St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 67

(JS 0 (S) GH 0 Is "ssslSl PART FIVE ST. -LOUIS, SUNDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 7, 1952 PAGES 1 4E One Wisconsin Republican Fa i i Fre I McCarthy Who Fights ism er Averell Harriman Presents a Democratic Foreign Policy Showdovn at Polls Forces Present Administration's Program Now Goes Beyond Mere 'Containment' of Russia, Says Mutual Security Agency Head in Interview Makes Suggestions for Doing 'More and Better' Criticises Republican Record. Leonard F. Schmitt Is Candidate Against Senator joe McCarthy in Wisconsin Primaries Tuesday He Has Waged a Vigorous Campaign and Is Given a Fighting Chance Asks for 'Common Decency and By DONALD GRANT Of the Post-Dispatch Staff. WASHINGTON, Sept.

6 By PETER i MERICAN foreign policy "is not ment of the Russians," Averell Harriman, head of the Mutal Security Agency! Of the Post-Dispatch Staff. and foreign policy trouble-shooter under both Presidents Roosevelt and told the Post-Dispatch this week in an interview at his Washington home 'CARTHYISAI, the cult or smear and next Tuesday. Voters in Wisconsin's that day to retire the founder of the saving the 6.O.P. presidential candidate, Gen. Dwight D.

Eisenhower, further embarrassment over the No. 1 black sheep in the Republican family. I sjss iiiaay rfamaiiMiiaiaaai ii Hi i I mil mi iirfi vlv.J:.iVa(W AVERELL HARRIMAN And th inherent waaknau of fyranny." WYDEN MERRILL, Sept. 6. run, win nave its iirst test at tne pons primary elections will have a chance faith, Senator Joseph R.

McCarthy, thus had to close during the war and working to get for Robert La Follette the Republican senatorial nomination that went to McCarthy. Schmitt was vice chairman of La Follette's campaign committee. He had run into Mc Carthy in court rooms before the war and didn't think too highly of him. There were things going on right In Mer rill that Schmitt didn't like. A disabled war veteran had been denied a license to sell beer by the case.

Schmitt thought the license had been turned down unjustly. He got one man to run against each councilman who had voted against the license asked one of the local doctors to run for mayor. Schmitt carried on his fight on the radio and in newspaper ads, paying ex penses himself. His entire slate was elected to office. Merrill schools were crowded and after the old section of the high school burned down, classes were being held in attics and even on steps outside.

An extra tax assessment was needed but its chances of adoption seemed poor. Again Schmitt bought radio time and when he got to checking assessments of individual large businesses he sent up a howl about obvious inequities favoring big enterprises. Result: the school tax was adopted, some large assessments have been doubled and tripled and the general tax rate could therefore be lowered. In 1950 ran for Governor, fighting against repeal of the Wisconsin open primary law; he got 150,000 votes, but lost the election but the law stayed on the books. Schmitt supported the Democratic candidate, and now is charged with being "no real Republican." To this Schmitt replies that he has beVa a Republican all his voting life whereas McCarthy ran for district attorney as a Democrat in 1938.

Schmitt stands firmly on the Republican side. He is simply an independent man. If McCarthy is nominated, Schmitt will not support him. "Personal integrity, character and lack of moral standards in politics make him unfit to Schmitt says of his op ponent "When I oppose a fellow on those grounds I don't consider that the party label justifies abandoning principles." Like McCarthy, Schmitt is a Roman Catholic and regularly attends St. Francis Catholic church in Merrill.

He has' a top reputation as a low-powered trial lawyer, owns a $35,000 summer home, nlavs solf worst in doesn't smoke and belongs to the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Elks, Eagles and Knights of Columbus. SCHMITT'S CAMPAIGN has been a steady uphill plug. The circumstance that McCarthy spent almost the entire period re cuperating from surgery has not helped Schmitt because the senator's unavailability protected him from embarrassing questions and nobody looks his best when attacking "a sick Evidently, though, Schmitt's tactics paid off: Last Wednesday McCarthy came out of -hiding to make a radio speech. He had previously said that he would not campaign. Schmitt's forces have scratched none too successfully for contributions to run the ex pensive talkathons where the candidate, often at the rate of one a minute, took on questions from all comers on everything from flying saucers haven't caught up to one to talkathons themselves so easy, you just tell the The treasurer of the Schmitt committee, a window manu facturer, has been threatened with loss of business because he supports the maverick candidate.

