The Cambridge City Tribune from Cambridge City, Indiana • Page 2

Next Year Will Be The Centennial of Photography i And in Hii Recently-Published Book, "Photography and the American Scene," Dr. Robert Taft Hai Not Only Given an Authoritative Account of the 50 Yean of Picture-Taking but Hai Made an Important Contribution to the Social History of the United States. Western Union. By ELMO SCOTT WATSON I JANUARY, 1939, will be celebrated the 100th birthday of "the greatest boon ever conferred upon the common man in recent That benefaction, according to John Richard Green, the historian who made this statement, was photography. Throughout photography's centennial year of 1939 we Americans, who are probably the most "picture-minded" people in the world, will be asking such questions as "Who was the inventor of photography how was it started--who were the pioneers in the field--who did most to bring it to its present high stage of development?" Fortunately for us the answers to those questions, and many others, are to be found in a recently published book, which is one of the most important contributions to the social history of the United States that has appeared in recent years.

It is "Photography and the American Scene A Social History, 1839-1889," written by Robert Taft and published by the Macmillan company. Six years ago Dr. Taft, who as professor of chemistry at the University of Kansas has always been interested in the history of photography from a purely technical standpoint, was reading an account of the explorations of Gen. John C. Fremont, the so- called "Pathfinder of the West." A question arose in his mind as to the first use of photography in the exploration of the West and when he sought enlightenment on this point he found a curious dearth of information about it.

He then began to accumulate data on the subject. Out of that grew his history of American photography--a monumental volume of 546 pages illustrated with more than 300 pictures, a book as distinguished for its lively and readable style as for the scholar- liness of the research back of it. Importance of Photography. In the introduction Dr. Taft declares that Green, the historian, "can not be far wrong" in his estimate of the importance of photography to the common man, He says: "Photography affects the lives of modern individuals so extensively that it is difficult to enumerate all of its uses.

In addition to preserving for us the portraits of loved ones, it illustrates our newspapers, our magazines, our books. It enables the physician to record the inner structure of man and thus aids in alleviating man's ills. By its means, man has been able to study the infinitely small, to explore the outer reaches of space, to discover planets, and to reveal the structure of atoms. Crime has been detected through its agency as readily as have flaws in metal structures. It has recorded the past, educated our youth and last, but not least, it has given us the most popular form of amusement ever devised." Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, the Frenchman, little realized how all of those benefits would come from the process, the discovery of which he announced in January, 1839, and which was to immortalize his name in the word "daguerreotype." He was a painter of the diorama, a succession of scenes painted on a canvas which was caused to pass slowly before the eyes of the observer.

Seeking a way to reproduce scenes upon the canvas without the labor of painting them, Daguerre began a series of experiments to find such a method. Then he learned that another Frenchman, Joseph Nicephore Niepce, was engaged in a similar quest. The two men decided to join forces and in 1829 formed a partnership which was to continue for 10 years. Niepce died In 1033 but Daguerre continued his experiments which eventually enabled him to, "reproduce the most minute details of a scene with an exactitude and sharpneas well-nigh incredible." That was the characterization of his process by Arago, secretary of the French Academy of Sciences and the most influential French scientist of the time, who was instrumental in securing from government an annuity of 0,000 francs (later increased to 10,000) for Daguerre and one of 4,000 for Niepce's heirs. In return for this Daguerre was to describe his process publicly and make it available to anyone who THE TRIBUNE, CAMBRIDGE CITY, NOV.

24, 1936 In so'far Dr. Taft's book is the direct" result-of-'his curiosity as to the first use of photography in the exploration of the West, i( is especially fitting that two of the finest chapters in it deal with "Photographing the Frontier." The first instance of the use of a camera on a government expedi tion was when the distinguished artist, John Mix Stanley, accompanied the party which in 1853 began surveying the northern railroad route to the Pacific under the command of Goy. I. I. Stevens of Washington Territory.

