainly due to the extreme difficulty, and often impossibility, of providing in every placo for the constant increase in the numbers of employes. Generally the provision Is made in advance, but it is not possible that this should always be the case; when it is not there ensues a period of time during which the conditions are unsatisfactory, until a remedy can be provided; but I never found a case where the remedy was not being provided as speedily as possible. Improvements in Cities. The sanitation work in the cities of Panama and Colon has been just as important as in the zone itself, andiin many respects much more difiicult.

because it was necessary to deal with the already existing population, which naturally had scant sympathy with revolutionary changes, the value of which they were for a long time not able to perceive. In Colon the population consists largely of colored laborers who, having come over from the West Indies to work on the canal, abandon the work and either take to the brush or lie idle in Colon itself; thus peopling Colon with the least desirable among the imported laborers, for the good and steady men of course continue at the work. Tet astonishing progress has been made both cities. In Panama 90 per cent of the streets that are to be paved at all are already paved with an excellent brick pavement laid in heavy concrete, a few of the streets being still in process of paving. The sewer and water services in the city are of the most modern hygienic type, some of the service having just been completed.

In Colon the conditions are peculiar. and it is as regards Colon that most of the very bitter complaint has been made. Colon is built on a low coral island, covered more or less shallow depths with vegetable accumulations or mold, -which affords sustenance and strength to many varieties of low- lying-tropical One-half of the surface of the island is covered with wafer at hig-h tide, tho average height of the land being 1M- feet above low tide. The slight undulations furnish shallow, natural reservoirs or freshwater breeding places for every variety of mosquito, and tho ground tends to be lowest in the middle. When the town was originally built no attvmpt was made to fill low either in the streets or on the building sites, so that the entire surface prac- ticnllv Ibe aiiajr- mire became impassable certain of the streets were crudely improved bv filling especially bad mud holes with soft rock or other material.

In September. a systematic effort was begun to formulate a general plan for the proper sanitation of the city: in February last temporary relief measures were taken, while in July the prosecution of the work was begun in good earnest. The results are already visible in the sewerinjE. draining-, guttering: and paving of streets. Some four months will before the work of sewerage and street improvement will be completed, but the progress already made have PRESIDENTIAL PARTY LEAVING HOTEL From cowrtffht, Dnderwood Underwood, N.

T. Photograph of the President and Tivoll hotel at Colon taken during the chief executive. REPLYING TO SPEECH OF WELCOME? liu- rnpTTHM, Vr T. President Roosevelt's flrst address at Panama was in response to the felicitous ot President of Panama welcoming him to the tnrougn me towir. connecting the salt water on both sides, and into these the ponds, which have served as breeding places for the mosquitoes, are drained.

These ditches have answered their purpose, for- they are probably the cause of the astonishing diminution of mosquitoes. More ditches of the kind are being- Unjust Criticism. Care and forethought have been exercised by the commission, and nothing has reflected more credit upon them than their refusal either to go ahead too fast or to be deterred by the fear of criticism from not going ahead fast enough. It is curious to note the fact that many of the most severe critics of the commission criticise' them for precisely opposite reasons, some complaining bitterly that the work is not in a more advanced condition, while the others complain that it has been rushed with such haste that there has been insufficient preparation for the hygiene and comfort of the employes. As a matter of fact neither criticism is just.

It would have been impossible to go quicker than the commission has gone, for such quickness would have meant insufficient preparation. On the other hand, to refuse to do anything until every possible future contingency had been met would have caused wholly unwarranted delay. The right course to follow was exactly the course which has been followed Every reasonable preparation was made in advance, the hygienic- conditions in especial being made as nearly perfect as possible; while on the other hand there has been no timid refusal to push forward the work because of inability to anticipate every possible emergency', for, of course, many defects can only be shown by the working of the system in actual practice. 'inasmuch as so many both of the white and colored employes have brought their families with them, schools have been c-tablished, the school service being under Mr. O'Connor.