Schmitt himself has been the target of anonymous letters denouncing him as' a "Benedict Arnold" and worse for daring to oppose Senator Joe. In assessing Schmitt's probable strength at the polls, the great Imponderables 'are (1) McCarthy popularity among Republicans, untested since he won nomination by a slight edge In 1946, and (2) the number of Democrats who will follow the well-developed Wisconsin habit of crossing party lines to vote against Schmitt's handicaps are formidable: He lacks organization backing; he suffered from the entry of former State Attorney General Thomas E. Fairchild in the Demo cratic primary against Lawyer Henry S. Reuss which will keep many Democrats vot ing in their own column; and he will be hurt by the fact that in addition to McCarthy and himself, four other candidates for the Re-' publican nomination to the Senate will appear on the ballot none having a chance but all serving to split up the anti-McCarthy vote. Schmitt's main advantages: The talkathons established his obvious sincerity, his knowledge of issues and made his name known to many who would otherwise have been unable to identify it on the ballot; the fight between Fair-child and Reuss was lukewarm and may interest Democrats less than Schmitt's straggle against McCarthy; A and 19S2, Judging by events in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Nevada, appears to be the year fresh fjc.

Meanwhile. Wisconsin hat had a liberal and, should not be one of mere contain- Harriman Knoics Soviet Dictator NO American probably no man outside the Soviet orbit has seen and talked to the Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin, as often as Averell Harriman. This fact adds weight to Harriman's views of the free world's straggle with Russian aggression, set out In the interview on this page. In addition to hi meetings with the Soviet dictator during international conferences and on special missions to Russia, Harriman held monthly meetings with Stalin, while serving as Ambassador In Moscow. Harriman's experience In foreign affairs Includes acting as special aide to President Roosevelt in Lend-Lease and participating in International conferences framing the Atlantic Charter, at Quebec, Casablanca, Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam and at San Francisco when the Nations was organized.

He has served as Ambassador to Great Britain as well as to Russia, as Secretary of Commerce, and in various capacities in connection with our post-war European recovery programs, and was one of the "Three Wise Men" directing the Atlantic defense program. He is now head of the Mutual Security Agency. Harriman is 60 years old. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency. He is actively supporting the successful Democratic nominee, Adlai Stevenson, and is closely associated with Stevenson as a foreign policy adviser.

ism when the Tennessee Valley Authority creates vast new opportunities for private business? Is soil conservation socialism? "Fifty years ago my father started a health plan and a non-contributing pension plan on his railroad." (The Union Pacific.) Very few people," Harriman added, smiling, "accused my father of being a Socialist." Harriman's father, E. H. Harriman, began his career as a Wall Street office boy and managed to accumulate some $100,000,000 in his financial and railroad operations. Aterell Harriman is amused by the fact that he often is attacked both for being too friendly with the CIO and for being a "Wall Street international banker." "Which," he said, "is just another illustration of the futility of trying to apply, the ideological term 'left' and 'right' to real facts. "Franklin D.

Roosevelt didn't worry about abstract theories: he found ways of organizing our economic life that worked for the best interests of the people. They called him a 'planner' and he was. "Any business man has got to plan; sometimes the Government can plan better than individual business men. This doesn't mean shoving a plan down anyone's throat. It means taking advantage of the intelligence we have, for the good of all.

