The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Page 3

a 3 THE PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER. TUESDAY MORNING. AUGUST 7. 1945 LUGG AGE mmir ttoi Truman's Statement On Use of Atomic Bomb WASHINGTON, Aug. 6 (U.

is the text of President Truman's statement announcing the first use of the atomic bomb: Atomic Power Opens New Field for Science By HOWARD W. BLAKESLEE Associated Press Science Editor NEW YORK, Aug. 6. The atomic bomb, by official description, is -probably just a beginning of a new science, and not the terrific thing the size of a football or maybe a stove, that could wipe New to it without undue impairment of other vital war work. In the United States the laboratory work and the production plants, on which a substantial start had already been made, would be out of reach of enemy bombing, while at the time Britain was exposed to constant air attack and was still threatened with the possibility of invasion.

For these reasons Prime Minister Churchill and President Roosevelt agreed that it was wise to carry on the project here. We now have two start the atomic fire that would disintegrate the rest of the earth. ATOM HAS 92 ELECTRONS The uranium atom is made up of 92 electrons circling around a center. The electrons are held in their orbits by the attraction of the positive electrical force of the center called protons. Each atom is so tiny that many millions would be required to equal the size of the sharpest pin point.

When the uranium atom explodes, it divides into two approximately equal parts, each one a complete atom of a different chemical element, about half uranium's weight. In an atomic bomb, some astronomical number of these atoms explodes (Official U. S. Army Photo by Acme Telephoto) THE FIRST JAPANESE CITY BLASTED BY ATOMIC BOMB A reconnaissance photo of Hiroshima, Japanese industrial city on the island of Honshu, which was the first target for the atomic bomb. Great clouds of smoke and dust have obscured! the results.

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Air and earth cushion explosions, so that their effects fall off rapidly in distance. The British bomb, for example, was unofficially given a radius of utter destruction of 100 yards, meaning a circle 200 yards in diameter. A bomb 2000 times more powerful would probably cause equal destruction over a diameter of a mile or a little more. The air waves would carry secondary destructive effects, like bowling over unstable walls and smashing windows for many miles. URANIUM USED.

The official reports say that uranium Is the basic atomic material. This uranium drama began in the early thirties, in Italy, as some thing quite different. There Enrico Fermi, physicist, now a Columbia University professor and one of the scientists who developed the atomic bomb principles, was using powerful electronic and atomic rays to bombard solid matter. He got what he reported to be a new chemical element, which he called uranium 93. The Italian Senate in Rome broadcast this discovery.

In other world-famous laboratories physicists went to work and for nearly 10 years got nowhere. They could not verify the new element. They got, out of their exneri- ments, a lot of chemical elements of a mass, or weight, about half way between hydrogen, lightest element, and uranium, the most massive. WOMAN GUESSED RIGHT Then just as the present world-war was starting Lize Meitner, a German Jewess, a mathematician, made a clever guess. She said, if your experiments are splitting an atom of uranium about in two equal parts, tnen an the puzzles can be explained.

She made mathematical calculations to prove the point. Dr. Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, who afterward escaped the Nazis to bring his atomic bomb experiments to England and the United States, learned of Dr. Meitner's calculations. He broadcast them.

Inside two weeks the physicists of Columbia University, Carnegie Institute, of Washington; Johns Hopkins and other places, and of England and France had made the test and proved the German woman right. TERRIFIC ENERGY But what an incredible shock they got. They split uranium easily with neutron particle rays. And when one single uranium atom split, it released 200,000,000 (two hundred million) electron volts of energy. TNT releases five electron volts energy for each molecule of the explosive.

And there are usually scores of atoms in one molecule. All the scientists of all countries saw the result. There wasn't anything secret about it. Germany, England, France and the United States went to work. Japan may have done so too.

CENSORSHIP INVOKED Considerably more of this story, about how to cause a chain reaction so that a piece of uranium would blow up all at once, was published before censorship clamped a world wide blackout on atomic bombs. There are three kinds of uranium and the explosion occurred in the atoms of only one. The three are Uranium 235, 238 and 234. The only known differences are in atomic weight. Only 235 exploded atomi- cally.