When Fremont set out upon his expedition in the same year S. N. Carvalho of Baltimore, an artist and daguer- rotypist, to accompany him. Carvalho wrote a lengthy account of his experiences and one sentence from it is significant of the handicaps under which these pioneer photographers of the frontier make a daguerreotype view generally occupied from one to two hours; the principal part of that time was spent in packing and reloading the animals." Although the Civil war halted goverrfment exploring expeditions and therefore expeditionary photography, both were resumed after the war and from that time on the photographer was an important member of the personnel of any exploring party. Outstanding among these photographers were T.

H. O'Sullivan, already well known for his work during the Civil war, and John K. Killers, who accompanied Maj. J. W.

Powell on his historic trip' down the Colorado river through the Grand Canyon of Arizona. But the best known of all Samuel F. B. IVJprse, inventor of the telegraph, and his first daguerreotype camera, which is now in the United States National museum. (Photograph by A.

Bogardus, New York, 1871.) might wish to use Daguerre did not describe his process publicly until August 19, 1839, but already word of the new marvel had been spread through the and scientific press of France and England, and the news reached America as early as March, 1839. The editor of the Knickerbocker, a New York magazine, declared that the daguerreotype's "exquisite perfection almost transcends the bounds of sober belief," Enters S. F. B. Morse.

One of the accounts in an American newspaper (the New York Observer for April 20, 1839) was written by a man who was to play an, important part in the development of photography in this country. He was Samuel Finley Breese Morse, destined for fu- MATHEW B. BKADX ture fame as the inventor of the telegraph. Morse, who had already achieved fame as a portrait painter, had gone abroad in the summer of 1838 to secure patents in England and France for his "electro-magnetic telegraph" on which he had been working for several years. After securing a French patent, he remained in Paris for several months while negotiating with the Russian government for a contract for his invention and during this time Daguerre made his historic announcement.

Morse, who as a portrait painter had experimented, unsuccessfully, with the same idea, was immediately interested in the Frenchman's discovery, and sought an interview with the suggestion that if Daguerre would show him his daguerreotypes, Morse would demonstrate his telegraph. Daguerre consented and from this interview grew the story that the Frenchman "generously imparted the secret of the new art to the American by whom it was carried across the ocean and successfully introduced into the United States." After examining all of available evidence in regard to the claims made in behalf of Morse and others for the title of "the first person to make a successful daguerreotype in the United States," Dr. Taft awards that distinction to D. W. Seager, an Englishman living in New York in 1839.

On September 27, Seager made a picture which showed a part of St. Paul's church, the sur- Daguerreotypists Had Their Difficulties "A young daguerreotype operator, in his traveling vsn, had reached small Inland town in Madison county, New York, and after advertising his profession he opened the van for business. Amonf tha first of his customers wtrt two 'respectable young fce posed tha first young lady and immediately retired into I his cubbyhole to prepare tha sil- ver plata. The second young lady took advantage of the operator's absence to satisfy the age-old woman's curiosity by peeking into the camera. Imagine her surprise to find her friend upside down on the focusing glass.

'Oh, she exclaimed, 'you're standing on your Katy leaped from her chair in great confusion, and both ran with un- rounding shrubbery and houses, Rnd a corner of the Astor house. The First Portrait. The author of "Photography and the American Scene" also examines the evidence in an attempt to answer the question "Who made the first photographic portrait?" That honor has also been claimed for Morse and for Professor John W. Draper who made the famous portrait of his sister, Miss Dorothy Catherine Draper, which has often been reproduced as "the first photographic portrait." But, according to Dr. Taft, it was not.

honor goes to Alexander S. Wolcott of New York, an instrument maker and manufacturer of dental supplies who became interested in daguer- reotypy when his partner, John Johnson, secured a copy of Daguerre's directions for making pictures by his new process. On October 7, 1839, Wolcott made a successful profile portrait of Johnson and this Taft calls the "first." But more important than establishing these "historic firsts" is the complete story of the development of the various photographic processes which Dr. Taft's book primarily from a technical viewpoint, but from that of social history" as he explains. "I have endeavored to trace, however imperfect-, ly, the effects of photography upon the social history of America and in turn the effect of social life upon the progress of photography." So in this book we read how Yankee ingenuity soon made the American daguerreotypes superior to those made in any other country and how this first phase of photography reached its zenith in the work of Mathew B.