"Steel production in this country Is a good example. In 1946 the steel industry estimated that the market could absorb not more than some 60,000,000 tons of steel production a "I was then Secretary of Commerce, and the Commerce Department the Government estimated that we needed some 100 tons of steel a year to maintain a high level of em-j ployment There was a big argument about that. "Now steel production Is about 115,000,000 tons, expanding to over 120,000,000 and it's being sold and used. Well, the Government was 'in a better position to know the coun try's needs than the individual steel producer was. This country and the world needs to be able to take advantage of this kind of 'planning' without Interfering with anybody's freedom." ECONOMIC STRENGTH is the free world's greatest bulwark against Russian expansion, Harriman believes.

An expanding American economy must be maintained, he thinks, and used to help strengthen the rest of the free world's economy, particularly including Eu rope. "The Kremlin has had its eye on Europe for a long time," Harriman said. "Stalin, however, thinks on a world-wide basis, and increased pressure In the east when he was checked in Europe although Communism is still a very active force in Italy and France, and might well have seized power. If It were not for the Marshall Flan. 'Europe, of course, is especially Important because it holds the balance of Industrial power.

Russia, with Europe, could nearly equal the production of this nation with the further frightening fact that Russia can use an enormously large pioportion of its production for war, by keeping consumption for peace at a minimum, compared to ours. "Japan, however, is terribly Important, too. Stalin once told me that Rassia could not famish China the capital equipment China needs. I imagine that is one very interesting subject of discussion between Stalin and the Chinese Communist leaders in Moscow, Just now, "Japan does have the capital equipment that China "As long as Japan and, Europe arc a part of the free world, not the Communist world, and as long as we can maintain free access to a Continuing his answer to Republican charges that our "containment" policy is not enough, that we should take the initiative to push back Communist Influence, Harriman declared: "The Truman Administration has never accepted Soviet Russia's satellite conquests." Long before the present political campaign, Harriman said, he had consistently spoken of "rolling- back Communism." "But the Communist tide," Harriman added, "will not be rolled back by words lone. The area of freedom will be enlarged only as free nations eliminate subversive Influence within and grow strong In arms, and equally important, in their economic life.

"This Island has been, the policy of the Democratic Administration a policy, I might add, that has been opposed In Congress by both Republican oratory and Republican votes. Harriman has been mentioned as a possible Secretary' of State, should Gov. Stevenson be elected President as John Foster Dulles has been mentioned for that, post under Gen. Eisenhower. An interview by this writer with.

Dulles was published on this page Aug. 17. A comparison of Dulles's views with the views of Harriman, obtained this week, leads to the Inescapable conclusion that despite current campaign oratory with some Republicans calling for the "liberation" of Russia's satellites, and Democrats decrying the raising of "dangerous false hopes" large area of agreement, for continuing bipartisan foreign policy after the election, remains. As the candidates for President continue the debate, of course. It Is possible that the area of agreement will be reduced.

Risen hower defined his foreign policy position at Philadelphia last Thursday. Stevenson is to deliver a major foreign policy address at San Francisco next Tuesday. Meanwhile, agreement between Dulles and Harriman stems from two facts: Both mep have had wide experience in foreign affairs. Both accept the essential, outlines of the overriding problem: The Kremlin seeks to dominate the world by increasing its own power and expanding its spheres of Influence. The Kremlin also seeks to help along what It believes is the coming disintegration of the West, through (1) unrest in the underde veloped areas, (2) disunity among the major allies and (3) economic breakdown.

Both men differ from the isolationists, on the one hand, who would Ignore the danger, and from those at the other extreme who deny there is a danger. Dulles naturally thinks Eisenhower is best quipped to meet the danger, because of his experience, and because he is a Republican. Harriman naturally doubts that the Repub lican party is a suitable vehicle for carrying out policies on which both he and Dulles are In broad agreement He declared "The Re publican Party is on record in Congress in opposition to an adequate foreign policy favoring cuts and crippling amendments, re ducing rather than expanding the Adminis tration program for countering aggression." Aside from the fact that Dulles Is Republican and Harriman a Democrat, the men differ in their whole approach to any question. Dulles talks In patterned, philoso phical terms: such words as "spiritual" and "Ideals" come easily to him. Harriman uses such words only seldom.