In one ton of commercial uranium there are 14 pounds of 235 and two ounces of 234. The huge size of the American atomic bomb plants and the official descriptions of the great quantities of materials shipped into them indicate that 235 probably has been the main source of the new bomb. OTHER SOURCES HINTED It may not be the only one, for Secretary Henry L. Stimson said another chemical element is giving off atomic power in the form of heat, which is still too meagre to run a steam engine. And Winston Churchill told of raids on a Norwegian heavy water plant.

Heavy water is deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, which means hydrogen atoms of twice ordinary weight. It is easy to see how atomic power could be used to destroy most of mankind. In principle it is not yet easy to see how the earth could be destroyed. The principle under which the earth ought to stay put is that what explodes one kind of atom does not necessarily explode any other kind, and there are 92 kinds. Uranium is a comparatviely rare chemical element.

The 235 variety is still more rare. If all the uranium was to blow up, it still would not be likely to simultaneously. COULD COVER MILE The atomic bomb's annihilation area territory in which utter and complete destruction of almost inconceivable kind occurs easily could be a mile in diameter. Annihilation area as here denned means the most complete kind of elimination of existing buildings or humans in such an area. The estimated mile would not be the limit of the bomb's destruction, which spreads many miles farther in terms of ruined buildings as we know them, and scattered death and injuries.

Naturally, the atomic bomb's effect would depend largely on how and where it exploded in the air near the earth, or in the earth after it hit. Deadly Is Harnessed Inquirer Washington Bureau WASHINGTON, Aug. 6 URANIUM, the strange white metal which is the "sparkplug" of atomic energy, has provided one of the most romantic chapters in modern science. Until now its principal scientific role has been extremely innocent. It is used as a coloring agent in-making pottery and glassware and in photography.

But since the present war began, scientists have discovered that one of the rare types of uranium, which they called U-235, will explode and disintegrate its atoms if it is showered with neutron rays. The energy released by this reaction is atomic energy. How to harness this energy has for five years been the No. 1 scientific assignment in the United States, Britain and Germany, as well as the most secret assignment. DURING that time, tfce Anglo-Saxon oountries have sought to corner sources of U-235, which differs from ordinary uranium in its atomic weight.

The weight is 238 in ordinary uranium, and 235 in U-235 as its name Implies. Ordinary uranium has been known to science for 250 years, and was named after the planet Uranus. It is derived from pitchblende ore, and is found in association with radium and helium. The world's most famous pitchblende deposits are at St. Joachim-stal.

in Austria. Other deposits are in the United States. England, Russia, Norway, Sweden and the Belgian Congo. Canada to Supply Uranium for Bombs OTTAWA. Aug.

6 (A. Minister C. D. Howe said today that Canada had taken over the Eldorado Mining and Smelting Co. "in order to guarantee a government supply of uranium raw material on which this new source of power depends," and was constructing a pilot plant as part of the atomic bomb-development project.

Mr. Howe said the announcement by President Truman of the first use of the atomic bomb probably "will go down in history as one of the most important scientific and military announcements ever made by the head of a great nation." MEN'S FURNISHINGS I Quality Merchandise for the IH "Man Who Caret" Shirtmakers for 50 Years MANN DILKSl 1630 CHESTNUT ST. ZONE 3 Storm Hour 9.30 to 5 Inc. Wmd.i Closed Saturday SgS Sixteen hours ago an American mirplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, an important Japanese army base. That bomb had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT.

It had more than two thousand times the blast power of the British "Grand 61am." which is the largest bomb ver yet used in the history of warfare. The Japanese began the war from the air at Pearl Harbor. They have been repaid many fold. And the end Is not yet. With this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary Increase in destruction to supplement the growing power of our armed forces.

In their present form these bombs are now in production and even more powerful forms are in development. It is an atomic bomb. It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. The force from which the sun drawsjts powers has been loosed agalnsAhose who brought war to the Far East. Before 1939, it was the accepted belief of scientists that it was theoretically possible to release atomic energy.