For the white pupils white American teachers arc employed: for the colored pupils there are ah-o some white American teachers, one Spanish teacher, and one colored American, teacher, most of them being colored teachers from Jamaica. Barbados and St. Lucia. The schoolrooms were good, ami it i a pleasant thing to see tue pride that the i teachers were- taking in their work and i thc-ir pupils. Care of Employes.

Next In importance to the problem of sanitation, and indeed now of en.ua! importance, is the problem of securing ami caring for the mechanics, laborers and other employes who actually do the work on the canal and the railroad. This great tas't has been under the control of Jackson Smith, and on the whole has been well done. At present there are some 6.000 white employes and some 19 COO colored employes on the isthmus. I went over the different places where the different kinds of employes were working! I think I saw representatives of every type both at their work and in their homes: and I conversed with probably a couple of hundred of them all told, choosing them at random from every class and Including those who came especially to present certain grievances olmost invariably expressed far greater content and satisfaction with the conditions than did those who called to moke complaint. Nearly 5.000 of the white employes had come from the United States.

No man can see these young, vigorous men energetically doing their duty without a thrill of pride in them as Americans. They represent on the average a high class. Doubtless to congress the wages paid them will seem high, but as a matter of fact the only general complaint which I found had any real basis among the complaints made to me upon the isthmus was that, owing to the peculiar surroundings, the cost of living, and the distance from home, the wages were really not as high as they should be. In fact, almost every man I spoke to felt that he ought to be receiving moie money-a view, however, which the average man who stays at home in the touted States probably likewise holds as regards himself. I append figures of the wlges paid, so that the congress can judge the matter for itself.

Later I shall confer on the subject with certain representative labor men here in the United States, as well as going over with Mr. Stevens, the comparative wages paid on the zone and at home; and 1 may then communicate my findings to the canal committees of the two houses. Chinese and Other Labor. Of the, 19.000 or 20.000 day laborers employed on the canala few hundred Spaniards. These do excellent Their foreman told me tnat they did twice as well as the West Indian, laborers.

They keep healthy and no difficulty is experienced with them in any way. Some Italian laborers are also employed In connection with the drilling. As might be ex- Dected with labor as high priced aa at present in the United States, it has not so far proved practicable to get any ordinary laborers from the United States. The American wage-workers on the isthmus are the highly paid skilled mechanics of the types mentioned previously. A steady effort is being made to secure Italians, and es- neciallv to procure more Spaniards, because of the very satisfactory results that have come from their employment and their numbers will be Increased as far as possible.

It has not proved possible, however, to get in anything like the numbers needed for the work, and from present alpearances we shall in the main have to rely, tor the ordinary unskilled work partly upon colored laborers frSm the Indies partly upon Chinese labor. It certainly ought to bi unnecessary to point out that tht Mrs. Roosevelt and party leaving the recent inspection of the canal by the 110.11 cire or by aliens from another country with a yellow skin. Our business Is to dig the canal as efficiently and as quickly as possible; provided always that nothing is done that is inhumane to any laborers, and nothing that interferes with the wages of or lowers the standard of living of our own workmen. Having in view this prin- ciple.

I have arranged to try several thousand Chinese laborers. This is dc' slrablc both because we must try to find out what laborers arc most efficient, and. furthermore, because we should not leave ourselves at the mercv of anv one typo of foreign At present the great bulk of the unskilled labor on the isthmus is done by West India negroes, chiefly from Jamaica. Barbados, and the other i English possessions. One of the gov- i ernors of the lauds in question has i shown an unfrledly disposition to our work and has thrown obstacles in the way of our getting the labor needed; any outsiders the impression, however ill founded, that they arc indispensable and can dictate terms to us.

The West India laborers are fairly, but only fairly, satisfactory. Some of the meii do very well indeed; the better class, who are to be found as foremen, as skilled mechanics, as policemen, are good men; and many of the orHinnrv ilnv InborgrQ T'i gOOo. But thousands of those who are brought over under contract (at our expense) go off into the jungle to live, or loaf around Colon, or work so badly nftov frmi- days as to cause a serious diminution of the amount of labor performed on Friday and Saturday of each week. I riuc-stioncd many of those Jamaica laborers as to the conditions of their work and what, if any changes, they wished. 1 received many complaints from them, but as regards most of these complaints they themselves contradicted one another.