He prefers dealing with specifics. When Dulles Is speaking of Western Civilization, Harriman is likely to be reciting steel production figures. THE REAL FRONTIER of foreign policy, as Harriman sees it, is not to be found in high phrases, but right here at home in the lowly economic facts of the United States. "What this country has been doing? and aaust continue to do," he said, "is to demonstrate that the Marxian nonsense about the collapse of the West Is indeed nonsense. This means we have got to maintain a free, expanding economy, and also maintain the unity of- the free nations of the' world.

"In this task, the united states has an enormous responsibility. Consider, for in stance, that this country has about half the productive capacity of the entire free world, And consider what that means. "In the last half of 1949 this country suffered a drop in the gross national product of about 3V6 per cent, as compared with 1948. This was a very minor recession indeed, so minor it was scarcely noticed here. "But it was enough to be reflected in a reduction of our imports by as much as.

40 per cent, from some countries which depend heavily on their trade with the United States causing a sear disaster in such countries." Aa expanding American economy, free from violent fluctuations of "boom and bust? Is the first condition of achieving or foreign policy objectives, Harriman believes. "During the last 20 years," he said, "we have made enormous progress, but that prog ress must continue. I believe we do have a new, dynamic society that Marx did not an ticipate. And I believe we can keep it dynamic. "We've nude obsolete many of the old, i Ideological catch-words.

Take Is It socialism when private owners of street railway systems seek to sell those systems to city governments? Is it social- Wisconsin knows. what's at stake because a scrappy, ham-fisted small town nepuniican attorney, 50-year-old Leonard F. (for Frank) Schmitt, has hung the McCarthy record on the laundry line and pointed cut its ugly stains in terms anybody could grasp. Schmitt has had to buck the powerful G.OJP. state organization, lack of funds, public indifference and a political climate so charged with fear that no one else of consequence would even enter the primary against McCarthy.

Yet today, much to everybody's amazement, Schmitt appears to have at least a fighting chance of beat- back the Senator's first try at re election. Florid-faced and jut-jawed, Candidate Schmitt measures 5 feet 9 inches, weighs In at a massive 185 pounds and manages to look perpetually rumpled. But there is nothing sloppy or heavy-footed about his language. His indignation is slow-burning and fully documented, his vocabulary "emphatic and un adorned. Here are samples of what he has been telling Wisconsinites from street cor ners, in literature and on attention-catching radio talkathons about their junior Senator; On the significance of the primary "This is not a fight of group against group, nor liberal against conservative or Democrat against Republican.

It is a straight-out fight for common decency and integrity in public life. It Is a fight to retire from high public office the most dangerous and irresponsible demagogue to despoil the political scene In many years." On McCarthy as a chaser of Communists "Before McCarthy began to try to hoax the people of Wisconsin and the country, Alger Hiss had been convicted, the 11 top Communists had been convicted, the Rosenbergs had been convicted. Judith Cpplon had been tried. All of these cases had occurred without any help at all from McCarthy On McCarthy's box score "The cold fact Is that McCarthy has not to this date Identified one Communist in any department of the Government and he has not furnished one piece of valid evidence of any Communist In Government." On McCarthy techniques "One of. McCarthy's main props In the act he has been putting- on is the big, bulging brief case he carries.

with him. You've seen him dig Into it, pull out a piece of paper and wave it around as 'proof of what he says. But the brief ease is 98 per cent filled with snake oil. When McCarthy pulls out a copy of the Congressional Record and cites something from it, the chances are he inserted the material himself. Very often he reads only part of the record.

Sometimes he waves a document which has no connection whatsoever to the matter he is discussing." On McCarthy's war record "McCarthy has claimed that he enlisted as a private In the Marine Corps. That's bald-faced lie No. 1 on his war record. He wangled a commission as a first lieutenant. Then he told other veterans that he had 10 pounds of shrapnel in his leg.