But no one knew any practical method of doing it. By 1942, however, we knew that the Germans were working feverishly to find a way to add atomic energy to the other engines of war with which they hoped to enslave the world. NAZIS FAILED IN QUEST But they failed. We may fce grateful to Providence that the Germans got the V-l's and the V-2's late and in limited quantities and even more grateful that they did not get the atomic bomb at all. The battle of the laboratories held fateful risks for us as well as the battles of the air, land and sea, and we have now won the battle of the laboratories as we have won the other battles.

Beginning in 1940, before Pearl Harbor, scientific knowledge useful in war was pooled between the United States and Great Britain, and many priceless helps to our victories have come from that arrangement. Under that general policy the research on the atomic bomb was begun. With American and British scientists working together, we entered the race of discovery against the Germans. The United States had available the large number of scientists of distinction in the many needed areas of knowledge. It had the tremendous industrial and financial resources necessary for the project and they could be devoted WANTED TRUMPETS SAXOPHONES CLARINETS PIANOS 5 ACCOBnintus WE PAY CASH VURLITZER Chestnut f7 HAL 2B20 tAT KIND'S tat ftjn .1 SK1NDS0NSC tffntei ittt Sft CHESTNUT ST IROAB Opem Wednesdays 11 to 9 P.

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Now pastel shades. Orfer Sport Skirts, $2.50 to $12 11 SO. FIFTEENTH ST. 9 1ST 1 New Weapon Pacific War, Continued From First Page energy in the manufacture of weapons, Mr. Stimson said, was brought to President Roosevelt's attention late in 1939.

The President named a committee to investigate and by June, 1942, Mr. Stimson said sufficient progress had been made to warrant a big expansion of the project. Three plants to produce the bombs were started In December, 1942. Two of these are located at the Clinton Engineer Works in Tennessee and a third at the Hanford Engineer Works in Washington State. The Clinton Engineer Works is located on a Government reservation 18 miles west of Knoxville, Tenn.

The Hanford Engineer Works is located on a reservation 15 miles northwest of Pasco, Wash. HAILS OPPENHEIMER In addition, a special laboratory to deal with technical problems has been established near Santa Fe, N. M. The laboratory is directed by Dr. J.

Robert Oppenheimer, whose "genius and inspiration," Mr. Stimson said, has been largely responsible for development of the bombi Mr. Stimson said the atomic bomb had been developed with the full knowledge of and co-operation of Britain and Canada and substantial patent controls on the weapon had been obtained in those countries. President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill many months ago decided that all work on the bomb should be concentrated in the United States in order to bring about quicker development of the weapon and to eliminiate duplication. BRITISH COME TO U.

S. As a result of that decision, a group of British scientists who had been working on the problem were transferred to the United States late in 1943 and since that time had participated in the development of the project in this country. In addition, Mr. Stimson disclosed one of Denmark's great scientists Dr. Neils Bohr was whisked from the grasp of the Nazis in Denmark and later helped in development of the bomb.

Initially, Mr. Stimson said, the project was placed under the direction of the Office of Scientific Research and development with Dr. Vannevar Bush, director of OSRD, in charge. At the same time the President named a general policy group composed of former Vice President Henry Wallace, Mr. Stimson, General George C.

Marshall, Chief of Staff, Dr. James B. Conant, president of Harvard University, and Dr. Bush. DECIDE ON EXPANSION This group in 1942 recommended a great expansion in the project and at its suggestion supervision of the work was assumed by the War Department.

Major General Leslie R. Groves, an Army construction engineer, was placed in complete control. Mr. Stimson said that General Groves' performance in developing the weapon in such a short period of time "has been truly outstanding and merits the very highest commendation." In 1943, a combined policy com- Delayed Action Likely for Blast WASHINGTON, Aug. 6 (U.

Military observers speculated tonight that the atomic bomb may have a delayed action detonator for protection of the bombers which drop it. They said it also might be dropped by parachute. Some safeguard obviously is necessary, they said. In its Initial test in the New Mexico desert the explosion sent a huge fiery cloud feet into the air. The force of the pressure wave probably extended much higher.