In all eases where the complaint was as to their treatment bv any imlivi.lmtl it. proved on that this individual was himself a West India man color, either a policeman, a storekeeper, or assistant storekeeper. Doubtless there must, hi? many complaints against Americans: but those to whom I spoke did not happen to make any such complaint to me. Work of Construction. The work is now going on with a vigor and efficiency pleasant to witness.

The three big problems ot the canal are the La Boca dams, the dam. and the Culebra cut. The Culebra cut must be made, anyhow; but of course changes as to the dams, or at least as to the locks adjacent to the dams, may still occur. The La Boca dams offer no particular problem the bottom material being so good that there is a practical certainty, not merely as to what can be achieved, but as to the time of achievement. Tin- Gatun dam offers the most serious problem which we have to solve; and yet the ablest men on the isthmus believe that this problem is certain of solution along the lines proposed: although, of course, it ne- great toil, energy, and m- and although equally.

of course, there will be some little risk connection with the work. The risk arises from the fact that some of the material near the bottom is not so good as could be desired. If the huge i earth dam now contemplated is thrown i across from one foothill to the other I we will have what is practically a low broad, mountain ridge behind which will rise the inland lake. This prtiftcial mountain will probably show less seepage, that Is, will have greater restraining capacity than the average natural mountain range. The exact locality of the locks at this at the other now being determined.

In April next Secretary Taft. with three of the ablest engineers of the Noble. Stearns and visit the isthmus, and the three engineers will make the final and conclusive examinations as to the exact site for each lock. Meanwhile the work is going ahead without a break. i The Culebra cut does not offer such great risks: that is.

the damage liable to occur from occasional land slips will not represent what may be called major dis- asters The work will merely call tor in- 1 telligeiice, perseverance, and executive capacity. It is, however, the work upon which most labor will have to be spent. The dams will be composed of the earth taken out of the cut and very possibly the building of the locks and dams will take even longer than the cutting in Culebra itself. ot the wnonr train, tutu mcnsely economizinf labor. In the rainy reason the sUam (hovels can do but little In dirt.

they work steadily in rock and in the harder ground. There were some 16 at work during the time was on the Isthmus, and their tremendous power and efficiency were most Impressive. New Records for Excavation. As soon as the type of canal was decided this work began in good earnest. The rainy season will shortly be over and then there will be an Immense Increase in the amount taken out; but even during the last three months, in the rainy season, steady progress is shown by the figures: In August.

242,000 cubic yards; in September. 291,000 cubic yards, and in October, 336,000 cubic yards. In October new records were established for the output of Individual shovels as well as for the tonnage haul of individual locomotives. I hope to see the growth of a healthy spirit of emulation between the different shovel ana locomotive crews, lust such a spirit as has grown on our battle ships between the different gun crews in matters ot marksmanship. Passing through the cut the amount of new work can be seen at a glance.

In one place the entire side of a hill bad- been taken out recently by 27 tons of dynamite, which were exploded at one blast. At another place I was given a presidential salute ot 21 charges of dynamite. On the top notch of the Culebra cut the prism is now as wide as it will be- all told, the canal bed at this point has now been sunk about 200 feet below what it originally was. It will have to be sunk about 130 feet farther. Throughout the cut the drilling, blasting, shoveling and hauling are going on with constantly increasing energy, the huge shovels being pressed up.

as if they were mountain howitzers, into the most unlikely looking places, where they eat their way into the hillsides. Critics and Doubting Thomases. It is not only natural, but inevitable, that a work as gigantic as this which has been undertaken on the isthmus should arouse every species of hostility and criticism. The conditions are so new and so trying, and the work so vast, that It would be absolutely out of the question that mistakes should not be made. Checks will occur.

Unforeseen difficulties will arise. From time to time seemingly well-settled plans will have to be changed. At present 25,000 men are engaged on the task. After awhile the number will be doubled. In such a multitude It Is inevitable that there should be here and there a scoundrel.