That's bald- faced lie No. 2 he never was hurt in com bat. And his biggest lie bald-faced lie No. on his war record was when he got a leave of absence in December 1944, and then resigned when the leave ended. While the rest of us did the war jobs assigned to ns, McCarthy was sitting home In his parlor with his slippers on." THE CANDIDATE who has been heaving these bricks has a substantial record of stand ing up for what he thinks Is right.

One of eight children of immigrants from Luxem bourg, Schmitt was born on a Wisconsin farm, The elder Schmitt acquired a bar and boarding house In Merrill, a neat upstate manu facturing town of 8000 population, and thi candidate has lived there since the age of 11. He is a director and large stockholder in the bank, director in a sash and door factory and has a law office over the hardware store. While in high school, family finances forced Len to quit school fr two years to learn 'the bartering trade. Later he worked his way through the University of Wisconsin and its law school, barbering and playing semi-pro baseball with the Madison (Wis.) Blues. Back In Merrill In 1930, Schmitt ran for district attorney on the Republican ticket, won and was re-elected until he withdrew in 1936, when he was a Borah delegate to the Republican National Convention and his law business had grown prosperous.

He had been president of the Wisconsin District Attorneys' Association and married Grace Zemlika, the druggist's daughter and his high school 1 sweetheart. They have no children. In 1942. at the age of 40, Schmitt enlisted as a private In the army. He had to have a hernia operation performed to be accepted.

Graduating from officer candidate school in the field artillery, Schmitt served at a tank destroyer school In Texas, later went to Italy for the Judge Advocate General branch. "I was never within 100 miles of the fighting front," he says. "Mine was strictly army legal work." the raw materials of the world, we are In strong position." WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? do not believe we should try to plot an exact course for the future," Harriman said, "but I do believe we can be sure of our direction. "I believe the good future lies in the direction of greater unity within the free world, and consequently greater strength. "There are, of course, vastly complicated and unsolved problems before us.

If you see only the problems, you.get ulcers." Harriman claims his own ulcers, acquired during the "appeasement" period of the Munich agreement in 1938, disappeared after he started to work on the American defense program-in June, 1940. The cure, in other words, is to do something about it. Harriman, for Instance, believes the eco nomic life of the free world can be strength-ened in a number of ways, beyond what already has been done: We could use materials stockpiles, now held In readiness for war, at weapons for peace in certain cases allowing nations which need such materials to draw on the stockpiles. Including stockpiled grain, to help maintain economic stability. We could stimulate world4 trade, by an extension of our reciprocal trade policy.

We conld further insure our continued access to raw materials by doing more to improve life in the underdeveloped areas. In speaking of lower American tariffs, Har riman recognizes that in some cases not all this would cause hardship to Individual American industries. He believes the Gov ernment should set up a program to cushion the adjustments. "American business men, looking at the problem objectively, will, I believe, realize that by taking- more imports this country contributes to the expansion of world trade, to its own economic benefit a far greater benefit to business than high tariffs," Harriman said. "We must encourage American investments abroad," he added, "and develop whole new cycles of trade within the free world, to re place some of the trade formerly done with nations now behind the Iron Curtain." In meeting the problem of maintaining our access to raw materials, he said, "we come up against the problem of th underdeveloped areas very rapidly, for many of the raw ma terials we need are In such areas.

"A part of the thinking that has gone into our Point IV program Is that by helping the people in the underdeveloped areas to help themselves, we benefit the whole free world, Including the United States. Everything we do: giving technical assistance to encourage land reform, setting up, the machinery for small proprietors to operate; helping to fight disease; encouraging food production; setting up programs for education everything we do to give the people in 'the underdeveloped areas a better life helps assure the sources of supply of needed raw materials. These people are a part of the free world, and we need them as they need us." THE OUTCOME of the struggle between the free world and the Communist world is not in doubt, Harriman believes, if we continue on our present course, doing "more and better." In addition to recognizing the problems," he laid, "I believe one must have faith in the American people, and in humanity In general. 'I am confident in the outcome because I have faith In the inherent strength of free men and in the inherent weakness of Harriman's record for correctly estimating Soviet Russia's intentions and evaluating Russian actions is noteworthy. As far back as 1926, for instance, he went to Russia to check up on the operation of a manganese concession, and decided such private ventures bad no future Russia.