Bombs usually are dropped in a long parabola so that the planes normally are almost directly over the target at the time of the explosion. What is known of the atomic bomb would seem to indicate extreme danger to the plane if the usual procedure were followed. It appeared doubtful that bombers could escape the explosion through high altitude: The bombing range of B-29 Superfortresses, for instance, is around 60,000 feet, and the force of the atomic pressure apparently would reach that high. Observers believe that either a delayed-action fuse or use of a parachute was a likely solution. With either method, bombers flying at maximum speed would be out of horizontal range when the explosion came.

Missile Weighs Only 400 Pounds LONDON, Aug. 6 (A. A commentator for the British Ministry of Aircraft Production, making the first disclosure regarding the size of the new atomic bomb, said tonight it is "10 times smaller than a block-buster but many times as powerful." This apparently would mean the new bomb weighs about 400 pounds. Block-busters were the two-ton bombs that were the first superheavy aerial projectiles used by the Royal Air Force against Germany and were succeeded later by four-ton "factory busters," six-ton "earthquakes" and finally 11-ton "volcanoes." The commentator said that whereas previously in order to get more powerful bombs it had been necessary to build them "bigger and better," it now was possible to get an almost incomprehensible amount of power in a much smaller package. "Speaking in extremely conservative terms," he said, one of the new atomic bombs dropped on a town "would be equivalent to a severe earthquake and would utterly remove the place." "If the Japanese had only been a little way ahead of us," he added, "it is likely we would all have been destroyed.

When people show themselves to be as inhuman as the Japanese have in their treatment of war prisoners, it is reasonable to believe if they had such a weapon as the atomic bomb they would have no hesitation in using it to wipe out our Nations." great plants and many lesser works devoted to the production of atomic power. Employment during peak construction numbered 125,000 and over 65,000 individuals are even now engaged in operating 10 plants. Many have worked there for two and a half years. Few know what they have been producing. SIZE VERY SMALL They see great quantities of material going in and they see nothing coming out of these plants, for the physical size of the explosive charge is exceedingly small.

We have spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble In history and won. But the greatest marvel is not the size of the enterprise, its secrecy, nor its cost, but the achievement of scientific brains in putting together infinitely complex pieces of knowledge held by many men in different fields of science into a workable plan. UNDER ARMY SUPERVISION And hardly less marvelous has been the capacity of industry to design, and of labor to operate, the machines and methods to do things never done before so that the brain child of many minds came forth in physical shape and performed as it was supposed to do. Both science and industry worked under the direction, of the United States Army, which achieved a unique success in managing so diverse a problem in the advancement of knowledge in an amazingly short time. It Is doubtful if such another combination could be got together in the world.

What has been done Is the greatest achievement of organized science in history. It was done under high pressure and without failure. We are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive enterprise the Japanese have above ground in any city. We shall destroy their docks, their factories, and their communications. Let there be no mistake; we shall completely destroy Japan's power to make war.

It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26 was issued at Potsdam. Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. RAIN OF RUIN FROM AIR If they do not now accept our terms they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attacSc will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware. The Secretary of War, who has kept in personal touch with all phases of the project, will immediately make public a statement giving further details.

WORKERS SAFEGUARDED His statement will give facts concerning the sites at Oak Ridge near Knoxville, and at Richland near Pasco, and an installation near Santa Fe, N. M. Although the workers at the sites have been making materials to be used in producing the greatest destructive force in history they have not themselves been in danger. beyond that of many other occupations, for the utmost care has been taken of their safety. The fact that we can release atomic energy ushers in a new era in man's understanding of nature's forces.

Atomic energy may in the future supplement the power that now comes from coal, oil, and falling water, but at present it cannot be produced on a basis to compete with them commercially. Before that comes there must be a long period of intensive research. It has never been the habit of the scientists of this country or the policy of this Government to withhold from the world scientific knowledge. Normally, therefore, everything about the work with atomic energy would be made public. But under present circumstances it is not intended to divulge the terminal processes of production or all the military applications, pending further examination of possible methods of protecting us and the rest of the world from the danger of sudden destruction.