Verjr many ot the poorer class of laborers lack the mental development to protect themselves against either the rascality of others or their own folly, and it is not possible for human wisdom to devise plan by which they can invariably protected. In a place which has been for ages a byword for unhealthfulness, and with so large a congregation of strangers suddenly put down and set to bard work there will now and then be outbreaks of disease. There will now and then be shortcomings in administration: there will be unlooked-for accidents to delay the excavation of the cut or the building of the dams and locks. Each such incident will be entirely natural, and, even though serlons, no one of them will mean more than a. little extra delay or trouble.

Vet each, when discovered by sensation mongers and retailed to timid folk of little faith, will serve as an excuse 'for the belief that the whole work is being badly managed. Experiments will continually be tried In housing, in hygiene, in street repairing, in dredging and in digging earth and rock. Now and then an experiment will be a failure; and among those who hear of It. a certain proportion of doubting Thomases will at once believe that the whole work is a failure. Doubtless here and there some minor rascality will uncovered; but as to this, I have to say that after the most painstaking inquiry I have been unable to find a single reputable person who had so much as heard of any serious accusations affecting the honesty of the commission or of any responsible officer under it.

I append a letter dealing with the most serious charge, that of the ownership of lots in Colon: the charge was not advanced by a reputable man. and is utterly baseless. It is not too much to say that the whole atmosphere of the commission breathes honesty as it breathes efficiency and energy. Above all. the work has been kept absolutely clear of politics.

I have never heard e.ven a suggestion or spoils politics in connection with it. I have investigated every complaint brought to me for which there seemed to be any shadow of foundation. In two or three cases, all of which I have indicated in the course of this message. I came tin- conclusion that there was foundation for the complaint, and that the methods of the commission in the respect complained of could be bettered. In the nthf-r riie complaints proved I lutelv baseless, wive in two or three I insta'n-es where they referred to mis- takes the hail ready found out and corrected.

Slanders and Libclers. So much for honest criticism. There remains an immense amount of as reckless slander has ever been pub- lilsheil. Where slanderers are or foreign origin 1 have 110 concern with i them. they are Americans.

I I feel for them the heartiest contempt I and in.liu'iiation: because, in a spirit of wanton dishonesty and malice, they are trying to interfere with anil I hamper the" execution of. the greatest i work of the kind ever attempted, and I are seeking to bring to naught the forts of their countrymen to put to the credit of America one of the giant feats of the ages. The outrageous accusations of these slanderers con- i stitute a gross libel upon a body of public servants who. for trained intel- ligenee expert ability, high charac- I totr and devotion Hi duty, have never 1 been excelled anywhere. There is not a man among those directing the work on the isthmus who has -obtained his position on any other basis than merit alone and not one who has used his position in any way for his own personal or pecuniary advantage.

Plan 'to Buffer by Contract. After most carefnl consideration have decided to let out most of work by contract, if we can come to- satisfactory terms with the contractors. The whole work is ot a kinct suited to the peculiar' genius of our people: and our people have developed the type of contractor best fitted to grapple with It. It is of courss much better to do the work in part by contract than to do it all by the government, provided It Is possible on the one hand to secure to tho contractor a sufficient remnueration to make it worth while for responsible contractors of the best kind undertake the work; and provided OB the other hand it can be done on terms which will not give an excessive profit to the contractor at the expense at the government. After much consideration the plan already promulgated by the secretary of war was adopted.

This plan in Its essential features was drafted after careful and thorough study and consideration, by the chief engineer. Mr. Stevens, who. while in the employment of Mr. Hill, the president of the Great Northern railroad, had personal experience of this very type of contract.

Mr. Stevens then submitted the plan to the chairman of the commission. Mr. Shonts. who went carefully over It with Mr.

Rogers, the legal adviser of the commission, to see that all legal difficulties were met. He then submitted copies of the plan to both Secretary Taft and myself. Secretary Taft submitted it to some of the best counsel at the New York bar. and afterwards I went over it very carefully with Mr. Taft and Mr.

Shonts, and we laid the plan in its general features before Mr. Root. My conclusion is that If combines the maximum of advantage with the minimum of disadvantage. Under it a premium will put upon the speedy and economical construction of the canal, and a penalty imposed on delay and waste. The plan as promulgated is tentative: doubtless ft will have to be changed in some respects before we can come to a satisfactory agreement with responsible even after the "bids have been received; and of course It is possible that we can not come to a agreement, In which case the government will do the worK itself.