"So we pulled out with a small profit," he said. "Other concession operators held on. thinking it would last and lost The Forrestal diaries record that in ApriL 1945, then American "Ambassador In Moscow, reported that "greater firmness" was needed In our relations with Russia." By September, 1945 right after the victory over Japan Harriman Is on record In the Forrestal diaries as reporting the beginning of the Soviet "hate America" campaign. It was against the background of his record of previous judgments of Soviet Russia, and his wide diplomatic experience, including many personal conferences with Stalin, that Harriman expressed not only hisfaith in the outcome of the struggle with the Krem but his estimate of how the cause of the free world is faring. We've got the Kremlin off balance Harriman declared.

We have taken the I initiative in building op strength in the free world. "Think of the long way we have come since the war: beginning with the Truman Doc trine for support of. Greece and Turkey against Communism, then the Marshall Plan for Europe, the Point TV program for the underdeveloped areas, the development of mutual defense under the Atlantic Treaty, and our Pacific defense arrangements. "This progress was made largely under Democratic not Republican leadership. And believe we will make a comparable progress in the future, under Democratic leadership.

Each problem is different, but the same principles apply; our nation has developed pragmatically, not theoretically but we have always moved toward a more complete recog nition of the essential dignity of man." AND WE HAVE PROGRESSED" Harri man continued, "even in the extremely Im portant area of race relations. How much more progress we must make in this area can be seen by the fact that two thirds of the people In the free world are non-white. "The whole free. world has a deep confi dence in the United States not In our ma terial aid, which is Important, but relatively Incidental, but In our ability to stick it through, to see the game through to the end. We 'Can't buy friends, we can only make them by what we are and what we stand for, This we are doing." Not only is Stalin thrown "off balance by American initiative in strengthening the free world, Harriman believes, but by the United Nations' decision to fight In Korea.

"Stalin certainly miscalculated," Harriman said. "He did not expect the U.N. to come to the defense of the South Koreans." Although he regards' the present world situation as "extremely dangerous," Hani- man does not believe Stalin intends to be- come involved in a world war in the Im mediate future. "Stalin told me," he said, "that Hitler made a mistake in going to war. He said Hitler was too impatient that dictators couldn't hold their own people in an ag gressive war.

Later, I understand, Stalin said about the same thing to Eden, and added that he, Stalin, was not going to make the mistake Hitler made. "I think the free world has time to build its strength if we make vigorous and ef fective use of that time. The Kremlin thinks that we cannot organize free, dynamic society. I think we can. "Furthermore, I do not believe the Krem lin can rule the 700 or 800 million people behind the Iron Curtain forever on fear only: fear of the secret police, and now a drummed- up fear of 'Western aggression." "To talk now, as some Republicans have done, of 'liberating" the satellite countries behind the Iron Curtain only helps the Krem lin keep fear alive.

And it alarms our friends all over the world, who think of 'liberation' only in terms of war. "This does not mean that we will forget the people behind the Iron Curtain, or that we should not keep hope alive among Russia's satellite peoples. It was, after all. Republicans in Congress who cut the Voice of Ar.ierica appropriations, intended to bring messages of hope to these people. "As the free world grows economically and militarily stronger, and more unified, there may be opportunities for defection among the captive peoples of the Kremlin's world.

The defection of Yugoslavia was a result of the Marshall Plan. "So that I believe we will win, not by war because I by no means accept the Com munist tenet that war Is Inevitable but by the peaceful development of, the free com munity of mankind." 11 LEONARD F. SCHMITT A straight-out figlit -yy Byt1948 he was home again, making more eddci'ia ia McCartbyisru fron. ttihutn than $23,000 from the law practice he halieaoBr. In Schmitt, Kepublicau of slerrCL i.