Brady to whose studio came all of the great and near-great, as well as distinguished foreign visitors, to have their portraits made. Brady's greatest fame, of course, rests upon the work he did in making a pictorial history of the Civil war, while giving full credit to him as a photographic historian, also rescues from oblivion the names of many of the operators in his employ who made the photographs credited to Brady, as well as other Civil war photographers. Notable among these were Alexander Gardner and T. H. O'Sullivan, who in the early morning of July 4, 1863, made the picture of the Battlefield at Gettysburg which was to become famous under the title of "The Harvest of Death." After the era of the daguerreotype came the era of the ambro- type, the tintype, 'the carte te viste, which Oliver Wendell Holmes once called "the social currency, the sentimental 'greenbacks' of civilization" and the stereoscope, which in its day was found in the parlor of virtually every American home.

Then came the day of the cabinet photograph and finally the new era began with the introduction of the sensitive dry plate and the flexible film. All of thia, appropriately illustrated, is told in Dr. Taft's book, which in its 600-odd pages recreates more vividly than has ever before been done the story of American life during the five most picturesque and most interesting decades of its entire history. maidenly vigor from this den of iniquity that had so grossly insulted their girlish modesty. They were not content with running, however, for they spread tha news of their experience to tha villagers, with tha, result that an indignant mob formed, besieged tha van snd finally sent it rolling over the hill, where it and its con- Unts Wtrt destroyed tha operator felt lucky to gat away with hie "Photography and tha American Scent." man who is still living in New York--95 years young and still keenly interested in photography! William H.

Jackson is his name. A native of New York, he went west after the Civil war. He opened a studio in the growing frontier town of Omaha in 1868, but becoming dissatisfied with the sedentary life of a village photographer, fitted up a traveling dark room on a buckboard and toured the country around Omaha photographing Indians. In 1869 he took a trip along the newly completed Union Pacific railroad and this brought him into contact with Professor F. V.

Hayden who was engaged in making one of the United States geological surveys of the West. From that time until 1879 Ik i -v i 5 W. H. Jackson and his work- in? outfit along the line of the Union Pacific railroad in 1869. Jackson was the official photographer of the Hayden surveys and in that role did some of his most important photography.

He took thousands of pictures of Indians which are interesting historically because they are among the relatively few that were made of the red man before he was forced to live on a reservation and his picturesque native life was greatly modified by contact with the whites. But even more important work was done by Jackson in another field. The Hayden survey of 1871 was in the region now known as Yellowstone National park. "In fact, the park probably owes its present status to the Hayden survey of this year," declares the author of "Photography and the American Scene" and to Jackson W. H.

Jackson as he is belongs the distinction of taking. the first photographs in the region of scenic wonders that has become such a "picture-taker's paradise." The next year he took the first photographs in what is now the Grand Teton National park and in 1874 he and Ernest Ingersoll of the New York Tribune discovered and photographed the ruins of the cliff dwellings in what is now Mesa Verde National park. One of Jackson's photographs had a role in making American literature, In 1873 he took a picture of the Mount of the Holy Croat in the Colorado Rockies, and it was published in Hayden's report of a turvey in that region. A copy this happened to fall into the hands of Longfellow, the poet, who was greatly impressed by the picture of the mountain and wrote of his best-known poems about the Mount of the Holy Cross. Feed Adolescent Correctly or Tragic Consequence! May C.

Houston Goudiss; Teeth Must Receive Special Consideration By C. HOUSTON GOUDISS FFHAND, it may seem as if there could be very little connection between a deficient diet during adolescence and painful childbirth in later years. Yet it has been demonstrated clinically that there is a definite link. It has likewise been determined that the kind of food which is fed adolescents has a significant and far- reaching influence upon their teeth in later life, and in the case of girls, upon the teeth of their children when they in Preparation for Parenthood Adolescence is a difficult period at best. And if a girl takes an unbalanced diet at this time, the re- stable nervous system, poor physical development, lowered vitality and inability to fight off infections.

This lack of strong resistance may open the way to dental disease and to a variety of other serious Infections as well. It has also been established that if a girl is poorly nourished during these years of rapid development, there may not be the slightest indication of that fact until she er. Then she will pay for her mother's lack of nutrition knowledge. Results of Calcium Deficiency If her diet has been deficient in calcium, for example, her pelvic bones may be imperfectly developed, so that she suffers unnecessarily during the birth of her child. And if liberal amounts of calcium have not been stored in her body, she may be called upon to make needless sacrifices from her own body in the interests of her child.