MAY PROMOTE PEACE I shall recommend that the Congress of the United States consider promptly the establishment of an appropriate commission to control the production and use of atomic power within the United States. I shall give further consideration and make further recommendations to the Congress as to how atomic power can become a powerful and forceful influence towards the maintenance of world peace. WMC Still Seeks Workers for Bomb WASHINGTON, Aug. 6 (U. The War Manpower Commission is still recruiting workers for the atomic bomb project.

It reported tonight that it had recruited more than 179,000 workers from practically every State and that, because of the extreme secrecy involved, the job of getting workers was one of the most difficult ever undertaken by the Commission. Quake Coincides With Atomic Bomb NEW YORK, Aug. 6 (A. Father Joseph J. Lynch, Fordham University seismologist, said tonight that a small disturbance was recorded close to 6:24 P.

M. (E. W. yesterday about the same time that the new atomic bomb hit Japan. Father Lynch said that he "would not care to say definitely from what direction the tremor came." mittee was established for the project.

This group, at the outset, included Mr. Stimson, Dr. Bush and Dr. Conant for the United States; Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Colonel J. J.

Llewellin. for the United Kingdom, and G. D. Howe for Canada. Colonel Llewellin later was replaced by Sir Ronald I.

Campbell who in turn was succeeded by the Earl of Halifax. Field Marshal Dill was succeeded by Sir Henry Mait-land Wilson. Scientific advisers to the group included Dr. Richard C. Tolman for the United States members; Sir James Chadwick for the British, and Dean C.

J. Mackenzie for the Canadian. Churchill Bares Race With Nazis Continued From First Page the everlasting honor" of the late President Roosevelt. URGES JAPS TO QUIT Mr. Churchill's statement, released by Clement R.

Attlee, his successor, at No. 10 Downing Street, advised the Japanese in effect to surrender or face utter destruction. "It is now for Japan to realize, in the glare of the first atomic bomb which has smitten her, what the consequences will be of indefinite continuance of this means of maintaining the rule of law in the world," he asserted. CITES GERMAN EFFORTS Mr. Churchill said that German efforts toward developing atomic power "were on a considerable scale, but were far behind," although the Nazis possessed some atomic power secrets.

He disclosed that one factor entering into the Allied victory in the momentous race of the laboratories was a daring raid in the winter of 1942-43 on German installations in Norway. He said Norwegian and British Commando volunteers raided at a heavy loss of life Nazi stores of "heavy water, an element in one of the possible processes." 'GREAT U. S. TRIUMPH For- Mr. Roosevelt's and the United States' part in the world-shaking development, Mr.

Churchill had this tribute: "The whole burden of execution, including the setting up of plants and many technical processes, constitutes one of the greatest triumphs of American or indeed, human genius of which there is record. "Moreover, the decision to make these enormous expenditures upon the project, which, however, hopefully established by American and British research remained nevertheless a heart-shaking risk, stands to the everlasting honor of President Roosevelt and his advisers." HAILS CANADIAN AID The former Prime Minister praised as "most valuable" the contribution of the Canadian Government, which "provided both indispensable raw material for the project as a whole, and also the necessary facilities for work on one section of the project which has been carried out in Canada by the three governments in partnership." The "wonderful work and marvelous secrecy" of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson and the U. S. Army administration, he said, "cannot be sufficiently admired." -in ni.nd 1.50 VJi IAS Bo far c.l OKI SHIMA (J.

MAT5UJL jm2esrilMr jjKOCHI4 Channel fegfe SHIKOKU Osumi Strait JAPAN 3 TANESA MILES IOO 2QO I MAT BY INQUIRER STAFF WHERE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB STRUCK Hiroshima, a Jap industrial city on the island of Honshu, is the first enemy city to be hit by an atomic bomb. The weapon was first used in a raid on Sunday. STORAGE SOLVES YOUR HOUSING PROBLEM: TUNE IN WIBG 10:45 A. M. 4 9:05 P.

M. 0.