Meanwhile the work on the Isthmus fs progressing steadily ana without any let up. Single Commissioner Desired. A seven-headed commission is of course a clumsy executive instrument We should have but one commissioner with such heads of departments and other officers under him as we may find necessary. we should be expressly permitted to employ the best engineers In the country as consulting engineers. I accompany this paper with a map showing substantially what the canal be like when it is finished.

When the Culebra cut has been made and the dams built (if they are built as at present proposed) there will then be at both the Pacific and Atlantic ends of the canal two great fresh-water lakes, connected by a broad channel running at the bottom of a ravine, across the backbone of the Western Hemisphere. Those best Informed believe that the work win be completed in about eight years: but it is never safe to'prophesy about such a work as this, especially in the tropics. Confident of Ultimate Success. Of the success of the enterprise am as well convinced as one can be of any enterprise that is human. It is stupendous work upon which our fellow countrymen are engager! there on the isthmus, nr.il while we should hold them to a strict accountability for the wxy in which they perform" it we should recognize, vith frank generosity, the epic nature of the task upon which thev are cng.i-roil and its world-wide importance.

are doing something which will re- doud immeasurably to (he -I-TIII or -Vmerica. which will benefit the worj.l and which will lust for ages to come. rmler Mr. Shoi.ts urd Mr. Stevens and Dr.

Gorcns this v-ork has started with every omen of fortune Thev their worthy from the "highest to tin- lowest, are entitled to the same credit that we wnnl.l e-lve to the nicked n.en ''f a. -irm'v: "for" Of peace will, in its great and far-rcieh- in'r effect atn.i.l no the eerv conquests, whether of peace or of war. which ever 1-e-T. won by any of the poopl-s of mankind. A badge" is to b- given to every American citizen who for a sneciied time has taken pnrt in this work: for participation in it will h.r.Mltir be held to relict h.Mior Hi" man participating as it honor urion soldier to h-ivc belonged to a mighty ni-niv rlgllteoiis- Yhir oie.ir.trymen on the isthr-ins are fur" our interest anil 'for Hi" in the same spirit and the si me ciciicy Unit the ri.r- of and navy work in time of It ne- hooves us in oil" turn to do all can to hold -in their hands and to them in every way to bring their Tent tn tn oonrlii- The White lloiisc, JJLOi tuber 17, 1906.

WILbSELL SHEEP I will sell at public auction at the G. H. B-issett sale oS Thursday, December 20, 75 head of sheep, all owes and bred. Terms made known on day of Joseph Frances. tTdJ'ti Hartman's store will be open evenings until Christmas.

I7dlw PRESIDENT ON A STEAM SHOVEL American worlcingman In the no concern whatever In Question aa to whether the rough work 3n the which Ja. In Culebra Cut. The main work is now being done in the Culebra cut. It was striking and impressive to see the huge steam shovels in full play, the dumping trains carrying away the rock and earth they dislodged. The implements of French excavating machinery, which often stand a little way from the line of work, though of excellent construction, look like the veriest toys when compared with these new steam shovels, just as the French dump- ine cars seem like toy cars when compared with the long trains of huge cars, dumped by steam plows, which are now in use.

This represents the enormous advance that has been made in machinery during the past quarter of a century No doubt a quarter of a century hence this new machinery, of which we are now so proud, will similarly seem out of date, but it is certainly serving Its purpose well now. The old French car. tad to be entirely discarded. We still have in use a tew of the more modern, but not mo.t mod.rn. cars, which hold but 12 yards of earth.

They can be employed on certain lines with sharp curves. But the recent cars hold from 25 to 10 yard, apiece, and instead of the old clumsy m.ttod. of unloading- them. rTlnw fa ifl mm copjrfglit, fcr Undecwood Cnderwood, 5. T.

At Pedro Miguel, Culebra Cut, President Roowevelt was photographed Mated on one of steam shovels umd in the work of excavating.