It Is well known that if an expectant mother's diet is not abundantly supplied with calcium, the substance will be withdrawn from her own bones and teeth in an effort to meet the needs of the developing child. An Aid to Dental Health expectant mothers are not always aware of this important fact, it is true that the first or "baby" teeth are developed within the jaw during prenatal life, and the foundations for the second set are also laid at this time, Unless the expectant mother's diet is very. generously supplied with calcium, so as to allow adequate, amounts for the baby's teeth and bones, nature will endeavor to meet the child's requirements by sacrificing calcium from the mother's own body. If she has no adequate reserve, then she may be forced to lose "a tooth for every child," or suffer even more serious dental ills. Calcium-Rich Foods Required Leading nutrition authorities hold that the average American diet is more deficient in calcium, perhaps, than in any other single nutrient.

This is especially likely to be the case in the diet of the adolescent. For a.t that time, boys develop prodigious appetites and a tremendous capacity for carbohydrates or energy-producing foods, while girls become extremely finicky. Either they do not take enough food at meals, or they tend to eat too many rich mixtures between meals. As a result, the diet of both boys and girls is likely to contain an abundance of meat, fish, highly milled cereals and other reflned foods, with inadequate amounts of the foods rich in calcium. The Adolescent'i Diet To balance the diet properly, these necessary protein and en ed by milk and cheese which are rich in calcium; by green leafy vegetables which are also a good source; by eggs and fruits, valued and by bulky foods which supply sufficient cellulose to help pro-, mote regular health habits.

should make a conscientious and determined effort to feed them a diet rich in calcium and vitamins and D--the substances required, especially, for maintaining sound, healthy teeth. If milk and succulent fruits and vegetables figure prominently in the daily menus of the adolescent girl, they will go a long way toward helping to correct the "choosy" attitude toward food from which many older children suffer. And if careful attention to diet is coupled with careful attention to sound hygienic habits, the health of our 'teen-age boys and girls will be greatly improved, and they will be more adequately prepared to assume the duties of parenthood. Correct Dental Hygiene It la vitally Important that the proper care be the teeth and mouth. But it quite unlikely that a correct routine will be followed unless mothers offer tactful advice and suggestions very frequently.

For while the tiny child has his teeth brushed for him, and the young school child has his tooth-brushing ritual supervised, too often the adolescent is left to his own devices in this respect. That is a great mistake, as adolescents are sometimes careless in the care of their Mothers must see to it that there are two toothbrushes, one for night and one for morning, so that it is never necessary to use a soggy brush. They must watch when the supply of tooth paste or powder runs low, and see that it if replaced. For it is surprising how few children can be persuaded to brush their teeth properly without an agreeable dentifrice! Mothers should take care to choose a dentifrice that will preserve or restore luster in the teeth. For adolescents are extremely sensitive about their 'appearance and they must not be allowed to permit dingy teeth to spoil their smiles.

If mothers will feed their adolescents a correct diet and supervise their daily dental care, the coming generation will not only be more attractive to look at but should enjoy more abundant health. Answers to Questions Mrs. G. B. there is a substance called cholesterol, and it is a vital constituent of nerve tissue, and is also found the blood.

Foods rich, in cholesterol include egg yolk, liver, kidneys and sweetbreads. Houiton Pretty Workaday Fashions URING the indoor season to come, make plenty of bright new workaday clothes for your self and your daughter. Here's a design for charming aprons, to wear over your own dark house frocks for protection and prettiness. And a simple, flare-skirted dress for school girls, so becoming and practical that just one of it will never be enough. Both of these patterns, in fact, you're sure AROUND the HOUSE Items of Interest to the Housewife Handy Clothespin.

Use a clothespin to untangle a fringe mop. It takes little time and the mop will then be as fluffy as when new. Cleaning Strainers. Never wash a tea strainer or a fine sieve in soapy water. Rinse in clear water always, then there can be no unpleasant flavor when next used.

Economy all celery tops, wash and dry them and place in the oven, turning them now and then. Store the leaves in an airtight tin. Use them for flavoring soups, salads, etc. Brushes. Once a week pour a little peroxide of hydrogen over the toothbrushes to sterilize them.

Rinse with cold water and hang up in their places. We pay much attention to the eeth and so little to the brush hese days. Keeping Apples apples before paring. They are less likely-to break. A broad par- ng causes much waste because of the rounding surface of the apples.

Cleaning Behind Stove. To clean the painted wall behind the refrigerator or stove tightly attach a soft cloth to a yardstick, broom handle or fishing pole, dip it in warm water and ioap and poke around at will To clean inoleum under refrigerators or stoves, dip the cloth in floor wax, This polishes as it cleana, Washing Bath Bath towels that have become dingy should be put into boiler of cold water, sosp added snd a little lemon Juice. Hett water to boiling point ia lukewarm blueing water and harg in the tun. Colorful using apples in salad leave the skins on to add a touch of color to the salad. Toast Animals.

Cut animal shapes out of bread with animal cookie cutters. Spread with butter and toast a light golden brown under the broiler. Serve these to the children to eat with their soup. A Scrap large loose- leaf note book is inexpensive and handy to use if you are saving the newspaper clippings of the doings of anyone in the family. More pages can be added when needed and any added data may be written on the note book paper alongside of the articles.

JAPANESE CAKE cup thorteninf 1 tip. 1 cup cups flour tbt. 1 Up. cinnamon 1 cup warm water tt Up. cloves leccyolki Mil Cream shortening, sugar, end molasses.

Add warm water and beaten egg yolka. Sift flour, salt, soda, and spicea together and add to first mixture. Bake in two layeri. Freetlng. Boil together 1 cup sugar and tt cup water.

When lyrup will spin a thread, pour over 2 atlffly beaten white! of Add one cup raisins which have been put through food grinder end beat until thick enough to Most Ofttn Wrong There are people who ire more often in the wrong then thoee who cannot endure to be so. --Rochefoucauld. to use over and over in different materials. They're easy as french dressing to make. A detailed sew chart accompanies each of them.

Charming School Frock. This is an awfully good style for growing girls who incline to be a bit lanky. The puff sleeves, flared skirt and small waistline, drawn in by a belt at sides and back, give them just the right lines. The high neckline, finished by a little round collar, covers up their collar bones and looks so well under young faces. This is a diagram design, therefore can be finished in a few hours.

Make it of velveteen, flannel, jersey, wool plaid, gingham, linen--it looks well in practically every fabric that school girls wear. Three-VVay Apron Design. Two comfortable pinafore styles, so cut that they won't slip off at the shoulders, and a sweet little tie-around, are yours in this smart design that will help to solve many of your Christmas gift problems. Anyway you take it, or make it, this flaring, tiny-waisted apron design is a delight to make and to wear. Dimity, percale, dotted swiss, organdie and batiste, in white, dainty prints or pastels, are pretty fabrips for aprons.

The Patterns. No. 1625 is designed for sizes 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 years. Size 8 requires 2 yards of 39-inch material; yards of braid; yard of ribbon for belt. No.

1622 is designed for sizes 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42 and 44. Size 34 requires yards for each of these aprons. And for apron No. 1, 6 yards of braid. For apron No.

2, yard of contrast. For apron No. 3, 1 yard of pleating. Fall and Winter Fashion Book. The new 32-page Fall and Winter Pattern Book which shows photographs of the dresses being worn is now out.

(One pattern and the Fall and Winter Pattern Book--25 cents.) You can order the book separately for 15 cents. Send your order to The Sewing Circle Pattern Room 1020, 211 W. Wacker Chicago, 111. Price of patterns, 15 cents (in coins) each. Bell YES! a natural choice, because they contribute to your alkaliae leeerre when you hare a M.SOUTHATX rftir "hi DEN'S MINTNOl COUON PtOM CLASSIFIED I ADVERTISING A A Have you anything around the house you would like to trade or sell? Try a classified ad.

The cost it only a few cents and there are probably a lot of folks looking for just whatever it is you no longer have use.